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Wang Y, Deng T, Liu X, Fang X, Mo Y, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang B, Fan X. Smart Nanoplatforms Responding to the Tumor Microenvironment for Precise Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6253-6277. [PMID: 38911497 PMCID: PMC11193972 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s459710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic entity, comprising stromal cells, immune cells, blood vessels and extracellular matrix, which is intimately associated with the occurrence and development of cancers, as well as their therapy. Utilizing the shared characteristics of tumors, such as an acidic environment, enzymes and hypoxia, researchers have developed a promising cancer therapy strategy known as responsive release of nano-loaded drugs, specifically targeted at tumor tissues or cells. In this comprehensive review, we provide an in-depth overview of the current fundamentals and state-of-the-art intelligent strategies of TME-responsive nanoplatforms, which include acidic pH, high GSH levels, high-level adenosine triphosphate, overexpressed enzymes, hypoxia and reductive environment. Additionally, we showcase the latest advancements in TME-responsive nanoparticles. In conclusion, we thoroughly examine the immediate challenges and prospects of TME-responsive nanopharmaceuticals, with the expectation that the progress of these targeted nanoformulations will enable the exploitation, overcoming or modulation of the TME, ultimately leading to significantly more effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongpan Mo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Xie
- The Bio-Bank of Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohui Nie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanozymes and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People’s Republic of China
- The Bio-Bank of Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, People’s Republic of China
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Mishra S, Charan M, Shukla RK, Agarwal P, Misri S, Verma AK, Ahirwar DK, Siddiqui J, Kaul K, Sahu N, Vyas K, Garg AA, Khan A, Miles WO, Song JW, Bhutani N, Ganju RK. cPLA2 blockade attenuates S100A7-mediated breast tumorigenicity by inhibiting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:54. [PMID: 35135586 PMCID: PMC8822829 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation-associated breast tumor growth are poorly studied. S100A7, a pro-inflammatory molecule has been shown to enhance breast cancer growth and metastasis. However, the S100A7-mediated molecular mechanisms in enhancing tumor growth and metastasis are unclear. METHODS Human breast cancer tissue and plasma samples were used to analyze the expression of S100A7, cPLA2, and PGE2. S100A7-overexpressing or downregulated human metastatic breast cancer cells were used to evaluate the S100A7-mediated downstream signaling mechanisms. Bi-transgenic mS100a7a15 overexpression, TNBC C3 (1)/Tag transgenic, and humanized patient-derived xenograft mouse models and cPLA2 inhibitor (AACOCF3) were used to investigate the role of S100A7/cPLA2/PGE2 signaling in tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, CODEX, a highly advanced multiplexed imaging was employed to delineate the effects of S100A7/cPLA2 inhibition on the recruitment of various immune cells. RESULTS In this study, we found that S100A7 and cPLA2 are highly expressed and correlate with decreased overall survival in breast cancer patients. Further mechanistic studies revealed that S100A7/RAGE signaling promotes the expression of cPLA2 to mediate its oncogenic effects. Pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2 suppressed S100A7-mediated tumor growth and metastasis in multiple pre-clinical models including transgenic and humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. The attenuation of cPLA2 signaling reduced S100A7-mediated recruitment of immune-suppressive myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, we discovered that the S100A7/cPLA2 axis enhances the immunosuppressive microenvironment by increasing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Furthermore, CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) imaging-based analyses revealed that cPLA2 inhibition increased the infiltration of activated and proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME. In addition, CD163+ tumor associated-macrophages were positively associated with S100A7 and cPLA2 expression in malignant breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new mechanistic insights on the cross-talk between S100A7/cPLA2 in enhancing breast tumor growth and metastasis by generating an immunosuppressive TME that inhibits the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, our studies indicate that S100A7/cPLA2 could be used as novel prognostic marker and cPLA2 inhibitors as promising drugs against S100A7-overexpressing aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mishra
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Manish Charan
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Microbial, Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Pranay Agarwal
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Swati Misri
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Ajeet K. Verma
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Dinesh K. Ahirwar
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jalal Siddiqui
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kirti Kaul
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Neety Sahu
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Kunj Vyas
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Ayush Arpit Garg
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Anum Khan
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956School of Medicine, Cell Science Imaging Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Wayne O. Miles
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Song
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ramesh K. Ganju
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Mahammad N, Ashcroft FJ, Feuerherm AJ, Elsaadi S, Vandsemb EN, Børset M, Johansen B. Inhibition of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Induces Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247447. [PMID: 34946532 PMCID: PMC8705991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is the rate-limiting enzyme in releasing arachidonic acid and biosynthesis of its derivative eicosanoids. Thus, the catalytic activity of cPLA2α plays an important role in cellular metabolism in healthy as well as cancer cells. There is mounting evidence suggesting that cPLA2α is an interesting target for cancer treatment; however, it is unclear which cancers are most relevant for further investigation. Here we report the relative expression of cPLA2α in a variety of cancers and cancer cell lines using publicly available datasets. The profiling of a panel of cancer cell lines representing different tissue origins suggests that hematological malignancies are particularly sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of cPLA2α inhibition. Several hematological cancers and cancer cell lines overexpressed cPLA2α, including multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematological cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow with an emerging requirement of therapeutic approaches. We show here that two cPLA2α inhibitors AVX420 and AVX002, significantly and dose-dependently reduced the viability of multiple myeloma cells and induced apoptosis in vitro. Our findings implicate cPLA2α activity in the survival of multiple myeloma cells and support further studies into cPLA2α as a potential target for treating hematological cancers, including multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Mahammad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (B.J.)
