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Denu RA, Joseph CP, Urquiola ES, Byrd PS, Yang RK, Ratan R, Zarzour MA, Conley AP, Araujo DM, Ravi V, Nassif Haddad EF, Nakazawa MS, Patel S, Wang WL, Lazar AJ, Somaiah N. Utility of Clinical Next Generation Sequencing Tests in KIT/PDGFRA/SDH Wild-Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1707. [PMID: 38730662 PMCID: PMC11083047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The vast majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are driven by activating mutations in KIT, PDGFRA, or components of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD genes). A small fraction of GISTs lack alterations in KIT, PDGFRA, and SDH. We aimed to further characterize the clinical and genomic characteristics of these so-called "triple-negative" GISTs. Methods: We extracted clinical and genomic data from patients seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center with a diagnosis of GIST and available clinical next generation sequencing data to identify "triple-negative" patients. Results: Of the 20 patients identified, 11 (55.0%) had gastric, 8 (40.0%) had small intestinal, and 1 (5.0%) had rectal primary sites. In total, 18 patients (90.0%) eventually developed recurrent or metastatic disease, and 8 of these presented with de novo metastatic disease. For the 13 patients with evaluable response to imatinib (e.g., neoadjuvant treatment or for recurrent/metastatic disease), the median PFS with imatinib was 4.4 months (range 0.5-191.8 months). Outcomes varied widely, as some patients rapidly developed progressive disease while others had more indolent disease. Regarding potential genomic drivers, four patients were found to have alterations in the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway: two with a BRAF V600E mutation and two with NF1 loss-of-function (LOF) mutations (one deletion and one splice site mutation). In addition, we identified two with TP53 LOF mutations, one with NTRK3 fusion (ETV6-NTRK3), one with PTEN deletion, one with FGFR1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutation (K654E), one with CHEK2 LOF mutation (T367fs*), one with Aurora kinase A fusion (AURKA-CSTF1), and one with FANCA deletion. Patients had better responses with molecularly targeted therapies than with imatinib. Conclusions: Triple-negative GISTs comprise a diverse cohort with different driver mutations. Compared to KIT/PDGFRA-mutant GIST, limited benefit was observed with imatinib in triple-negative GIST. In depth molecular profiling can be helpful in identifying driver mutations and guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Denu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cissimol P. Joseph
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Urquiola
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Precious S. Byrd
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard K. Yang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ravin Ratan
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Alejandra Zarzour
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anthony P. Conley
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dejka M. Araujo
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elise F. Nassif Haddad
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael S. Nakazawa
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shreyaskumar Patel
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cao Q, Huang Z, Liang H, Hu X, Wang L, Yang Y, Lian B, Huang J, Guo J. Case report: Adult NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasms with TPM3-NTRK1 fusion in the pelvic. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1308916. [PMID: 38357202 PMCID: PMC10864579 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasms (NTRK-RSCNs) are rare soft tissue tumor molecularly characterized by NTRK gene rearrangement, which occurs mostly in children and young adults, and rarely in adults. The abnormal tumor located in superficial or deep soft tissues of human extremities and trunk mostly, and rarely also involves abdominal organs. In this case, we report a malignant NTRK-RSCN that occurred in the pelvic region of an adult. The patient was found to have a large tumor in the pelvic region with a pathological diagnosis of infiltrative growth of short spindle-shaped tumor cells with marked heterogeneity. Immunohistochemistry of this patient showed positive vimentin, pan-TRK and Ki67 (approximately 60%) indicators with negative S100, Desmin and DOG1. Molecular diagnosis revealed c-KIT and PDGFRα wild type with TPM3-NTRK1 fusion, unfortunately this patient had a rapidly progressive disease and passed away. This case highlights the gene mutation in the molecular characteristics of NTRK-RSCNs, and the significance of accurate molecular typing for the diagnosis of difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurui Cao
- Department of Proctology, Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhifang Huang
- Department of Proctology, Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Proctology, Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Proctology, Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lucas Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Guangzhou Huayin Health Medical Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaxian Yang
- Precision Medicine Center, Guangzhou Huayin Health Medical Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Precision Medicine Center, Guangzhou Huayin Health Medical Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Precision Medicine Center, Guangzhou Huayin Health Medical Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyan Guo
- Department of Proctology, Wuyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
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3
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El-Khoueiry AB, Clarke J, Neff T, Crossman T, Ratia N, Rathi C, Noto P, Tarkar A, Garrido-Laguna I, Calvo E, Rodón J, Tran B, O'Dwyer PJ, Cuker A, Abdul Razak AR. Phase 1 study of GSK3368715, a type I PRMT inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:309-317. [PMID: 37237172 PMCID: PMC10338470 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK3368715, a first-in-class, reversible inhibitor of type I protein methyltransferases (PRMTs) demonstrated anticancer activity in preclinical studies. This Phase 1 study (NCT03666988) evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of GSK3368715 in adults with advanced-stage solid tumors. METHODS In part 1, escalating doses of oral once-daily GSK3368715 (50, 100, and 200 mg) were evaluated. Enrollment was paused at 200 mg following a higher-than-expected incidence of thromboembolic events (TEEs) among the first 19 participants, resuming under a protocol amendment starting at 100 mg. Part 2 (to evaluate preliminary efficacy) was not initiated. RESULTS Dose-limiting toxicities were reported in 3/12 (25%) patients at 200 mg. Nine of 31 (29%) patients across dose groups experienced 12 TEEs (8 grade 3 events and 1 grade 5 pulmonary embolism). Best response achieved was stable disease, occurring in 9/31 (29%) patients. Following single and repeat dosing, GSK3368715 maximum plasma concentration was reached within 1 h post dosing. Target engagement was observed in the blood, but was modest and variable in tumor biopsies at 100 mg. CONCLUSION Based on higher-than-expected incidence of TEEs, limited target engagement at lower doses, and lack of observed clinical efficacy, a risk/benefit analysis led to early study termination. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03666988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B El-Khoueiry
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - James Clarke
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tobias Neff
- GSK, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
- Merck&Co, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Tim Crossman
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nirav Ratia
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Chetan Rathi
- GSK, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Paul Noto
- GSK, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
- Adaptimmune LLC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aarti Tarkar
- GSK, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-CIOCC, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Calle Oña, 10, 28050, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodón
- Investigational Cancer Therapeutics Department, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd Unit 455, 8th Floor, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ben Tran
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Peter J O'Dwyer
- University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Cuker
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Albiruni R Abdul Razak
- Phase 1 Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, M5G2M9, ON, Canada
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Dermawan JK, Vanderbilt CM, Chang JC, Untch BR, Singer S, Chi P, Tap WD, Antonescu CR. FGFR2::TACC2 fusion as a novel KIT-independent mechanism of targeted therapy failure in a multidrug-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2022; 61:412-419. [PMID: 35170141 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in FGF/FGFR pathway are infrequent in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), with rare cases of quadruple wildtype GISTs harboring FGFR1 gene fusions and mutations. Additionally, FGF/FGFR overexpression was shown to promote drug resistance to kinase inhibitors in GISTs. However, FGFR gene fusions have not been directly implicated as a mechanism of drug resistance in GISTs. Herein, we report a patient presenting with a primary small bowel spindle cell GIST and concurrent peritoneal and liver metastases displaying an imatinib-sensitive KIT exon 11 in-frame deletion. After an initial 9-month benefit to imatinib, the patient experienced intraabdominal peritoneal recurrence owing to secondary KIT exon 13 missense mutation and FGFR4 amplification. Despite several additional rounds of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the patient's disease progressed after 2 years and presented with multiple peritoneal and liver metastases, including one pericolonic mass harboring secondary KIT exon 18 missense mutation, and a concurrent transverse colonic mass with a FGFR2::TACC2 fusion and AKT2 amplification. All tumors, including primary and recurrent masses, harbored an MGA c.7272 T > G (p.Y2424*) nonsense mutation and CDKN2A/CDKN2B/MTAP deletions. The transcolonic mass showed elevated mitotic count (18/10 HPF), as well as significant decrease in CD117 and DOG1 expression, in contrast to all the other resistant nodules that displayed diffuse and strong CD117 and DOG1 immunostaining. The FGFR2::TACC2 fusion resulted from a 742 kb intrachromosomal inversion at the chr10q26.3 locus, leading to a fusion between exons 1-17 of FGFR2 and exons 7-17 TACC2, which preserves the extracellular and protein tyrosine kinase domains of FGFR2. We present the first report of a multi-drug resistant GIST patient who developed an FGFR2 gene fusion as a secondary genetic event to the selective pressure of various TKIs. This case also highlights the heterogeneous escape mechanisms to targeted therapy across various tumor nodules, spanning from both KIT-dependent and KIT-independent off-target activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine K Dermawan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chad M Vanderbilt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason C Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Untch
