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Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Mechanisms of Disease Progression and Current Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911145. [PMID: 36232447 PMCID: PMC9569492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is an indolent, B-cell lymphoma without a known cure. The bone marrow microenvironment and cytokines both play key roles in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) tumor progression. Only one FDA-approved drug exists for the treatment of WM, Ibrutinib, but treatment plans involve a variety of drugs and inhibitors. This review explores avenues of tumor progression and targeted drug therapy that have been investigated in WM and related B-cell lymphomas.
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Piaggi S, Luconi M, Cantini G, Gelmini S, Elia G, Ruffilli I, Antonelli A. The paramount role of cytokines and chemokines in papillary thyroid cancer: a review and experimental results. Immunol Res 2019; 66:710-722. [PMID: 30617967 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our study demonstrates that (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 and 11 (CXCL9, CXCL11) chemokines were absent basally in non-neoplastic thyroid (TFC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells. Interferon (IFN)γ induced the chemokine secretion in TFC and PTC, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α induced it only in PTC. IFNγ+TNFα induced a synergistic chemokines release in PTC, and at a lower level in TFC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists suppressed dose-dependently IFNγ+TNFα-induced chemokine release in TFC, while stimulated it in PTC. PPARγ knocking down, by RNA interference technique in PTC cells, abolished the effect of PPARγ agonists on chemokines release. In PTC cells, PPARγ agonists reduced proliferation, and CXCL9 or CXCL11 (100 and 500 pg/mL) reduced proliferation and migration (P < 0.01, for all). In conclusion, in PTC cells: (a) IFNγ+TNFα induced a marked release of CXCL9 and CXCL11; (b) PPARγ agonists stimulated CXCL9 and CXCL11 secretion, while inhibited proliferation; (c) CXCL9 and CXCL11 inhibited proliferation and migration. The use of CXCL9 or CXCL11 as antineoplastic agents in PTC remains to be explored. HIGHLIGHTS: • IFNγ and IFNγ+TNFα induce dose-dependently CXCL9 (and less CXCL11) in PTC cells. • Rosi and Pio dose-dependently inhibit the PTC cells proliferation. • Rosi and Pio (at variance of normal TFC) stimulate CXCL9 or CXCL11 secretion. • CXCL9 or CXCL11 induce a significant antiproliferative effect in PTC cells. • Chemokines induced by IFNγ (CXCL9 or CXCL11) inhibit migration in PTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Piaggi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Gelmini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ruffilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Novel treatment options for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2014; 13 Suppl 2:S310-6. [PMID: 24290218 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), first described by Jan Waldenström in 1944, is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma characterized by the presence of an immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy in the blood and monoclonal small lymphocytes and lymphoplasmacytoid cells in the bone marrow. WM is a rare and indolent disease but remains incurable. In this review we discuss the pathogenesis of WM and focus on novel treatment options that target pathways deregulated in this disease. Recent studies have helped us identify specific genetic mutations that are commonly seen in WM and might prove to be important therapeutic targets in the future. We discuss the role of epigenetics and the changes in the bone marrow microenvironment that are important in the pathogenesis of WM. The commonly used drugs are discussed with a focus on novel agents that are currently being used as single agents or in combination to treat WM. We finally focus on some agents that have shown preclinical efficacy and might be available in the near future.
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Muz B, de la Puente P, Azab F, Ghobrial IM, Azab AK. Hypoxia promotes dissemination and colonization in new bone marrow niches in Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:263-72. [PMID: 25232031 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Waldenström macroglobulinemia, a rare and indolent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is characterized by widespread lymphoplasmacytic B cells in the bone marrow. Previous studies have shown that hypoxic conditions play a key role in the dissemination of other hematologic malignancies. In this study, the effect of hypoxia was tested on the progression and spread of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Interestingly, tumor progression correlated with hypoxia levels in Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells and other cells in the bone marrow and correlated with the number of circulating tumor cells in vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that hypoxia decreased cell progression and cell cycle, did not induce apoptosis, and reduced the adhesion between Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells and bone marrow stroma, through downregulation of E-cadherin expression, thus explaining increased egress of Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells to the circulation. Moreover, hypoxia increased the extravasation and homing of Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells to new bone marrow niches in vivo, by increased CXCR4/SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis and maintaining the VLA4-mediated adhesion. Re-oxygenation of hypoxic Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells enhanced the rate of proliferation and cell cycle progression and restored intercellular adhesion between Waldenström macroglobulinemia cells and bone marrow stroma. This study suggests that targeting hypoxic response is a novel strategy to prevent dissemination of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. IMPLICATIONS This study provides a better understanding of the biology of dissemination of Waldenström macroglobulinemia and opens new windows for investigation of new therapeutic targets in Waldenström macroglobulinemia based on tumor hypoxia mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Muz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Feda Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.