| | - Felicity J. Ashcroft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Astrid J. Feuerherm
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Samah Elsaadi
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.E.); (E.N.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Esten N. Vandsemb
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.E.); (E.N.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Magne Børset
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.E.); (E.N.V.); (M.B.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (B.J.)
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Razdan A, Main NM, Chiu V, Shackel NA, de Souza P, Bryant K, Scott KF. Targeting the eicosanoid pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2456-2476. [PMID: 34249410 PMCID: PMC8263695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer has variable incidence worldwide and high mortality. Histologically, the most common subtype of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Approximately 30-40% of HCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and at present, there are limited treatment options for such patients. The current first-line therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sorafenib or lenvatinib, prolongs survival by a median of about 2.5-3 months after which the disease normally progresses. Additionally, many patients discontinue the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors due to toxicity or may not be suitable candidates due to co-morbidity or frailty. It is, therefore, imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets for advanced HCC patients. Persistent injury to the liver as a result of insults such as hepatitis B or C viral (HBV or HCV) infections, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), results in chronic inflammation, which progresses to hepatic fibrosis and later, cirrhosis, provides the conditions for initiation of HCC. One of the key pathways studied for its role in inflammation and carcinogenesis is the eicosanoid pathway. In this review, we briefly outline the eicosanoid pathway, describe the mechanisms by which some pathway members either facilitate or counter the development of liver diseases, with the focus on NAFLD/hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, and HCC. We describe the link between the eicosanoid pathway, inflammation and these liver diseases, and identify components of the eicosanoid pathway that may be used as potential therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuli Razdan
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan M Main
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Chiu
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Shackel
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Bryant
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kieran F Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia
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Ding J, Mao Q, Zhao M, Gao Y, Wang A, Ye S, Wang X, Xie W, Shi H. Protein sulfenic acid-mediated anchoring of gold nanoparticles for enhanced CT imaging and radiotherapy of tumors in vivo. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22963-22969. [PMID: 33206090 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has become one of the most widely used treatments for malignant tumors in clinics. Developing a novel radiosensitizer for the integration of precise diagnosis and effective radiotherapy against hypoxic tumors is desirable but remains a great challenge. Herein, protein sulfenic acid reactive gold nanoparticles as effective radiosensitizers were for the first time reported for enhanced X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging and radiotherapy of tumors in vivo. The gold nanoparticles were decorated with biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol), folic acid (FA), and sulfenic acid reactive groups 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD). Such a nanostructure enables on-site immobilization within tumors under oxidative stress through the specific reaction between CHD and endogenous protein sulfenic acids resulting in enhanced accumulation and retention of gold nanoparticles within tumors, which remarkably improves the sensitivity of CT imaging and the radiotherapeutic efficacy of tumors in living mice. This study thus is the first to demonstrate that protein sulfenic acid reactive gold nanoparticles with a tumor anchoring function may serve as effective radiosensitizers for clinical X-ray theranostic application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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Peng Z, Chang Y, Fan J, Ji W, Su C. Phospholipase A2 superfamily in cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 497:165-177. [PMID: 33080311 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 enzymes (PLA2s) comprise a superfamily that is generally divided into six subfamilies known as cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s), calcium-independent PLA2s (iPLA2s), secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s), lysosomal PLA2s, platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolases, and adipose specific PLA2s. Each subfamily consists of several isozymes that possess PLA2 activity. The first three PLA2 subfamilies play important roles in inflammation-related diseases and cancer. In this review, the roles of well-studied enzymes sPLA2-IIA, cPLA2α and iPLA2β in carcinogenesis and cancer development were discussed. sPLA2-IIA seems to play conflicting roles and can act as a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter according to the cancer type, but cPLA2α and iPLA2β play protumorigenic role in most cancers. The mechanisms of PLA2-mediated signal transduction and crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment are described. Moreover, the mechanisms by which PLA2s mediate lipid reprogramming and glycerophospholipid remodeling in cancer cells are illustrated. PLA2s as the upstream regulators of the arachidonic acid cascade are generally high expressed and activated in various cancers. Therefore, they can be considered as potential pharmacological targets and biomarkers in cancer. The detailed information summarized in this review may aid in understanding the roles of PLA2s in cancer, and provide new clues for the development of novel agents and strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxiao Peng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Yanxin Chang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery IV, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Jianhui Fan