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Terra S, Roden AC, Yi ES, Aubry MC, Boland JM. Loss of Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase by Immunohistochemistry Is Common in Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma and Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157:33-39. [PMID: 34463336 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Differentiating malignant pleural mesothelioma from benign reactive mesothelial processes can be quite challenging. Ancillary tests such as BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) immunohistochemistry and p16 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are helpful tools to aid in this distinction. Immunohistochemistry for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) has recently been proposed as an effective surrogate marker for p16 FISH and is an attractive alternative test due to shorter turnaround time. There are little data regarding the specificity of MTAP loss for mesothelioma or whether it may be useful to distinguish mesothelioma from the most common entity in the differential diagnosis, sarcomatoid carcinoma. METHODS We studied well-characterized cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma (n = 34) and sarcomatoid mesothelioma (n = 62), which were stained for MTAP (clone 2G4) and BAP1 (clone C-4). RESULTS Loss of MTAP expression was observed in 17 (50%) of 34 pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas; BAP1 expression was retained in all of the cases in which it was performed (n = 31). MTAP expression was lost in 38 (61%) of 62 sarcomatoid mesotheliomas; BAP1 was lost in 6 (10%) of 62. In the six cases with BAP1 loss, five also had loss of MTAP, while MTAP expression was retained in one. CONCLUSIONS Loss of MTAP expression by immunohistochemistry is common in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma, as it is present in half of cases. This rate is similar to what is observed in sarcomatoid mesothelioma (61%). Therefore, this stain is not useful to distinguish between these two malignancies. MTAP loss is more common than BAP1 loss in the setting of sarcomatoid mesothelioma (61% vs 10%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Terra
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anja C Roden
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Hu Q, Qin Y, Ji S, Shi X, Dai W, Fan G, Li S, Xu W, Liu W, Liu M, Zhang Z, Ye Z, Zhou Z, Yang J, Zhuo Q, Yu X, Li M, Xu X. MTAP deficiency-induced metabolic reprogramming creates a vulnerability to co-targeting de novo purine synthesis and glycolysis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4964-4980. [PMID: 34385182 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a key enzyme associated with the salvage of methionine and adenine that is deficient in 20%-30% of pancreatic cancer. Our previous study revealed that MTAP-deficiency indicates a poor prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. In this study, bioinformatics analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data indicated that PDACs with MTAP deficiency display a signature of elevated glycolysis. Metabolomics studies showed that that MTAP deletion-mediated metabolic reprogramming enhanced glycolysis and de novo purine synthesis in pancreatic cancer cells. Western blot analysis revealed that MTAP knockout stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein via posttranslational phosphorylation. RIO kinase 1 (RIOK1), a downstream kinase upregulated in MTAP-deficient cells, interacted with and phosphorylated HIF-1α to regulate its stability. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and the de novo purine synthesis inhibitor L-alanosine synergized to kill MTAP-deficient pancreatic cancer cells. Collectively, these results reveal that MTAP deficiency drives pancreatic cancer progression by inducing metabolic reprogramming, providing a novel target and therapeutic strategy for treating MTAP-deficient disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuhui Shi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Weixing Dai
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixiong Fan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Qifeng Zhuo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The Separation of Benign and Malignant Mesothelial Proliferations: New Markers and How to Use Them. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:e100-e112. [PMID: 32826526 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The separation of benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations is an important clinical but often a difficult morphologic problem. Over the last roughly 10 years a variety of new markers that aid in this separation have been published and some older recommended markers reconsidered. Unlike previous, and largely unusable, empiric immunohistochemical (IHC) stains, these new markers, some using IHC and some using fluourescent in situ hybridization (FISH), are largely based on documented genomic abnormalities in malignant mesotheliomas. However, no marker works in all situations; rather, markers need to be chosen by the morphology of the process in question (epithelial vs. spindled) and the body cavity of interest (pleural vs. peritoneal). It is also important to be familiar with the exact pattern, for example nuclear versus cytoplasmic loss, that indicates a positive test. Furthermore, no single marker is 100% sensitive even with the optimal morphology/location, so that combinations of markers are essential. This review covers the various new markers in the literature, highlights their advantages and limitations, and suggests morphology/site specific combinations that can produce sensitivities in the 80% to 90% (and perhaps higher) range. At present only BRCA-1 related protein-1 and methylthioadenosine phosphorylase IHC, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) FISH have sufficient publications and reproducibility of results to be considered as established markers. 5-Hydroxymethyl cytosine, enhancer of zeste homolog 2, cyclin D1, and programmed death-ligand 1 IHC, and NF2 FISH are all potentially useful but need further study. The newly described entity of malignant mesothelioma in situ sits at the interface of benign and malignant mesothelial process; criteria for this diagnosis are reviewed.
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Liu W, Zhuang C, Huang T, Yang S, Zhang M, Lin B, Jiang Y. Loss of CDKN2A at chromosome 9 has a poor clinical prognosis and promotes lung cancer progression. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1521. [PMID: 33155773 PMCID: PMC7767555 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify critical genes involved in the tumor biology of lung cancer via datamining of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with special focus on gene copy number variation. Methods Genomic deletion and amplification were analyzed with cBioportal online tools. Relative expression of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) was analyzed by both real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. The abundance of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers were analyzed by real‐time PCR. Cell proliferation was determined by cell counting kit‐8 method and cell viability was measured with 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The cell migration and invasion were measured with transwell chamber assay, and migrative capacity was further evaluated by wound healing assay. Results We found the frequent loss of CDKN2A was associated with its downregulation in lung cancer, and siRNA‐mediated CDNKN2A knockdown significantly stimulated cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Mechanistically, we unraveled that MTAP, which was positively correlated with CDKN2A, predominantly mediated the antitumoral function of CDKN2A in lung cancer. Conclusion Our study consolidated the involvement of CDKN2A‐MTAP signaling in the context of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Congwen Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tengfei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shengsheng Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baoquan Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Loss of 5'-Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase (MTAP) is Frequent in High-Grade Gliomas; Nevertheless, it is Not Associated with Higher Tumor Aggressiveness. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020492. [PMID: 32093414 PMCID: PMC7072758 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5’-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene is located in the chromosomal region 9p21. MTAP deletion is a frequent event in a wide variety of human cancers; however, its biological role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the MTAP expression profile in a series of gliomas and to associate it with patients’ clinicopathological features. Moreover, we sought to evaluate, through glioma gene-edited cell lines, the biological impact of MTAP in gliomas. MTAP expression was evaluated in 507 glioma patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the expression levels were associated with patients’ clinicopathological features. Furthermore, an in silico study was undertaken using genomic databases totalizing 350 samples. In glioma cell lines, MTAP was edited, and following MTAP overexpression and knockout (KO), a transcriptome analysis was performed by NanoString Pan-Cancer Pathways panel. Moreover, MTAP’s role in glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was evaluated. Homozygous deletion of 9p21 locus was associated with a reduction of MTAP mRNA expression in the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) - glioblastoma dataset (p < 0.01). In addition, the loss of MTAP expression was markedly high in high-grade gliomas (46.6% of cases) determined by IHC and Western blotting (40% of evaluated cell lines). Reduced MTAP expression was associated with a better prognostic in the adult glioblastoma dataset (p < 0.001). Nine genes associated with five pathways were differentially expressed in MTAP-knockout (KO) cells, with six upregulated and three downregulated in MTAP. Analysis of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion did not show any significant differences between MTAP gene-edited and control cells. Our results integrating data from patients as well as in silico and in vitro models provide evidence towards the lack of strong biological importance of MTAP in gliomas. Despite the frequent loss of MTAP, it seems not to have a clinical impact in survival and does not act as a canonic tumor suppressor gene in gliomas.