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Waldenström macroglobulinemia: clinical and immunological aspects, natural history, cell of origin, and emerging mouse models. ISRN HEMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:815325. [PMID: 24106612 PMCID: PMC3782845 DOI: 10.1155/2013/815325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare and currently incurable neoplasm of IgM-expressing B-lymphocytes that is characterized by the occurrence of a monoclonal IgM (mIgM) paraprotein in blood serum and the infiltration of the hematopoietic bone marrow with malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells. The symptoms of patients with WM can be attributed to the extent and tissue sites of tumor cell infiltration and the magnitude and immunological specificity of the paraprotein. WM presents fascinating clues on neoplastic B-cell development, including the recent discovery of a specific gain-of-function mutation in the MYD88 adapter protein. This not only provides an intriguing link to new findings that natural effector IgM+IgD+ memory B-cells are dependent on MYD88 signaling, but also supports the hypothesis that WM derives from primitive, innate-like B-cells, such as marginal zone and B1 B-cells. Following a brief review of the clinical aspects and natural history of WM, this review discusses the thorny issue of WM's cell of origin in greater depth. Also included are emerging, genetically engineered mouse models of human WM that may enhance our understanding of the biologic and genetic underpinnings of the disease and facilitate the design and testing of new approaches to treat and prevent WM more effectively.
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Ghobrial IM, Maiso P, Azab A, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Issa G, Azab F, Sacco A, Quang P, Ngo H, Roccaro A. The bone marrow microenvironment in waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 2:267-72. [PMID: 23556094 DOI: 10.1177/2040620711410096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized primarily by specific homing and growth of tumor cells within the bone marrow niches. The progressive growth of tumor cells throughout the bone marrow indicates that the tumor cells are capable of homing and adhering to specific niches that allow growth, survival and drug resistance. In this review we highlight the interaction of the tumor cells in WM and the bone marrow microenvironment including bone marrow stromal cells, endothelial cells and mast cells. Migration, adhesion and downstream activation of signaling pathways leads to cell trafficking and cell dissemination in WM. Future therapeutic agents need to target not only the tumor clone, but also its close interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Agarwal A, Ghobrial IM. The bone marrow microenvironment in Waldenström macroglobulinemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 13:218-21. [PMID: 23490994 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma characterized by widespread involvement of the bone marrow (BM). The BM microenvironment serves as not only a site for disease involvement, but it also appears that the interaction of WM cells with the BM is essential for the pathogenesis of WM. The BM microenvironment consists of the cellular and noncellular compartments. The BM has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle, and drug resistance as well as cell dissemination and cell trafficking of WM cells. A better understanding of the role of the BM microenvironment in the pathogenesis of WM can help guide better therapeutic strategies that can target the tumor clone and also regulate the BM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Udi J, Schüler J, Wider D, Ihorst G, Catusse J, Waldschmidt J, Schnerch D, Follo M, Wäsch R, Engelhardt M. Potent in vitro and in vivo activity of sorafenib in multiple myeloma: induction of cell death, CD138-downregulation and inhibition of migration through actin depolymerization. Br J Haematol 2013; 161:104-16. [PMID: 23384035 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and the development of novel therapies targeting the interplay between plasma cells (PCs) and their bone marrow (BM) microenvironment remains essential. We investigated the effect of various agents in vitro on the proliferation, phenotype, morphology, actin polymerization and migration of MM cells and, in vivo, the tumour growth of L363-bearing non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice with a deficient interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (NSG). In vitro, we observed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity with bortezomib and sorafenib. Using RPMI8226 cells co-expressing histone 2B-mCherry and cytochrome c-GFP, bortezomib- and sorafenib-induced apoptosis was confirmed, and both agents combined showed synergism. Sorafenib induced CD138-downregulation and abolished CXCL12-induced actin polymerization. L363 cells expressed CCR4 and CCR5 and migrated to their common ligand CCL5. Chemotaxis to BM stroma cells was notable and significantly reduced by sorafenib. Downregulation of phospho-ERK appeared relevant for the inhibition of actin polymerization and chemotaxis. Sorafenib alone, and combined with bortezomib, showed substantial antitumour activity in L363-bearing NSG. Correspondingly, sorafenib induced clinical responses in MM-/AL-amyloidosis patients. We conclude that, in addition to the cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects of sorafenib, blocking of MM cell migration and homing represent promising mechanisms to interrupt the interplay between PCs and their supportive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Udi
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
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Robak T, Robak E. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential drugs for B-cell lymphoid malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:921-47. [PMID: 22612424 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.685650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last few years, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been synthesized and become available for preclinical studies and clinical trials. This article summarizes recent achievements in the mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, and clinical activity and toxicity, as well as the emerging role of TKIs in lymphoid malignancies, allergic diseases, and autoimmune disorders. AREAS COVERED A literature review was conducted of the MEDLINE database PubMed for articles in English. Publications from 2000 through January 2012 were scrutinized. The search terms used were Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitors, PCI-32765, GDC-0834, LFM-A13, AVL-101, AVL-292, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors, R343, R406, R112, R788, fostamatinib, BAY-61-3606, C-61, piceatannol, Lyn, imatinib, nilotinib, bafetinib, dasatinib, GDC-0834, PP2, SU6656 in conjunction with lymphoid malignancy, NHL, CLL, autoimmune disease, allergic disease, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Conference proceedings from the previous 5 years of the American Society of Hematology, European Hematology Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meetings were searched manually. Additional relevant publications were obtained by reviewing the references from the chosen articles. EXPERT OPINION The use of TKIs, especially inhibitors of Btk, Syk, and Lyn, is a promising new strategy for targeted treatment of B-cell lymphoid malignancies, autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases. However, definitive data from ongoing and future clinical trials will aid in better defining the status of TKIs in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Hematology, Lodz, Poland.