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350025, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Weidan Ji
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Changqing Su
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital & National Center for Liver Cancer, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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He Y, Xiao M, Fu H, Chen L, Qi L, Liu D, Guo P, Chen L, Luo Y, Xiao H, Zhang N, Guo H. cPLA2α reversibly regulates different subsets of cancer stem cells transformation in cervical cancer. Stem Cells 2020; 38:487-503. [PMID: 32100928 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered major causes of chemoresistance/radioresistance and metastasis. Although several cell surface antigens have been identified in CCSCs, these markers vary among tumors because of CSC heterogeneity. However, whether these markers specifically distinguish CCSCs with different functions is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CCSCs exist in two biologically distinct phenotypes characterized by different levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) expression. Overexpression of cPLA2α results in a CD44+ CD24- phenotype associated with mesenchymal traits, including increased invasive and migration abilities, whereas CCSCs with cPLA2α downregulation express CD133 and show quiescent epithelial characteristics. In addition, cPLA2α regulates the reversible transition between mesenchymal and epithelial CCSC states through PKCζ, an atypical protein kinase C, which governs cancer cell state changes and the maintenance of various embryonic stem cell characteristics, further inhibiting β-catenin-E-cadherin interaction in membrane and promoting β-catenin translocation into the nucleus to affect the transcriptional regulation of stemness signals. We propose that reversible transitions between mesenchymal and epithelial CCSC states regulated by cPLA2α are necessary for cervical cancer metastasis and recurrence. Thus, cPLA2α might be an attractive therapeutic target for eradicating different states of CCSCs to eliminate tumors more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao He
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Manyu Xiao
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiting Xiao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Center for Translational Cancer Research, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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8
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Han J, Qin WX, Li ZL, Xu AJ, Xing H, Wu H, Zhang H, Wang MD, Li C, Liang L, Quan B, Yan WT, Shen F, Wu MC, Yang T. Tissue and serum metabolite profiling reveals potential biomarkers of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 488:68-75. [PMID: 30389456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolomics serves as an important tool in distinguishing changes in metabolic pathways and the diagnosis of human disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignance present of heterogeneous metabolic disorder and lack of effective biomarker for surveillance and diagnosis. In this study, we searched for potential metabolite biomarkers of HCC using tissue and serum metabolomics approach. METHODS A total of 30 pairs of matched liver tissue samples from HCC patients and 90 serum samples (30 HCC patients, 30 liver cirrhosis patients, and 30 healthy individuals) were assessed. Metabolomics was performed through ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in conjunction with multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. RESULTS A total of six differential metabolites including chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), LPC20:5, LPE18:0, succinyladenosine and uridine were present in HCC tissue and serum samples. CDCA, LPC20:5, succinyladenosine and uridine were used to construct a diagnostic model based on logistic regression. The four-metabolite panel discriminated HCC from liver cirrhosis with an AUC score of 0.938, sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 86.7%. For all HCC and cirrhosis patients, the diagnostic accuracy increased to 96.7% and 90.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION The combination of CDCA, LPC20:5, succinyladenosine and uridine can be used as a biomarker panel to improve HCC sensitivity and specificity. This panel significantly benefits HCC diagnostics and reveals new insight into HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-Xing Qin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutial Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutial Industry, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Zhen-Li Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ai-Jing Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ming-da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bing Quan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Kim W, Son B, Lee S, Do H, Youn B. Targeting the enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism to improve radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:213-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Fu H, He Y, Qi L, Chen L, Luo Y, Chen L, Li Y, Zhang N, Guo H. cPLA2α activates PI3K/AKT and inhibits Smad2/3 during epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2017. [PMID: 28649002 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), a key phospholipase that regulates lipid metabolism, plays an important role in tumor progression. In the present study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cPLA2α was overexpressed in highly metastatic HCC cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased levels of cPLA2α at the invasive edges of HCC, and a clinicopathological analysis of samples from 111 patients revealed that its expression level was linked with micro-vascular invasion and cirrhosis. Knockdown of cPLA2α inhibited migration, probably due to its role in actin polymerization. Overexpression of cPLA2α promoted cell migration and invasion. Based on the mechanistic analysis, our data suggested that cPLA2α mediate epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through PI3K/AKT/ERK pathway. cPLA2α activity was required for the transforming growth factor-(TGF)-β-induced EMT. However, cPLA2α inhibited Smad2/3 activation and promoted the activation of the PI3K/AKT/ERK pathway. A xenograft tumor transplant model confirmed the role of cPLA2α in HCC invasion and metastasis. Based on the mechanistic analysis, cPLA2α mediated both EGF- and TGF-β-induced EMT, which are essential for HCC metastasis. cPLA2α is a potentially target for novel therapies of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yuchao He