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Hydroxysteroid 11-Beta Dehydrogenase 1 Overexpression with Copy-Number Gain and Missense Mutations in Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110408. [PMID: 30388854 PMCID: PMC6262574 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid-metabolizing enzymes remain underexplored in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Through transcriptomic reappraisal, hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase-1 (HSD11B1) was identified as a top-upregulated, progression-associated gene. To validate the clinical relevance of HSD11B1, the informative results of Sanger sequencing (n = 58), mRNA quantification by branched-chain DNA in situ hybridization assay (n = 70), copy number assay by fluorescent in situ hybridization (n = 350), and immunohistochemistry (n = 350) were correlated with clincopathological variables, KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF genotypes, and disease-free survival (DFS). HSD11B1 was stably silenced to explore its oncogenic function. HSD11B1 mRNA varied between high-risk and non-high-risk groups (p = 0.009) and positively correlated with HSD11B1 immunoexpression (r = 0.783, p < 0.001). HSD11B1 copy-number gain (CNG), including polysomy (5.4%) and amplification (12%), associated with HSD11B1 overexpression (p < 0.001). Predominantly involving the homodimer interface-affecting exon 6 or exon 7, missense HSD11B1 mutations (17.2%) were related to high risk (p = 0.044), age ≥70 years (p = 0.007), and shorter DFS among relapsed cases (p = 0.033). CNG was related to unfavorable KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF genotypes (p = 0.015), while HSD11B1 overexpression was preferential in non-gastric cases (p < 0.001). Both abnormalities strongly associated with risk levels (both p < 0.001) and shorter univariate DFS (both p < 0.0001), and HSD11B1 CNG remained prognostically independent (p < 0.001) with a 3-fold increased hazard ratio. In vitro, HSD11B1 knockdown significantly inhibited proliferation and caused G2/M arrest. In conclusion, HSD11B1 overexpression may occur owing to CNG, confer a pro-proliferative function, and predict a worse prognosis in GISTs.
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11
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Tang B, Lee HO, An SS, Cai KQ, Kruger WD. Specific Targeting of MTAP-Deleted Tumors with a Combination of 2'-Fluoroadenine and 5'-Methylthioadenosine. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4386-4395. [PMID: 29844120 PMCID: PMC6072572 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous deletion of the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene is a frequent event in a wide variety of human cancers and is a possible molecular target for therapy. One potential therapeutic strategy to target MTAP-deleted tumors involves combining toxic purine analogues such as 6'-thioguanine (6TG) or 2'-fluoroadenine (2FA) with the MTAP substrate 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA). The rationale is that excess MTA will protect normal MTAP+ cells from purine analogue toxicity because MTAP catalyzes the conversion of MTA to adenine, which then inhibits the conversion of purine base analogues into nucleotides. However, in MTAP- tumor cells, no protection takes place because adenine is not formed. Here, we examine the effects of 6TG and 2FA in combination with MTA in vitro and in vivoIn vitro, MTA protected against both 6TG and 2FA toxicity in an MTAP-dependent manner, shifting the IC50 concentration by one to three orders of magnitude. However, in mice, MTA protected against toxicity from 2FA but failed to protect against 6TG. Addition of 100 mg/kg MTA to 20 mg/kg 2FA entirely reversed the toxicity of 2FA in a variety of tissues and the treatment was well tolerated by mice. The 2FA+MTA combination inhibited tumor growth of four different MTAP- human tumor cell lines in mouse xenograft models. Our results suggest that 2FA+MTA may be a promising combination for treating MTAP-deleted tumors.Significance: Loss of MTAP occurs in about 15% of all human cancers; the MTAP protection strategy presented in this study could be very effective in treating these cancers. Cancer Res; 78(15); 4386-95. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqing Tang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hyung-Ok Lee
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Serim S An
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Berg KB, Dacic S, Miller C, Cheung S, Churg A. Utility of Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Compared With BAP1 Immunohistochemistry, and CDKN2A and NF2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Separating Reactive Mesothelial Proliferations From Epithelioid Malignant Mesotheliomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:1549-1553. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0273-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
The separation of reactive from malignant mesothelial proliferations is often a difficult morphologic problem. There is contradictory information in the literature on whether methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) immunohistochemistry can be used for this purpose.
Objective.—
To determine the utility of MTAP immunohistochemistry in distinguishing reactive from malignant mesothelial proliferations.
Design.—
We stained a tissue microarray containing 20 epithelioid malignant mesotheliomas and 17 reactive mesothelial proliferations. For the mesotheliomas, comparisons were made between MTAP staining and BRCA-associated nuclear protein 1 (BAP1) immunohistochemistry, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) fluorescence in situ hybridization, and neurofibromin 2 (NF2) fluorescence in situ hybridization, which are established techniques for making this separation.
Results.—
Loss of MTAP was seen in 0 of 17 reactive mesothelial proliferations and 13/20 (65%) malignant mesotheliomas. Almost all cases with loss showed loss in 100% of mesothelial cells. Background inflammatory and stromal cells served as a positive internal control. CDKN2A fluorescence in situ hybridization on the mesotheliomas showed concordance with MTAP staining in 14 of 17 evaluable cases. BAP1 immunohistochemistry showed loss of nuclear staining in 11 of 20 mesotheliomas (55%). No cases showed loss of NF2. A total of 18 of 20 mesotheliomas (90%) showed loss of either MTAP or BAP1.