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Azab F, Azab AK, Maiso P, Calimeri T, Flores L, Liu Y, Quang P, Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Ngo HT, Zhang Y, Morgan BL, Carrasco RD, Ghobrial IM. Eph-B2/ephrin-B2 interaction plays a major role in the adhesion and proliferation of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:91-104. [PMID: 22010211 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ephrin receptors (Eph) are found in a wide range of cancers and correlate with metastasis. In this study, we characterized the role of Eph-B2 receptor in the interaction of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) cells with the bone marrow microenvironment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We screened the activity of different receptor tyrosine kinases in WM patients and found that Eph-B2 was overexpressed compared with control. Also, we tested the expression of ephrin-B2 ligand on endothelial cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) isolated from WM patients. We then tested the role of Eph-B2/Ephrin-B2 interaction in the adhesion of WM cells to endothelial cells and BMSCs; the cell signaling induced by the coculture in both the WM cells and the endothelial cells; WM cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle in vitro and tumor progression in vivo; and in angiogenesis. RESULTS Eph-B2 receptor was found to be activated in WM patients compared with control, with a 5-fold increase in CD19(+) WM cells, and activated cell adhesion signaling, including focal adhesion kinase, Src, P130, paxillin, and cofilin, but decreased WM cell chemotaxis. Ephrin-B2 ligand was highly expressed on endothelial cells and BMSCs isolated from WM patients and on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and induced signaling in the endothelial cells promoting adhesion and angiogenesis. Blocking of ephrin-B2 or Eph-B2 inhibited adhesion, cytoskeletal signaling, proliferation, and cell cycle in WM cells, which was induced by coculture with endothelial cells and decreased WM tumor progression in vivo. CONCLUSION Ephrin-B2/Eph-B2 axis regulates adhesion, proliferation, cell cycle, and tumor progression in vivo through the interaction of WM with the cells in the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feda Azab
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ghobrial IM, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ngo H, Azab F, Sacco A, Azab A, Maiso P, Morgan B, Quang P, Issa GC, Leleu X, Roccaro AM. Targeting the bone marrow in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11 Suppl 1:S65-9. [PMID: 22035751 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma characterized by widespread involvement of the bone marrow with lymphoplasmacytic cells. In approximately 20% of patients, the malignant clone also involves the lymph nodes and induces hepatosplenomegaly. The mechanisms by which the tumor cells home to the bone marrow and preferentially reside in the marrow niches are not fully elucidated. In this review, we examine the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the regulation of cell growth, survival and cell dissemination in WM. We also summarize specific regulators of niche-dependent tumor proliferation in WM. These include chemokines, adhesion molecules, Src/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, NF-kB activation, and micro-RNA regulation in WM. Targeting these pathways in clinical trials could lead to significant responses in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Issa GC, Leblebjian H, Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:260-5. [PMID: 21519243 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3283474e5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a distinct low-grade lymphoproliferative disease. There have been recent significant advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of this disease, including genetic and epigenetic regulators of tumor progression. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in cell proliferation, dissemination, and drug resistance. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the advances in the pathogenesis of factors both intrinsic (in the tumor clone) and extrinsic (in the bone marrow microenvironment) that regulate tumor progression in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. We next discuss novel agents that have been recently tested in clinical trials based on the advances observed in the pathogenesis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayas C Issa
- Medical Oncology, Pharmacy Department, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Azab AK, Azab F, Quang P, Maiso P, Sacco A, Ngo HT, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Morgan BL, Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM. FGFR3 is overexpressed waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and its inhibition by Dovitinib induces apoptosis and overcomes stroma-induced proliferation. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4389-99. [PMID: 21521775 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no standard of therapy for the treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), therefore there is a need for the development of new agents. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) was shown to play a major role in several types in cancer. Dovitinib, an inhibitor of FGFR3, was effective in hematologic malignancies. In this study, we tested FGFR3 as a therapeutic target in WM and tested the effect of dovitinib on cell proliferation and apoptosis of WM cells in the context of BM microenvironment. METHODS The expression of FGFR3 in WM cells was tested using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Cell signaling in response to stimulation with FGF3 and stromal cells, and its inhibition by dovitinib was performed using immunoblotting. Cell survival and cell proliferation were assessed by MTT and BrdU assays. Apoptosis was measured by detection of APO-2.7 and cleavage of caspase-3 using flow cytometry. Cell cycle was performed by PI staining of cells and flow cytometry. The combinatory effect of dovitinib with other drugs was analyzed using Calcusyn software. The effect of dovitinib was tested in vivo. RESULTS FGFR3 was overexpressed in WM cells and its activation induced cell proliferation. Inhibition of FGFR3 with dovitinib decreased cell survival, increased apoptosis, and induced cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of FGFR3 by dovitinib reduced the interaction of WM to bone marrow components, and reversed its proliferative effect. Dovitinib had an additive effect with other drugs. Moreover, dovitinib reduced WM tumor progression in vivo. CONCLUSION We report that FGFR3 is a novel therapeutic target in WM, and suggest dovitinib for future clinical trial the treatment of patients with WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ghobrial IM, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ngo H, Azab F, Sacco A, Azab A, Maiso P, Morgan B, Quang P, Issa G, Roccaro A. The bone marrow niche in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11:118-20. [PMID: 21454209 DOI: 10.3816/clml.2011.n.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread involvement of the bone marrow with tumor cells indicates that there is continuous cell trafficking of WM cells in and out of the bone marrow leading to cell dissemination in the bone marrow and in the lymph nodes in many patients with WM. The interaction of the WM cells with the bone marrow is critical for the regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, drug resistance as well as cell dissemination and trafficking. Advances in understanding the interaction of the tumor clone with the BM microenvironment have led to the development of therapeutic agents that not only target the tumor clone but also regulate the bone marrow microenvironment. Here, we review the role of the cellular and liquid bone marrow compartments in the regulation of cell proliferation and dissemination in WM.
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Stedman J, Roccaro A, Leleu X, Ghobrial IM. New Therapeutic Approaches for Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. DRUG FUTURE 2010. [PMID: 21869855 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2010.035.01.1410182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell disorder characterized by the infiltration of the bone marrow (BM) with lymphoplasmacytic cells, as well as detection of an IgM monoclonal gammopathy in the serum. WM is an incurable disease, with an overall medial survival of only 5-6 years. First-line therapy of WM has been based on single-agent or combination therapy with alkylator agents (e.g. chlorambucil or cyclophasphamide), nucleoside analogues (cladribine or fludarabine), and the monoclonal antibody rituximab. Novel therapeutic agents that have demonstrated efficacy in WM include thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, everolimus, Atacicept, and perifosine. The range of the ORR to these agents is between 25-80%. Ongoing and planned future clinical trials include those using PKC inhibitors such as enzastaurin, new proteasome inhibitors such as carfilzomib, histone deacetylase inhibitors such as panobinostat, humanized CD20 antibodies such as Ofatumumab, and additional alkylating agents such as bendamustine. These agents, when compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agents, may lead in the future to higher responses, longer remissions and better quality of life for patients with WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stedman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
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Stedman J, Roccaro A, Leleu X, Ghobrial IM. New Therapeutic Approaches for Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. DRUG FUTURE 2010; 35:53-58. [PMID: 21869855 PMCID: PMC3159918 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2010.35.1.1410182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell disorder characterized by the infiltration of the bone marrow (BM) with lymphoplasmacytic cells, as well as detection of an IgM monoclonal gammopathy in the serum. WM is an incurable disease, with an overall medial survival of only 5-6 years. First-line therapy of WM has been based on single-agent or combination therapy with alkylator agents (e.g. chlorambucil or cyclophasphamide), nucleoside analogues (cladribine or fludarabine), and the monoclonal antibody rituximab. Novel therapeutic agents that have demonstrated efficacy in WM include thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, everolimus, Atacicept, and perifosine. The range of the ORR to these agents is between 25-80%. Ongoing and planned future clinical trials include those using PKC inhibitors such as enzastaurin, new proteasome inhibitors such as carfilzomib, histone deacetylase inhibitors such as panobinostat, humanized CD20 antibodies such as Ofatumumab, and additional alkylating agents such as bendamustine. These agents, when compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agents, may lead in the future to higher responses, longer remissions and better quality of life for patients with WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stedman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
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