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Lisha Qi
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Yarla NS, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Reddanna P, Kalle AM, Dhananjaya BL, Dowluru KSVGK, Chintala R, Duddukuri GR. Targeting arachidonic acid pathway by natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:48-81. [PMID: 26853158 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, a metabolic process, plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Hence, AA pathway metabolic enzymes phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolic products, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been considered novel preventive and therapeutic targets in cancer. Bioactive natural products are a good source for development of novel cancer preventive and therapeutic drugs, which have been widely used in clinical practice due to their safety profiles. AA pathway inhibitory natural products have been developed as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against several cancers. Curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, anthocyans, berberine, ellagic acid, eugenol, fisetin, ursolic acid, [6]-gingerol, guggulsteone, lycopene and genistein are well known cancer chemopreventive agents which act by targeting multiple pathways, including COX-2. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and baicalein can be chemopreventive molecules against various cancers by inhibiting LOXs. Several PLA2s inhibitory natural products have been identified with chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials against various cancers. In this review, we critically discuss the possible utility of natural products as preventive and therapeutic agents against various oncologic diseases, including prostate, pancreatic, lung, skin, gastric, oral, blood, head and neck, colorectal, liver, cervical and breast cancers, by targeting AA pathway. Further, the current status of clinical studies evaluating AA pathway inhibitory natural products in cancer is reviewed. In addition, various emerging issues, including bioavailability, toxicity and explorability of combination therapy, for the development of AA pathway inhibitory natural products as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents against human malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenomes, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya
- Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Kaladhar S V G K Dowluru
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India; Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur 495 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Chintala
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India
| | - Govinda Rao Duddukuri
- Department of Biochemisty/Bionformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530 045, Adhra Pradesh, India.
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Kim E, Tunset HM, Cebulla J, Vettukattil R, Helgesen H, Feuerherm AJ, Engebråten O, Mælandsmo GM, Johansen B, Moestue SA. Anti-vascular effects of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor AVX235 in a patient-derived basal-like breast cancer model. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:191. [PMID: 26951085 PMCID: PMC4782288 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. It is overexpressed in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), which is aggressive and usually triple-negative, making it unresponsive to current targeted therapies. Here, we evaluated the anti-angiogenic effects of a specific cPLA2α inhibitor, AVX235, in a patient-derived triple-negative BLBC model. METHODS Mice bearing orthotopic xenografts received i.p. injections of AVX235 or DMSO vehicle daily for 1 week and then every other day for up to 19 days. Six treated and six control mice were terminated after 2 days of treatment, and the tumors excised for high resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR MAS MRS) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis. A 1-week imaging study was performed on a separate cohort of mice. Longitudinal dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI was performed before, after 4 days, and after 1 week of treatment. The mice were then perfused with a radiopaque vascular casting agent, and the tumors excised for micro-CT angiography. Subsequently, tumors were sectioned and stained with lectin and for Ki67 or α-smooth muscle actin to quantify endothelial cell proliferation and vessel maturity, respectively. Partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed on the multivariate HR MAS MRS data, and non-parametric univariate analyses using Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05) were performed on all other data. RESULTS Glycerophosphocholine and PGE2 levels, measured by HR MAS MRS and EIA, respectively, were lower in treated tumors after 2 days of treatment. These molecular changes are expected downstream effects of cPLA2α inhibition and were followed by significant tumor growth inhibition after 8 days of treatment. DCE-MRI revealed that AVX235 treatment caused a decrease in tumor perfusion. Concordantly, micro-CT angiography showed that vessel volume fraction, density, and caliber were reduced in treated tumors. Moreover, histology showed decreased endothelial cell proliferation and fewer immature vessels in treated tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that cPLA2α inhibition with AVX235 resulted in decreased vascularization and perfusion and subsequent inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, cPLA2α inhibition may be a potential new therapeutic option for triple-negative basal-like breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hanna Maja Tunset
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jana Cebulla
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Riyas Vettukattil
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Heidi Helgesen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Astrid Jullumstrø Feuerherm
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Olav Engebråten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway.