Conclusions.—
In the context of a mesothelial proliferation, loss of MTAP staining is 100% specific for malignant mesothelioma. In this study the combination of MTAP and BAP1 immunohistochemical staining allowed separation of reactive from epithelial malignant mesothelial proliferations in 90% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra B. Berg
- From the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Berg); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Dacic and Ms Miller); and the Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Churg and Mr Cheung)
| | - Sanja Dacic
- From the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Berg); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Dacic and Ms Miller); and the Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Churg and Mr Cheung)
| | - Caitlyn Miller
- From the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Berg); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Dacic and Ms Miller); and the Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Churg and Mr Cheung)
| | - Simon Cheung
- From the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Berg); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Dacic and Ms Miller); and the Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Churg and Mr Cheung)
| | - Andrew Churg
- From the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Berg); the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Dacic and Ms Miller); and the Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Churg and Mr Cheung)
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Cheng XY, Liu Z, Shang L, Cai HQ, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Xu X, Hao JJ, Wang MR. Deletion and downregulation of MTAP contribute to the motility of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5855-5862. [PMID: 29270023 PMCID: PMC5729838 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s151953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is among the most common malignancies, with a low 5-year overall survival rate. In previous studies, we and others have found that 9p21.3 was the most frequently deleted region in ESCC. The MTAP gene, which is located close to CDKN2A/B in 9p21.3, encodes methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. This enzyme plays an important role during the process of adenosine transfer. In the present study, we found that MTAP is deleted at the genomic level in 19.1% (64/341) of primary ESCC tumors, and decreased mRNA and protein expression were present in 31.1% (28/90) and 33.3% (6/18) of ESCCs, respectively. Further statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between deletion and decreased mRNA expression of MTAP in the ESCC tissues tested (coefficient: 0.826; P=1.17×10−23). Knockdown of MTAP expression using small interfering RNA-mediated silencing promoted the invasion and migration of ESCC cells. Also, overexpression of MATP using pcDNA3.1-MTAP plasmid decreased the cell invasion and migration. At the molecular level, MTAP knockdown downregulated E-cadherin and p-GSK3β but upregulated Slug expression. Our results indicated that MTAP deletion results in the decreased expression in ESCCs and that it plays a role in promoting the mobility and inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of ESCC cells via the GSK3β/Slug/E-cadherin axis. The data suggest that MTAP might function as a tumor suppressor gene in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Hong-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences < Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Li CF, Fang FM, Chen YY, Liu TT, Chan TC, Yu SC, Chen LT, Huang HY. Overexpressed Fatty Acid Synthase in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Targeting a Progression-Associated Metabolic Driver Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Imatinib. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4908-4918. [PMID: 28442505 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), lipid-metabolizing enzymes remain underexplored, including fatty acid synthase (FASN).Experimental Design: Forty GISTs were quantitated for FASN mRNA abundance. FASN immunoexpression was informative in 350 GISTs, including 213 with known KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF genotypes. In imatinib-resistant FASN-overexpressing GIST cells, the roles of overexpressed FASN and FASN-targeting C75 in tumor phenotypes, apoptosis and autophagy, KIT transcription, PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation, and imatinib resistance were analyzed by RNAi or myristoylated-AKT transfection. The therapeutic relevance of dual blockade of FASN and KIT was evaluated in vivoResults:FASN mRNA abundance significantly increased from very low/low-risk to high-risk levels of NCCN guidelines (P < 0.0001). FASN overexpression was associated with a nongastric location (P = 0.05), unfavorable genotype (P = 0.005), and increased risk level (P < 0.001) and independently predicted shorter disease-free survival (P < 0.001). In vitro, FASN knockdown inhibited cell growth and migration, inactivated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and resensitized resistant GIST cells to imatinib. C75 transcriptionally repressed the KIT promoter, downregulated KIT expression and phosphorylation, induced LC3-II and myristoylated AKT-suppressible activity of caspases 3 and 7, attenuated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/RPS6/4E-BP1 pathway activation, and exhibited dose-dependent therapeutic additivism with imatinib. Compared with both monotherapies, the C75/imatinib combination more effectively suppressed the growth of xenografts, exhibiting decreased KIT phosphorylation, Ki-67, and phosphorylated PI3K/AKT/mTOR levels and increased TUNEL labeling.Conclusions: We have characterized the prognostic, biological, and therapeutic implications of overexpressed FASN in GISTs. C75 represses KIT transactivation, abrogates PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation, and provides a rationale for dual blockade of KIT and FASN in treating imatinib-resistant GISTs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4908-18. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Min Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yang Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Chun Chan
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chen Yu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Lin X, Yan C, Gao Y, Du J, Zhu X, Yu F, Huang T, Dai J, Ma H, Jiang Y, Yin R, Hu Z, Jin G, Xu L, Shen H. Genetic variants at 9p21.3 are associated with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:250-255. [PMID: 27960044 PMCID: PMC5329157 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome‐wide association studies have linked genetic variants at 9p21.3 to the risk of multiple cancers. However, the roles of genetic variants at 9p21.3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) development are largely unknown. We evaluated the genetic variants at 9p21.3 reported in cancer genome‐wide association studies with a case–control study including 2139 ESCC cases and 2273 controls in a Chinese population, and measured the mRNA expression levels of MTAP,CDKN2A,CDKN2B, and CDKN2B‐AS1 in paired ESCC tumor and adjacent normal tissues. We found that the G allele of rs7023329 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of ESCC with a per‐allele odds ratio of 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.77–0.91; P = 2.95 × 10−5). The rs7023329‐G allele was related to a high expression of MTAP (P = 0.020). The rs1679013‐C allele was independently associated with an increased risk of ESCC with a per‐allele odds ratio of 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.24; P = 0.039). We also found that the carriers of the risk allele rs1679013‐C had lower expression of CDKN2B than non‐carriers (P = 0.035). CDKN2B was also significantly downregulated in ESCC tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (P = 3.50×10−5). Therefore, our findings indicate that genetic variants at 9p21.3 may modulate the expression of MTAP and CDKN2B and contribute to ESCC susceptibility. This may further advance our understanding of the 9p21.3 locus in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Caiwang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Jiangbo Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongtong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Zhi L, Liu D, Wu SG, Li T, Zhao G, Zhao B, Li M. Association of common variants in MTAP with susceptibility and overall survival of osteosarcoma: a two-stage population-based study in Han Chinese. J Cancer 2016; 7:2179-2186. [PMID: 27994653 PMCID: PMC5166526 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant tumor, which exists widely in the bone of children and adolescents, and genetic factors may influence its susceptibility. Recently, the gene MTAP has been reported to be associated with OS in a Caucasian population. To investigate the association of common variants in MTAP with OS risk in Han Chinese individuals, we designed a two-stage case-control study with 392 OS patients and 1,578 unrelated healthy controls of Han Chinese individuals. A total of 17 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were firstly genotyped in the discovery stage, and single-SNP association and haplotypic association analyses have been performed. The SNP rs7023329 was found to be strongly associated with the OS risk (adjusted P = 0.002908), and the results of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) revealed increased risks from A allele of the SNP on OS (OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.13-1.62). The results were confirmed with a similar pattern in the validation stage (adjusted P = 0.006737, OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.11-2.00). Moreover, haplotypic analyses indicated that one haplotype block containing rs7023329 was significantly associated with OS risk in both stages (both global P<0.0001). The statistically significant association between the rs7023329 genotype and poor survival in OS patients was also observed. To sum up, our results prove that MTAP plays an important role in the etiology of OS, suggesting this gene as a potential genetic modifier for OS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhi
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Fifth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Stephen G Wu
- Department of Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tianqing Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Xijing Orthopedic Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, Hong-hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Ki-67 Labeling Index can be used as a Prognostic Marker in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e204-10. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) through a systematic review, meta-analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review. Method The study included 1,967 GIST cases from 24 eligible studies. We investigated the correlation between high Ki-67 LI and survival and the proper criteria for high Ki-67 LI. In addition, a diagnostic test accuracy review was conducted to evaluate the predictive role of high Ki-67 LI for higher risk of tumor recurrence. Results A high Ki-67 LI was significantly correlated with worse disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio [HR] 3.658, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.687-4.979, p<0.001) and overall survival (OS) (HR 3.730, 95% CI 2.819-4.936, p<0.001). With regard to DFS and OS, the subgroup with a cutoff value of >4% for high Ki-67 LI had a higher HR than the subgroup with a ≤4% cutoff. In the diagnostic test accuracy review, a high Ki-67 LI was significantly correlated with higher risk of tumor recurrence (pooled sensitivity = 0.44, pooled specificity = 0.87, area under the curve on the summary receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.656). Conclusions Our results showed that a high Ki-67 LI was significantly correlated with worse prognosis and higher risk of tumor recurrence in GIST. Further prospective studies of the prognostic role of Ki-67 LI are necessary prior to application in clinical practice.