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway.
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Siver Andreas Moestue
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Brückner M, Lenz P, Mücke MM, Gohar F, Willeke P, Domagk D, Bettenworth D. Diagnostic imaging advances in murine models of colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:996-1007. [PMID: 26811642 PMCID: PMC4716050 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic-remittent inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract still evoking challenging clinical diagnostic and therapeutic situations. Murine models of experimental colitis are a vital component of research into human IBD concerning questions of its complex pathogenesis or the evaluation of potential new drugs. To monitor the course of colitis, to the present day, classical parameters like histological tissue alterations or analysis of mucosal cytokine/chemokine expression often require euthanasia of animals. Recent advances mean revolutionary non-invasive imaging techniques for in vivo murine colitis diagnostics are increasingly available. These novel and emerging imaging techniques not only allow direct visualization of intestinal inflammation, but also enable molecular imaging and targeting of specific alterations of the inflamed murine mucosa. For the first time, in vivo imaging techniques allow for longitudinal examinations and evaluation of intra-individual therapeutic response. This review discusses the latest developments in the different fields of ultrasound, molecularly targeted contrast agent ultrasound, fluorescence endoscopy, confocal laser endomicroscopy as well as tomographic imaging with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and fluorescence-mediated tomography, discussing their individual limitations and potential future diagnostic applications in the management of human patients with IBD.
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Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A₂: physiological function and role in disease. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1386-402. [PMID: 25838312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r057588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The group IV phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family is comprised of six intracellular enzymes (GIVA, -B, -C, -D, -E, and -F) commonly referred to as cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2)α, -β, -γ, -δ, -ε, and -ζ. They contain a Ser-Asp catalytic dyad and all except cPLA2γ have a C2 domain, but differences in their catalytic activities and subcellular localization suggest unique regulation and function. With the exception of cPLA2α, the focus of this review, little is known about the in vivo function of group IV enzymes. cPLA2α catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids that are precursors of numerous bioactive lipids. The regulation of cPLA2α is complex, involving transcriptional and posttranslational processes, particularly increases in calcium and phosphorylation. cPLA2α is a highly conserved widely expressed enzyme that promotes lipid mediator production in human and rodent cells from a variety of tissues. The diverse bioactive lipids produced as a result of cPLA2α activation regulate normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis in many organ systems, as shown using cPLA2α KO mice. However, humans recently identified with cPLA2α deficiency exhibit more pronounced effects on health than observed in mice lacking cPLA2α, indicating that much remains to be learned about this interesting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
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Abstract
Approximately one third of patients with non-small cell lung cancer have unresectable stage IIIA or stage IIIB disease; combined cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy delivered concurrently has been established as the standard treatment for such patients. Despite many clinical trials that tested several different radiochemotherapy combinations, it seems that a plateau of efficiencies at the acceptable risk of complications has been reached. Clinical studies indicate that the improved efficacy of radiochemotherapy is associated with the radiosensitizing effects of chemotherapy. Improvement of outcomes of this combined modality by developing novel radiosensitizers is a viable therapeutic strategy. In addition to causing cell death, ionizing radiation also induces a many-faceted signaling response, which activates numerous prosurvival pathways that lead to enhanced proliferation in the endothelial cells and increased vascularization in tumors. Radiation at doses used in the clinic activates cytoplasmic phospholipase A2, leading to increased production of arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. The former is the initial step in the generation of eicosanoids, while the later is the initial step in the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, leading to the activation of inflammatory pathways. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) is member of the insulin superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. The EML4-ALK fusion gene appears unique to lung cancer and signals through extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is often overexpressed and present in an activated multichaperone complex in cancer cells, and it is now regarded as essential for malignant transformation and progression. In this review we focus on radiosensitizing strategies involving the targeting of membrane phospholipids, EML4-ALK, and Hsp90 with specific inhibitors and briefly discuss the combination of radiation with antivascular agents.
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Bhave SR, Dadey DYA, Karvas RM, Ferraro DJ, Kotipatruni RP, Jaboin JJ, Hallahan AN, Dewees TA, Linkous AG, Hallahan DE, Thotala D. Autotaxin Inhibition with PF-8380 Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Human and Murine Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2013; 3:236. [PMID: 24062988 PMCID: PMC3775313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor that is radio-resistant and recurs despite aggressive surgery, chemo, and radiotherapy. Autotaxin (ATX) is over expressed in various cancers including GBM and is implicated in tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis. Using the ATX specific inhibitor, PF-8380, we studied ATX as a potential target to enhance radiosensitivity in GBM. Methods and Materials: Mouse GL261 and Human U87-MG cells were used as GBM cell models. Clonogenic survival assays and tumor transwell invasion assays were performed using PF-8380 to evaluate role of ATX in survival and invasion. Radiation dependent activation of Akt was analyzed by immunoblotting. Tumor induced angiogenesis was studied using the dorsal skin fold model in GL261. Heterotopic mouse GL261 tumors were used to evaluate the efficacy of PF-8380 as a radiosensitizer. Results: Pre-treatment of GL261 and U87-MG cells with 1 μM PF-8380 followed by 4 Gy irradiation resulted in decreased clonogenic survival, decreased migration (33% in GL261; P = 0.002 and 17.9% in U87-MG; P = 0.012), decreased invasion (35.6% in GL261; P = 0.0037 and 31.8% in U87-MG; P = 0.002), and attenuated radiation-induced Akt phosphorylation. In the tumor window model, inhibition of ATX abrogated radiation induced tumor neovascularization (65%; P = 0.011). In a heterotopic mouse GL261 tumors untreated mice took 11.2 days to reach a tumor volume of 7000 mm3, however combination of PF-8380 (10 mg/kg) with irradiation (five fractions of 2 Gy) took more than 32 days to reach a tumor volume of 7000 mm3. Conclusion: Inhibition of ATX by PF-8380 led to decreased invasion and enhanced radiosensitization of GBM cells. Radiation-induced activation of Akt was abrogated by inhibition of ATX. Furthermore, inhibition of ATX led to diminished tumor vascularity and delayed tumor growth. These results suggest that inhibition of ATX may ameliorate GBM response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R Bhave
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA ; School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
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Cytosolic phospholipaseA2 inhibition with PLA-695 radiosensitizes tumors in lung cancer animal models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69688. [PMID: 23894523 PMCID: PMC3716600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and the rest of the world. The advent of molecularly directed therapies holds promise for improvement in therapeutic efficacy. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is associated with tumor progression and radioresistance in mouse tumor models. Utilizing the cPLA2 specific inhibitor PLA-695, we determined if cPLA2 inhibition radiosensitizes non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and tumors. Treatment with PLA-695 attenuated radiation induced increases of phospho-ERK and phospho-Akt in endothelial cells. NSCLC cells (LLC and A549) co-cultured with endothelial cells (bEND3 and HUVEC) and pre-treated with PLA-695 showed radiosensitization. PLA-695 in combination with irradiation (IR) significantly reduced migration and proliferation in endothelial cells (HUVEC & bEND3) and induced cell death and attenuated invasion by tumor cells (LLC &A549). In a heterotopic tumor model, the combination of PLA-695 and radiation delayed growth in both LLC and A549 tumors. LLC and A549 tumors treated with a combination of PLA-695 and radiation displayed reduced tumor vasculature. In a dorsal skin fold model of LLC tumors, inhibition of cPLA2 in combination with radiation led to enhanced destruction of tumor blood vessels. The anti-angiogenic effects of PLA-695 and its enhancement of the efficacy of radiotherapy in mouse models of NSCLC suggest that clinical trials for its capacity to improve radiotherapy outcomes are warranted.
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Odell AF, Hollstein M, Ponnambalam S, Walker JH. A VE-cadherin-PAR3-α-catenin complex regulates the Golgi localization and activity of cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α in endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1783-96. [PMID: 22398721 PMCID: PMC3338442 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-08-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid regulation of phospholipase A2 activity is essential for vascular function. Evidence is found for a VE-cadherin–α-catenin–PAR3 complex regulating the reversible association of cPLA2α with the Golgi apparatus in confluent endothelial cells. This regulation is important for controlling both cPLA2α activity and angiogenesis. Phospholipase A2 enzymes hydrolyze phospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In the vascular endothelium, group IV phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) enzyme