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18
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He HL, Lee YE, Shiue YL, Lee SW, Chen TJ, Li CF. Characterization and Prognostic Significance of Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Deficiency in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2271. [PMID: 26656376 PMCID: PMC5008521 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cancer-associated genes by genomic profiling contributes to the elucidation of tumor development and progression. The methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene, located at chromosome 9p21, plays a critical role in tumorigenicity and disease progression in a wide variety of cancers. However, the prognostic impact of MTAP in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains obscured. Through data mining from published transcriptomic database, MTAP was first identified as a differentially downregulated gene in NPC. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the expression of MTAP in NPC and to clarify its prognostic significance.MTAP immunohistochemistry was retrospectively performed and analyzed in biopsy specimens from 124 NPC patients who received standard treatment without distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. The immunoexpression status was correlated with the clinicopathological variables, disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to measure MTAP gene dosage. In some cases, we also performed methylation-specific PCR and pyrosequencing to assess the status of promoter methylation.MTAP deficiency was significantly associated with advanced tumor stages (P = 0.023) and univariately predictive of adverse outcomes for DSS, DMFS, and LRFS. In the multivariate comparison, MTAP deficiency still remained prognostically independent to portend worse DSS (P = 0.021, hazard ratio = 1.870) and DMFS (P = 0.009, hazard ratio = 2.154), together with advanced AJCC stages III to IV. Homozygous deletion or promoter methylation of MTAP gene were identified to be significantly associated with MTAP protein deficiency (P < 0.001).MTAP deficiency was correlated with an aggressive phenotype and independently predictive of worse DSS and DMFS, suggesting its role in disease progression and as an independent prognostic biomarker of NPC, which potentially offers new strategy of targeted treatment for patients lacking MTAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin He
- From the Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H-LH); Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H-LH, Y-LS); Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (Y-EL); Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan (S-WL); Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan (T-JC, C-FL); National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan (C-FL); Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan (C-FL); and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (C-FL)
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AMACR amplification and overexpression in primary imatinib-naïve gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a driver of cell proliferation indicating adverse prognosis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11588-603. [PMID: 25473890 PMCID: PMC4294386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-random gains of chromosome 5p have been observed in clinically aggressive gastrointestinal stromal tumors, whereas the driving oncogenes on 5p remain to be characterized. We used an integrative genomic and functional approach to identify amplified oncogenes on 5p and to evaluate the relevance of AMACR amplification at 5p13.3 and its overexpression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Thirty-seven tumor samples, imatinib-sensitive GIST882 cell line, and imatinib-resistant GIST48 cell line were analyzed for DNA imbalances using array-based genomic profiling. Forty-one fresh tumor samples of various risk categories were enriched for pure tumor cells by laser capture microdissection and quantified for AMACR mRNA expression. AMACR-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were both informative in tissue microarray sections of 350 independent primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors, including 213 cases with confirmed KIT /PDGFRA genotypes. To assess the oncogenic functions of AMACR, GIST882 and GIST48 cell lines were stably silenced against their endogenous AMACR expression. In 59% of cases featuring 5p gains, two major amplicons encompassed discontinuous chromosomal regions that were differentially overrepresented in high-risk cases, including the one harboring the mRNA-upregulated AMACR gene. Gene amplification was detected in 19.7% of cases (69/350) and strongly related to protein overexpression (p<0.001), although 52% of AMACR-overexpressing cases exhibited no amplification. Both gene amplification and protein overexpression were significantly associated with epithelioid histology, larger size, increased mitoses, higher risk levels, and unfavorable genotypes (all p≤0.03). They were also independently predictive of decreased disease-free survival (overexpression, p<0.001; amplification, p=0.020) in the multivariate analysis. Concomitant with downregulated cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK4, AMACR knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and induced G1-phase arrest, but did not affect apoptosis in both GIST882 and GIST48 cells. In conclusion, AMACR amplification is a mechanism driving increased mRNA and protein expression and conferring aggressiveness through heightened cell proliferation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
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Li CF, Fang FM, Kung HJ, Chen LT, Wang JW, Tsai JW, Yu SC, Wang YH, Li SH, Huang HY. Downregulated MTAP expression in myxofibrosarcoma: A characterization of inactivating mechanisms, tumor suppressive function, and therapeutic relevance. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11428-41. [PMID: 25426549 PMCID: PMC4294342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxofibrosarcomas are genetically complex and involve recurrently deleted chromosome 9p, for which we characterized the pathogenically relevant target(s) using genomic profiling. In 12 of the 15 samples, we detected complete or partial losses of 9p. The only aggressiveness-associated, differentially lost region was 9p21.3, spanning the potential inactivated methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) that exhibited homozygous (4/15) or hemizygous (3/15) deletions. In independent samples, MTAP gene status was assessed using quantitative- and methylation-specific PCR assays, and immunoexpression was evaluated. We applied MTAP reexpression or knockdown to elucidate the functional roles of MTAP and the therapeutic potential of L-alanosine in MTAP-preserved and MTAP-deficient myxofibrosarcoma cell lines and xenografts. MTAP protein deficiency (37%) was associated with MTAP gene inactivation (P < 0.001) by homozygous deletion or promoter methylation, and independently portended unfavorable metastasis-free survival (P = 0.0318) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.014). Among the MTAP-deficient cases, the homozygous deletion of MTAP predicted adverse outcome. In MTAP-deficient cells, MTAP reexpression inhibited cell migration and invasion, proliferation, and anchorage-independent colony formation and downregulated cyclin D1. This approach also attenuated the tube-forming abilities of human umbilical venous endothelial cells, attributable to the transcriptional repression of MMP-9, and abrogated the susceptibility to L-alanosine. The inhibiting effects of MTAP expression on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and the induction of apoptosis by L-alanosine were validated using MTAP-reexpressing xenografts and reverted using RNA interference in MTAP-preserved cells. In conclusion, homozygous deletion primarily accounts for the adverse prognostic impact of MTAP deficiency and confers the biological aggressiveness and susceptibility to L-alanosine in myxofibrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan. National Institute of Cancer Research National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Min Fang
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Wen Wang
- Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Tawian
| | - Shih Chen Yu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Sixty years ago, 6-thioguanine (6-TG) was introduced into the clinic. We suggest its full potential in therapy may not have been reached. In this paper, we contrast 6-TG and the more widely used 6-mercaptopurine; discuss 6-TG metabolism, pharmacokinetics, dosage and schedule; and summarize many of the early studies that have shown infrequent but nevertheless positive results with 6-TG treatment of cancers. We also consider studies that suggest that combinations of 6-TG with other agents may enhance antitumor effects. Although not yet tested in man, 6-TG has recently been proposed to treat a wide variety of cancers with a high frequency of homozygous deletion of the gene for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), often codeleted with the adjacent tumor suppressor CDKN2A (p16). Among the cancers with a high frequency of MTAP deficiency are leukemias, lymphomas, mesothelioma, melanoma, biliary tract cancer, glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and lung, pancreatic, and squamous cell carcinomas. The method involves pretreatment with the naturally occurring nucleoside methylthioadenosine (MTA), the substrate for the enzyme MTAP. MTA pretreatment protects normal host tissues, but not MTAP-deficient cancers, from 6-TG toxicity and permits administration of doses of 6-TG that are much higher than can now be safely administered. The combination of MTA/6-TG has produced substantial shrinkage or slowing of growth in two different xenograft human tumor models: lymphoblastic leukemia and metastatic prostate carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. Further development and a clinical trial of the proposed MTA/6-TG treatment of MTAP-deficient cancers seem warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashna N Munshi
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Martin Lubin
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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MTAP is an independent prognosis marker and the concordant loss of MTAP and p16 expression predicts short survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014; 40:1143-50. [PMID: 24969958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a ubiquitously expressed protein, plays important roles in purine biosynthesis. Locating near to each other on chromosome 9p21-22, codeletion of the MTAP and p16(Ink4A) genes have been reported in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study is to determine the respective prognostic value of MTAP and p16 by considering their correlation in NSCLC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed MTAP and p16 protein expression by immunohistochemical staining on 99 NSCLC tissue microarray samples. The association between MTAP and p16 expression levels and prognosis were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model for prognosis. RESULTS Patients with a low MTAP expression level had poor overall survival (P = 0.010) and disease-free survival (P = 0.002). Low p16 expression indicated a trend toward poor overall survival (P = 0.138) and disease-free survival (P = 0.199). There was a significant positive correlation between MTAP and p16 expression levels (Spearman's ρ = 0.402, P < 0.001). By multivariate analyses, the MTAP expression level retained its independent prognostic power and p16 expression loss of the correlation with prognosis. Concordant loss of MTAP and p16 expression was observed in 24 out of 99 patients (24.2%). Patients with concordant loss of MTAP and p16 expression had the worst prognosis compared to patients with high expression of both markers. CONCLUSION MTAP expression is an independent prognostic factor and has greater prognostic significance than p16 expression in NSCLC. Concordant loss of MTAP and p16 expression indicates poor outcomes in lung cancer patients.
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang XS. Identification of mutated core cancer modules by integrating somatic mutation, copy number variation, and gene expression data. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 24565034 PMCID: PMC3851989 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-s2-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer is an important step for the effective diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. With the huge volume of data from the large-scale cancer genomics projects, an open challenge is to distinguish driver mutations, pathways, and gene sets (or core modules) that contribute to cancer formation and progression from random passengers which accumulate in somatic cells but do not contribute to tumorigenesis. Due to mutational heterogeneity, current analyses are often restricted to known pathways and functional modules for enrichment of somatic mutations. Therefore, discovery of new pathways and functional modules is a pressing need. RESULTS In this study, we propose a novel method to identify Mutated Core Modules in Cancer (iMCMC) without any prior information other than cancer genomic data from patients with tumors. This is a network-based approach in which three kinds of data are integrated: somatic mutations, copy number variations (CNVs), and gene expressions. Firstly, the first two datasets are merged to obtain a mutation matrix, based on which a weighted mutation network is constructed where the vertex weight corresponds to gene coverage and the edge weight corresponds to the mutual exclusivity between gene pairs. Similarly, a weighted expression network is generated from the expression matrix where the vertex and edge weights correspond to the influence of a gene mutation on other genes and the Pearson correlation of gene mutation-correlated expressions, respectively. Then an integrative network is obtained by further combining these two networks, and the most coherent subnetworks are identified by using an optimization model. Finally, we obtained the core modules for tumors by filtering with significance and exclusivity tests. We applied iMCMC to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and ovarian carcinoma data, and identified several mutated core modules, some of which are involved in known pathways. Most of the implicated genes are oncogenes or tumor suppressors previously reported to be related to carcinogenesis. As a comparison, we also performed iMCMC on two of the three kinds of data, i.e., the datasets combining somatic mutations with CNVs and secondly the datasets combining somatic mutations with gene expressions. The results indicate that gene expressions or CNVs indeed provide extra useful information to the original data for the identification of core modules in cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the utility of our iMCMC by integrating multiple data sources to identify mutated core modules in cancer. In addition to presenting a generally applicable methodology, our findings provide several candidate pathways or core modules recurrently perturbed in GBM or ovarian carcinoma for further studies.
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Chidlow G, Wood JPM, Sharma S, Dimasi DP, Burdon KP, Casson RJ, Craig JE. Ocular expression and distribution of products of the POAG-associated chromosome 9p21 gene region. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75067. [PMID: 24069379 PMCID: PMC3777912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that there are highly significant associations for common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the CDKN2B-AS1 gene region at the 9p21 locus with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness. This gene region houses the CDKN2B/p15INK4B,CDKN2A/p16INK4A and p14ARF (rat equivalent, p19ARF) tumour suppressor genes and is adjacent to the S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene. In order to understand the ocular function of these genes and, therefore, how they may be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG, we studied the distribution patterns of each of their products within human and rat ocular tissues. MTAP mRNA was detected in the rat retina and optic nerve and its protein product was localised to the corneal epithelium, trabecular meshwork and retinal glial cells in both human and rat eyes. There was a very low level of p16INK4A mRNA present within the rat retina and slightly more in the optic nerve, although no protein product could be detected in either rat or human eyes with any of the antibodies tested. P19ARF mRNA was likewise only present at very low levels in rat retina and slightly higher levels in the optic nerve. However, no unambiguous evidence was found to indicate expression of specific P19ARF/p14ARF proteins in either rat or human eyes, respectively. In contrast, p15INK4B mRNA was detected in much higher amounts in both retina and optic nerve compared with the other genes under analysis. Moreover, p15INK4B protein was clearly localised to the retinal inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and the corneal epithelium and trabecular meshwork in rat and human eyes. The presented data provide the basis for future studies that can explore the roles that these gene products may play in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other models of optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John P. M. Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - David P. Dimasi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Wei YC, Chou FF, Li CF, Li WM, Chen YY, Lan J, Li SH, Fang FM, Hu TH, Yu SC, Eng HL, Uen YH, Tian YF, Wang JC, Huang HY. HuR cytoplasmic expression is associated with increased cyclin A expression and inferior disease-free survival in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Histopathology 2013; 63:445-54. [PMID: 23889148 DOI: 10.1111/his.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS HuR is an RNA-binding protein that post-transcriptionally modulates the expression of various target genes involved in carcinogenesis, such as CCNA2, which encodes cyclin A. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of HuR expression and subcellular localization in a large cohort of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). METHODS AND RESULTS HuR immunostaining was assessable for nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in 341 cases on tissue microarrays of primary GISTs, of which 318, 296 and 193 cases were also characterized for Ki67 labelling, cyclin A immunoexpression, and KIT and PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genotypes, respectively. The results of HuR nuclear and cytoplasmic expression were correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) and clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and RTK genotypic variables. HuR cytoplasmic expression was present in 42% of primary GISTs, and was significantly related to epithelioid histology, larger tumour size, NIH risk category, and nuclear expression of Ki67 and cyclin A. Importantly, HuR cytoplasmic expression (P < 0.001) and cyclin A overexpression (P < 0.001) were strongly associated with worse DFS. Both variables remained independently predictive of adverse outcome [P = 0.020 and risk ratio (RR) 2.605 for cytoplasmic HuR; P = 0.026 and RR 2.763 for cyclin A]. CONCLUSIONS HuR cytoplasmic expression not only correlates with adverse prognosticators and cyclin A overexpression, but also independently predicts worse DFS, indicating a causative role in conferring tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Wei
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Bertino JR, Lubin M, Johnson-Farley N, Chan WC, Goodell L, Bhagavathi S. Lack of expression of MTAP in uncommon T-cell lymphomas. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 12:306-9. [PMID: 23040436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The majority of peripheral T-cell lymphomas were found to lack methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, an enzyme that is essential for the salvage of adenine from methylthioadenosine, a product of polyamine synthesis. Importantly, tumors that lack this enzyme have been shown to be more sensitive to inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis (6-thioguanine, methotrexate). BACKGROUND T-cell lymphomas, in particular peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), have only limited and noncurative treatment options. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report here that a high percentage of PTCL, AITL, and ALCL lack the enzyme methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), as do T-cell leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. MTAP-deficient cells cannot cleave endogenous methylthioadenosine to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate, a precursor of methionine, and as a result have enhanced sensitivity to inhibitors of de novo purine biosynthesis. A recently introduced antifolate, pralatrexate, which has been shown to inhibit de novo purine biosynthesis, has been approved for treatment of PTCL and may have an increasing role in therapy. An alternative strategy involving coadministration of methylthioadenosine and high-dose 6-thioguanine has been proposed and may prove to be selectively toxic to MTAP-deficient uncommon lymphomas. CONCLUSION Thus the consequences of MTAP deficiency suggest that new therapeutic interventions for T-cell lymphoma may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bertino
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 18901, USA.