activity is regulated by reversible association with the Golgi apparatus. Here we provide evidence for a plasma membrane cell adhesion complex that regulates endothelial cell confluence and simultaneously controls cPLA2α localization and enzymatic activity. Confluent endothelial cells display pronounced accumulation of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) at cell–cell junctions, and mechanical wounding of the monolayer stimulates VE-cadherin complex disassembly and cPLA2α release from the Golgi apparatus. VE-cadherin depletion inhibits both recruitment of cPLA2α to the Golgi and formation of tubules by endothelial cells. Perturbing VE-cadherin and increasing the soluble cPLA2α fraction also stimulated arachidonic acid and prostaglandin production. Of importance, reverse genetics shows that α-catenin and δ-catenin, but not β-catenin, regulates cPLA2α Golgi localization linked to cell confluence. Furthermore, cPLA2α Golgi localization also required partitioning defective protein 3 (PAR3) and annexin A1. Disruption of F-actin internalizes VE-cadherin and releases cPLA2α from the adhesion complex and Golgi apparatus. Finally, depletion of either PAR3 or α-catenin promotes cPLA2α-dependent endothelial tubule formation. Thus a VE-cadherin–PAR3–α-catenin adhesion complex regulates cPLA2α recruitment to the Golgi apparatus, with functional consequences for vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Odell
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Yang J, Yang S, Yuan YJ. Integrated investigation of lipidome and related signaling pathways uncovers molecular mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine and butylidenephthalide protecting endothelial cells under oxidative stress. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1789-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05510d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tumor-Endothelial Cell Three-dimensional Spheroids: New Aspects to Enhance Radiation and Drug Therapeutics. Transl Oncol 2011; 4:365-76. [PMID: 22191001 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic cancer research for several decades has focused on understanding the biology of tumor cells in vitro. However, extending these findings to in vivo settings has been impeded owing to limited insights on the impact of microenvironment on tumor cells. We hypothesized that tumor cell biology and treatment response would be more informative when done in the presence of stromal components, like endothelial cells, which exist in the tumor microenvironment. To that end, we have developed a system to grow three-dimensional cultures of GFP-4T1 mouse mammary tumor and 2H11 murine endothelial cells in hanging drops of medium in vitro. The presence of 2H11 endothelial cells in these three-dimensional cocultures was found to sensitize 4T1-GFP tumor cells to chemotherapy (Taxol) and, at the same time, protect cells from ionizing radiation. These spheroidal cultures can also be implanted into the dorsal skinfold window chamber of mice for fluorescence imaging of vascularization and disease progression/treatment response. We observed rapid neovascularization of the tumor-endothelial spheroids in comparison to tumor spheroids grown in nude mice. Molecular analysis revealed pronounced up-regulation of several proangiogenic factors in the tumor tissue derived from the tumor-endothelial spheroids compared with tumor-only spheroids. Furthermore, the rate of tumor growth from tumor-endothelial spheroids in mice was faster than the tumor cell-only spheroids, resulting in greater metastasis to the lung. This three-dimensional coculture model presents an improved way to investigate more pertinent aspects of the therapeutic potential for radiation and/or chemotherapy alone and in combination with antiangiogenic agents.
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Towards novel radiosensitizing agents: the role of cytosolic PLA2α in combined modality cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:835-43. [PMID: 21644828 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The radioresistant nature of some tumors serves as an obstacle to curative therapy for several poor-prognosis malignancies. The radiosensitivity of a cancer is dependent not only on the intrinsic ability of tumor cells to recover from radiation-induced damage, but also the ability of stromal elements (e.g., vasculature) in the tumor microenvironment to survive and continue proliferating in the face of ionizing radiation. In this regard, it is important to understand the initial events activating radiation-induced signal transduction pathways. Among these events is the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 α and the subsequent production of the lipid second messengers. These events occur within minutes following exposure to ionizing radiation, and have been shown to enhance cell viability through a number of prosurvival signaling pathways. Furthermore, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 α has now been shown to reduce the viability of endothelial cells in culture after exposure to ionizing radiation, as well as slowing the growth of tumors in animal models of cancer.
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Schleicher SM, Thotala DK, Linkous AG, Hu R, Leahy KM, Yazlovitskaya EM, Hallahan DE. Autotaxin and LPA receptors represent potential molecular targets for the radiosensitization of murine glioma through effects on tumor vasculature. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22182. [PMID: 21799791 PMCID: PMC3140496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite wide margins and high dose irradiation, unresectable malignant glioma (MG) is less responsive to radiation and is uniformly fatal. We previously found that cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is a molecular target for radiosensitizing cancer through the vascular endothelium. Autotaxin (ATX) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors are downstream from cPLA2 and highly expressed in MG. Using the ATX and LPA receptor inhibitor, α-bromomethylene phosphonate LPA (BrP-LPA), we studied ATX and LPA receptors as potential molecular targets for the radiosensitization of tumor vasculature in MG. Treatment of Human Umbilical Endothelial cells (HUVEC) and mouse brain microvascular cells bEND.3 with 5 µmol/L BrP-LPA and 3 Gy irradiation showed decreased clonogenic survival, tubule formation, and migration. Exogenous addition of LPA showed radioprotection that was abrogated in the presence of BrP-LPA. In co-culture experiments using bEND.3 and mouse GL-261 glioma cells, treatment with BrP-LPA reduced Akt phosphorylation in both irradiated cell lines and decreased survival and migration of irradiated GL-261 cells. Using siRNA to knock down LPA receptors LPA1, LPA2 or LPA3 in HUVEC, we demonstrated that knockdown of LPA2 but neither LPA1 nor LPA3 led to increased viability and proliferation. However, knockdown of LPA1 and LPA3 but not LPA2 resulted in complete abrogation of tubule formation implying that LPA1 and LPA3 on endothelial cells are likely targets of BrP-LPA radiosensitizing effect. Using heterotopic tumor models of GL-261, mice treated with BrP-LPA and irradiation showed a tumor growth delay of 6.8 days compared to mice treated with irradiation alone indicating that inhibition of ATX and LPA receptors may significantly improve malignant glioma response to radiation therapy. These findings identify ATX and LPA receptors as molecular targets for the development of radiosensitizers for MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Schleicher
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amanda G. Linkous
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Leahy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eugenia M. Yazlovitskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dennis E. Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cytosolic phospholipase A2 as a molecular target for the radiosensitization of ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 304:137-43. [PMID: 21397389 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In ovarian cancer, the molecular targeted chemotherapeutics could increase the efficiency of low-dose radiotherapy while decreasing injury to adjusted organs. In irradiated A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA(2)) inhibitor AACOCF(3) prevented activation of pro-survival Akt signaling and enhanced cell death. The potential molecular mechanisms of this effect could involve signaling through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. In the heterotopic A2780 tumor model using nude mice, cPLA(2) inhibition significantly delayed tumor growth compared to treatment with radiation or vehicle alone. These results identify cPLA(2) as a molecular target to enhance the therapeutic ratio of radiation in ovarian cancer.
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Linkous AG, Yazlovitskaya EM, Hallahan DE. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipids in tumor angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1398-412. [PMID: 20729478 PMCID: PMC2943523 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme are highly angiogenic and, despite advances in treatment, remain resistant to therapy. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activation contributes to treatment resistance through transduction of prosurvival signals. We investigated cPLA2 as a novel molecular target for antiangiogenesis therapy. Methods Glioblastoma (GL261) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) heterotopic tumor models were used to study the effects of cPLA2 expression on tumor growth and vascularity in C57/BL6 mice wild type for (cPLA2α+/+) or deficient in (cPLA2α−/−) cPLA2α, the predominant isoform in endothelium (n = 6–7 mice per group). The effect of inhibiting cPLA2 activity on GL261 and LLC tumor growth was studied in mice treated with the chemical cPLA2 inhibitor 4-[2-[5-chloro-1-(diphenylmethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethoxy]benzoic acid (CDIBA). Endothelial cell proliferation and function were evaluated by Ki-67 immunofluorescence and migration assays in primary cultures of murine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (MPMEC) isolated from cPLA2α+/+ and cPLA2α−/− mice. Proliferation, invasive migration, and tubule formation were assayed in mouse vascular endothelial 3B-11 cells treated with CDIBA. Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine, arachidonic acid, and lysophosphatidic acid (lipid mediators of tumorigenesis and angiogenesis) on proliferation and migration were examined in 3B-11 cells and cPLA2α−/− MPMEC. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results GL261 tumor progression proceeded normally in cPLA2α+/+ mice, whereas no GL261 tumors formed in cPLA2α−/− mice. In the LLC tumor model, spontaneous tumor regression was observed in 50% of cPLA2α−/− mice. Immunohistochemical examination of the remaining tumors from cPLA2α−/− mice revealed attenuated vascularity (P ≤ .001) compared with tumors from cPLA2α+/+ mice. Inhibition of cPLA2 activity by CDIBA resulted in a delay in tumor growth (eg, LLC model: average number of days to reach tumor volume of 700 mm3, CDIBA vs vehicle: 16.8 vs 11.8, difference = 5, 95% confidence interval = 3.6 to 6.4, P = .04) and a decrease in tumor size (eg, GL261 model: mean volume on day 21, CDIBA vs vehicle: 40.1 vs 247.4 mm3, difference = 207.3 mm3, 95% confidence interval = 20.9 to 293.7 mm3, P = .021). cPLA2 deficiency statistically significantly reduced MPMEC proliferation and invasive migration (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Compared with untreated cells, cPLA2α−/− MPMEC treated with lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidic acid displayed increased cell proliferation (P = .011) and invasive migration (P < .001). Conclusions In these mouse models of brain and lung cancer, cPLA2 and lysophospholipids have key regulatory roles in tumor angiogenesis. cPLA2 inhibition may be a novel effective antiangiogenic therapy.
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Linkous A, Yazlovitskaya E. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 as a mediator of disease pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1369-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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