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Niini T, Scheinin I, Lahti L, Savola S, Mertens F, Hollmén J, Böhling T, Kivioja A, Nord KH, Knuutila S. Homozygous deletions of cadherin genes in chondrosarcoma—an array comparative genomic hybridization study. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:588-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Conde L, Vilaseca I, Alós L, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Cardesa A, Nadal A. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase inactivation depends on gene deletion in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2012; 61:1082-8. [PMID: 23020581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is an essential enzyme for the methionine and adenosine salvage pathway in normal cells, frequently inactivated in many different human cancers. MTAP status could be important for tumour cell sensitivity to adjuvant chemotherapy. To our knowledge, there have been no reports to date on MTAP status in laryngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of 31 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas was investigated for MTAP mRNA expression using reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), as well as for MTAP gene deletion and/or promoter hypermethylation using qPCR and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Low MTAP mRNA expression was found in 32% of cases, and was associated with MTAP gene deletion (in 70%; P<0.001) but not with MTAP promoter hypermethylation, indicating that, in this tumour, gene deletion is the main mechanism for MTAP inactivation. Neither low mRNA expression nor gene deletion was associated with any of the clinicopathological parameters investigated. CONCLUSION Given the significance of MTAP status for cell sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic regimens, our results suggest that determination of MTAP inactivation should be taken into consideration in managing laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conde
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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Camacho-Vanegas O, Camacho S, Till J, Miranda-Lorenzo I, Terzo E, Ramirez M, Schramm V, Cordovano G, Watts G, Mehta S, Kimonis V, Hoch B, Philibert K, Raabe C, Bishop D, Glucksman M, Martignetti J. Primate genome gain and loss: a bone dysplasia, muscular dystrophy, and bone cancer syndrome resulting from mutated retroviral-derived MTAP transcripts. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:614-27. [PMID: 22464254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphyseal medullary stenosis with malignant fibrous histiocytoma (DMS-MFH) is an autosomal-dominant syndrome characterized by bone dysplasia, myopathy, and bone cancer. We previously mapped the DMS-MFH tumor-suppressing-gene locus to chromosomal region 9p21-22 but failed to identify mutations in known genes in this region. We now demonstrate that DMS-MFH results from mutations in the most proximal of three previously uncharacterized terminal exons of the gene encoding methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, MTAP. Intriguingly, two of these MTAP exons arose from early and independent retroviral-integration events in primate genomes at least 40 million years ago, and since then, their genomic integration has gained a functional role. MTAP is a ubiquitously expressed homotrimeric-subunit enzyme critical to polyamine metabolism and adenine and methionine salvage pathways and was believed to be encoded as a single transcript from the eight previously described exons. Six distinct retroviral-sequence-containing MTAP isoforms, each of which can physically interact with archetype MTAP, have been identified. The disease-causing mutations occur within one of these retroviral-derived exons and result in exon skipping and dysregulated alternative splicing of all MTAP isoforms. Our results identify a gene involved in the development of bone sarcoma, provide evidence of the primate-specific evolution of certain parts of an existing gene, and demonstrate that mutations in parts of this gene can result in human disease despite its relatively recent origin.
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Tsai JW, Li CF, Kao YC, Wang JW, Fang FM, Wang YH, Wu WR, Wu LC, Hsing CH, Li SH, Yu SC, Lan J, Huang HY. Recurrent amplification at 7q21.2 Targets CDK6 gene in primary myxofibrosarcomas and identifies CDK6 overexpression as an independent adverse prognosticator. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2716-25. [PMID: 22476749 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxofibrosarcoma is genetically complex and remains obscure in molecular determinants of clinical aggressiveness. Our prior study revealed recurrent gains of 7q in myxofibrosarcomas where MET and CDK6 genes displayed increased DNA copies. Previously, we demonstrated the implication of MET overexpression, prompting us to further elucidate the roles of CDK6 in myxofibrosarcomas. MATERIALS On tissue microarrays, CDK6 immunoexpression was assessable in 77 primary tumors, 55 of which were successfully quantified for CDK6 and MET genes by real-time PCR using genomic DNA extracted from laser-microdissected tumor cells. Gene status and protein expression of CDK6 were correlated with each other, clinicopathological variables, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS Protein overexpression and gene amplification of CDK6, which were detected in 21 of 77 (27.2 %) and 13 of 55 cases (23.6 %), respectively, were highly related to each other (p < .001) and associated with higher grades (overexpression, p = .004; amplification, p = .014). There was a strong correlation between CDK6 and MET gene copies (p < .001, r = 0.0714). Importantly, CDK6 protein overexpression (MFS, p = .0002; DSS, p = .0015) and gene amplification (MFS, p = .0001; DSS, p = .0083) were both univariately associated with worse outcomes. Together with nonextremity location and AJCC stage III disease, CDK6 overexpression independently portended inferior MFS (p = .0015, risk ratio [RR] = 7.411). This aberration, along with nonextremity location, was also an independent adverse prognosticator of DSS (p = .0069, RR = 6.006). CONCLUSIONS In approximately a quarter of primary myxofibrosarcomas, CDK6 overexpression is mostly driven by gene amplification on 7q, associated with adverse prognosticators, and independently predictive of worse outcomes, highlighting its possible causative role in tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Cavuoto P, Fenech MF. A review of methionine dependency and the role of methionine restriction in cancer growth control and life-span extension. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:726-36. [PMID: 22342103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid with many key roles in mammalian metabolism such as protein synthesis, methylation of DNA and polyamine synthesis. Restriction of methionine may be an important strategy in cancer growth control particularly in cancers that exhibit dependence on methionine for survival and proliferation. Methionine dependence in cancer may be due to one or a combination of deletions, polymorphisms or alterations in expression of genes in the methionine de novo and salvage pathways. Cancer cells with these defects are unable to regenerate methionine via these pathways. Defects in the metabolism of folate may also contribute to the methionine dependence phenotype in cancer. Selective killing of methionine dependent cancer cells in co-culture with normal cells has been demonstrated using culture media deficient in methionine. Several animal studies utilizing a methionine restricted diet have reported inhibition of cancer growth and extension of a healthy life-span. In humans, vegan diets, which can be low in methionine, may prove to be a useful nutritional strategy in cancer growth control. The development of methioninase which depletes circulating levels of methionine may be another useful strategy in limiting cancer growth. The application of nutritional methionine restriction and methioninase in combination with chemotherapeutic regimens is the current focus of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cavuoto
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
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Collins CC, Volik SV, Lapuk AV, Wang Y, Gout PW, Wu C, Xue H, Cheng H, Haegert A, Bell RH, Brahmbhatt S, Anderson S, Fazli L, Hurtado-Coll A, Rubin MA, Demichelis F, Beltran H, Hirst M, Marra M, Maher CA, Chinnaiyan AM, Gleave M, Bertino JR, Lubin M, Wang Y. Next generation sequencing of prostate cancer from a patient identifies a deficiency of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, an exploitable tumor target. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:775-83. [PMID: 22252602 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate are invariably fatal diseases for which only palliative therapies exist. As part of a prostate tumor sequencing program, a patient tumor was analyzed using Illumina genome sequencing and a matched renal capsule tumor xenograft was generated. Both tumor and xenograft had a homozygous 9p21 deletion spanning the MTAP, CDKN2, and ARF genes. It is rare for this deletion to occur in primary prostate tumors, yet approximately 10% express decreased levels of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) mRNA. Decreased MTAP expression is a prognosticator for poor outcome. Moreover, it seems that this deletion is more common in CRPC than in primary prostate cancer. We show for the first time that treatment with methylthioadenosine and high dose 6-thioguanine causes marked inhibition of a patient-derived neuroendocrine xenograft growth while protecting the host from 6-thioguanine toxicity. This therapeutic approach can be applied to other MTAP-deficient human cancers as deletion or hypermethylation of the MTAP gene occurs in a broad spectrum of tumors at high frequency. The combination of genome sequencing and patient-derived xenografts can identify candidate therapeutic agents and evaluate them for personalized oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Lagarde P, Pérot G, Kauffmann A, Brulard C, Dapremont V, Hostein I, Neuville A, Wozniak A, Sciot R, Schöffski P, Aurias A, Coindre JM, Debiec-Rychter M, Chibon F. Mitotic checkpoints and chromosome instability are strong predictors of clinical outcome in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:826-38. [PMID: 22167411 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The importance of KIT and PDGFRA mutations in the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is well established, but the genetic basis of GIST metastasis is poorly understood. We recently published a 67 gene expression prognostic signature related to genome complexity (CINSARC for Complexity INdex in SARComas) and asked whether it could predict outcome in GISTs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We carried out genome and expression profiling on 67 primary untreated GISTs. RESULTS We show and validate here that it can predict metastasis in a new data set of 67 primary untreated GISTs. The gene whose expression was most strongly associated with metastasis was AURKA, but the AURKA locus was not amplified. Instead, we identified deletion of the p16 (CDKN2A) and retinoblastoma (RB1) genes as likely causal events leading to increased AURKA and CINSARC gene expression, to chromosome rearrangement, and ultimately to metastasis. On the basis of these findings, we established a Genomic Index that integrates the number and type of DNA copy number alterations. This index is a strong prognostic factor in GISTs. We show that CINSARC class, AURKA expression, and Genomic Index all outperform the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) grading system in determining the prognosis of patients with GISTs. Interestingly, these signatures can identify poor prognosis patients in the group classified as intermediate-risk by the AFIP classification. CONCLUSIONS We propose that a high Genomic Index determined by comparative genomic hybridization from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples could be used to identify AFIP intermediate-risk patients who would benefit from imatinib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lagarde
- INSERM U916: Genetics and Biology of Sarcomas, Paris Cedex, France
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are a paradigm for the development of personalized treatment for cancer patients. The nearly simultaneous discovery of a biomarker that is reflective of their origin and the presence of gain-of-function kinase mutations in these tumours set the stage for more accurate diagnosis and the development of kinase inhibitor therapy. Subsequent studies of genotype and phenotype have led to a molecular classification of GIST and to treatment optimization on the basis of molecular subtype. The study of drug-resistant tumours has advanced our understanding of kinase biology, enabling the development of novel kinase inhibitors. Further improvements in GIST treatment may require targeting GIST stem cell populations and/or additional genomic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Corless
- Knight Cancer Institute, Division of Haematology & Oncology, and Department of Pathology, Portland VA Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Bertino JR, Waud WR, Parker WB, Lubin M. Targeting tumors that lack methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) activity: current strategies. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:627-32. [PMID: 21301207 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.11.7.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies lack expression of the enzyme methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), due either to deletion of the MTAP gene or to methylation of the MTAP promoter. In cells that have MTAP, its natural substrate, methylthioadenosine (MTA), generated during polyamine biosynthesis, is cleaved to adenine and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate. The latter compound is further metabolized to methionine. Adenine and methionine are further metabolized and hence salvaged. In MTAP-deficient cells, however, MTA is not cleaved and the salvage pathway for adenine and methionine is absent. As a result, MTAP-deficient cells are more sensitive than MTAP-positive cells to inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis and to methionine deprivation. The challenge has been to take advantage of MTAP deficiency, and the changes in metabolism that follow, to design a strategy for targeted treatment. In this review, the frequency of MTAP-deficiency is presented and past and recent strategies to target such deficient cells are discussed, including one in which MTA is administered, followed by very high doses of a toxic purine or pyrimidine analog. In normal host cells, adenine, generated from MTA, blocks conversion of the analog to its toxic nucleotide. In MTAP-deficient tumor cells, conversion proceeds and the tumor cells are selectively killed. Successful mouse studies using this novel strategy were recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bertino
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The Cancer Institute of NJ, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA.
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Li S, Zhang Y, Li H, Ding B. [Detection of MTAP protein and gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 14:151-5. [PMID: 21342647 PMCID: PMC5999765 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.02.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 MTAP基因是一种肿瘤抑制基因,在多种肿瘤组织中存在表达异常现象。本研究旨在探讨MTAP在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)组织、癌旁组织以及边缘肺组织中的表达水平及临床意义。 方法 应用免疫组织化学方法及IPP图像分析软件观察52例NSCLC患者组织中MTAP蛋白的表达,采用实时荧光定量PCR及2-ΔΔCt法定量分析MTAP mRNA的相对表达量。 结果 MTAP在NSCLC组织中的蛋白表达分别明显低于癌旁组织和边缘肺组织(t分别为10.283、10.940,均P<0.001),MTAP蛋白的表达与肺癌患者性别、年龄、吸烟史以及肿瘤的病理类型无明显关系,但与肿瘤的分化程度有密切关系(t=2.310, P=0.025)。NSCLC组织中MTAP mRNA相对表达量明显低于癌旁组织(t=9.902, P<0.001)。 结论 肺癌组织中存在MTAP mRNA和蛋白表达水平下调,可能与NSCLC的发生和进展有关。
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053, China
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Lee JC, Li CF, Fang FM, Wang JW, Jeng YM, Yu SC, Lin YT, Wu JM, Tsai JW, Li SH, Huang HY. Prognostic implication of MET overexpression in myxofibrosarcomas: an integrative array comparative genomic hybridization, real-time quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1379-92. [PMID: 20639860 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It remains obscure in myxofibrosarcoma about the basis of tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Chromosome 7 gains are common in some sarcomas, including myxofibrosarcoma, whereas the specific oncogenes are yet to be characterized. We performed an integrative study of MET gene at 7q31.2 to elucidate its implication in myxofibrosarcoma. Focused on candidate oncogenes on chromosome 7, 385K array comparative genomic hybridization was used to profile DNA copy number alterations of 12 samples. MET transcript was successfully quantified by real-time RT-PCR for 16 laser-microdissected tumors and two myxofibrosarcoma cell lines (NMFH-1, OH931). MET immunoexpression was assessable in 86 primary localized tumors with follow-up. To analyze endogenous MET expression and activation, NMFH-1 and OH931 cells, both with wild-type MET gene, were subjected to Western blotting and hepatocyte growth factor-treated NMFH-1 cells were evaluated for the kinetics of MET tyrosine phosphorylation. Non-random large-scale gains on 7q were detected in five cases, delineating three recurrent amplicons, 7q21.11-7q21.3, 7q22.1-22.3, and 7q31.1-7q32.3, in which the locus of MET displayed increased copy number, among others. MET mRNA was upregulated in OH931, NMFH-1, and nine tumors (56%), whereas neither gene dosage nor mRNA expression of MET was associated with clinicopathological factors. In contrast, MET protein overexpression, present in 67% of cases, was highly related to deep location (P=0.004), higher grades (P=0.001), and more advanced stages (P<0.001). Importantly, MET overexpression independently portended inferior metastasis-free survival (P=0.004) and overall survival (P=0.0221). Expressing activating phospho-MET at Tyr(1234)/Tyr(1235), OH931 cells had more abundant total MET than NMFH-1 cells, whereas the latter became promptly phosphorylated on stimulation of hepatocyte growth factor. In primary myxofibrosarcomas, MET overexpression, as a frequent event, is likely driven by 7q gains with mRNA upregulation, associated with important prognosticators, and independently predictive of worse outcomes, highlighting its possible causative function in tumor aggressiveness and potentiality as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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