1
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Radosevich AJ, Martin RL, Buck WR, Hicks L, Wilsey A, Pan JY. In-vitro modeling of intravenous drug precipitation by the optical spatial precipitation analyzer (OSPREY). Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122842. [PMID: 36925024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) administration of poorly water-soluble small molecule therapeutics can lead to precipitation during mixing with blood. This can limit characterization of pharmacological and safety endpoints in preclinical models. Most often, tests of kinetic and thermodynamic solubility are used to optimize the formulation for solubility prior to infusion in animals, but these do not capture the dynamic precipitation processes that take place during in-vivo administration. To better capture the fluid dynamic processes that occur during IV administration, we developed the Optical Spatial PREcipitation analYzer (OSPREY) as a method to quantify the amount and size of compound precipitates in whole blood using a flow-through system that mimics IV administration. Here, we describe the OSPREY device and its underlying imaging processing methods. We then validate the ability to accurately segment particles according to their size using monodisperse suspensions of microspheres (diameter 50 to 425 µm). Next, we use a tool compound, ABT-737, to study the effects of compound concentration, vessel flow rate, compound infusion rate and vessel diameter on precipitation. Finally, we use the physiological diameter and flow rate of rat femoral vein and dog saphenous vein to demonstrate the potential of OSPREY to model in-vivo precipitation in a controlled, dynamic in-vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth L Martin
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Wayne R Buck
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Lauren Hicks
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Amanda Wilsey
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Jeffrey Y Pan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
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2
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Varela-Moreira A, van Leur H, Krijgsman D, Ecker V, Braun M, Buchner M, H.A.M. Fens M, Hennink WE, Schiffelers RM. Utilizing In Vitro Drug Release Assays to Predict In Vivo Retention of Micelles. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Townsend PA, Kozhevnikova MV, Cexus ONF, Zamyatnin AA, Soond SM. BH3-mimetics: recent developments in cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:355. [PMID: 34753495 PMCID: PMC8576916 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The hopeful outcomes from 30 years of research in BH3-mimetics have indeed served a number of solid paradigms for targeting intermediates from the apoptosis pathway in a variety of diseased states. Not only have such rational approaches in drug design yielded several key therapeutics, such outputs have also offered insights into the integrated mechanistic aspects of basic and clinical research at the genetics level for the future. In no other area of medical research have the effects of such work been felt, than in cancer research, through targeting the BAX-Bcl-2 protein-protein interactions. With these promising outputs in mind, several mimetics, and their potential therapeutic applications, have also been developed for several other pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and tissue fibrosis, thus highlighting the universal importance of the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis pathway and its input to general tissue homeostasis. Considering such recent developments, and in a field that has generated so much scientific interest, we take stock of how the broadening area of BH3-mimetics has developed and diversified, with a focus on their uses in single and combined cancer treatment regimens and recently explored therapeutic delivery methods that may aid the development of future therapeutics of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Townsend
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. .,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. .,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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4
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Alam M, Ali S, Mohammad T, Hasan GM, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. B Cell Lymphoma 2: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910442. [PMID: 34638779 PMCID: PMC8509036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the apoptosis mechanism stimulate cancer cell growth and survival. B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is an anti-apoptotic molecule that plays a central role in apoptosis. Bcl-2 is the founding constituent of the Bcl-2 protein family of apoptosis controllers, the primary apoptosis regulators linked with cancer. Bcl-2 has been identified as being over-expressed in several cancers. Bcl-2 is induced by protein kinases and several signaling molecules which stimulate cancer development. Identifying the important function played by Bcl-2 in cancer progression and development, and treatment made it a target related to therapy for multiple cancers. Among the various strategies that have been proposed to block Bcl-2, BH3-mimetics have appeared as a novel group of compounds thanks to their favorable effects on many cancers within several clinical settings. Because of the fundamental function of Bcl-2 in the regulation of apoptosis, the Bcl-2 protein is a potent target for the development of novel anti-tumor treatments. Bcl-2 inhibitors have been used against several cancers and provide a pre-clinical platform for testing novel therapeutic drugs. Clinical trials of multiple investigational agents targeting Bcl-2 are ongoing. This review discusses the role of Bcl-2 in cancer development; it could be exploited as a potential target for developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat various types of cancers. We further highlight the therapeutic activity of Bcl-2 inhibitors and their implications for the therapeutic management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Sabeeha Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21924, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (S.A.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.Y.); (M.I.H.)
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5
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Liu M, Tu J, Feng Y, Zhang J, Wu J. Synergistic co-delivery of diacid metabolite of norcantharidin and ABT-737 based on folate-modified lipid bilayer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle against hepatic carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:114. [PMID: 32811502 PMCID: PMC7437073 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacid metabolite as the stable form of norcantharidin (DM-NCTD) derived from Chinese blister beetle (Mylabris spp.). The previous studies reported that DM-NCTD could enhance ABT-737-triggered cell viability inhibition and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. To translate this synergistic therapy into in vivo anticancer treatment, a folate receptor-targeted lipid bilayer-supported chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticle (FA-LB-CHMSN) with DM-NCTD loaded in CHMSN and ABT-737 in lipid bilayer was prepared, which could promote the cancer cell uptake of the drugs through folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. The structure and the properties of the nanoparticle were evaluated. FA-LB-CHMSN with DM-NCTD/ABT-737 loaded induced apparent tumor cell apoptosis and showed remarkably tumor inhibition in H22 tumor-bearing mice model, with significant cellular apoptosis in the tumor and no obvious toxicity to the tissues. We expect that this nanoparticle could be of interest in both biomaterial investigations for HCC treatment and the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs for synergistic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jue Tu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Wu
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, P. R. China.
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6
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Impact of BH3-mimetics on Human and Mouse Blood Leukocytes: A Comparative Study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:222. [PMID: 31937836 PMCID: PMC6959258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BH3-mimetics are small molecule inhibitors that neutralize the function of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. BH3-mimetics have recently gained a lot of popularity in oncology because of their success in cancer treatment. However, BH3-mimetics might have a broader clinical application. Here, we established an ex vivo flow cytometric assay allowing the comparison of the impact of BH3-mimetics (ABT-199, ABT-263, WEHI-539, and S63845) on leukocyte populations of both, healthy human subjects and C57BL/6 J wild type mice. BH3-mimetics were added to freshly drawn blood that was diluted 1/2 in cell medium, and BH3-mimetics-mediated impact on leukocyte count was assessed by flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate that responses towards 1μM of BH3-mimetics can be identical as well as considerably different in leukocytes of humans and mice. For instance, the inhibition of BCL-2 by ABT-199 caused cell death in all types of lymphocytes in mice but was exclusively specific for B cells in humans. Moreover, inhibition of BCL-XL by WEHI-539 affected solely mouse leukocytes while targeting MCL-1 by S63845 resulted in efficient induction of cell death in human neutrophils but not in their mouse counterparts. Our ex vivo assay enables initial identification of analogies and differences between human and mouse leukocytes in response towards BH3-mimetics.
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7
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Bagacean C, Tomuleasa C, Tempescul A, Grewal R, Brooks WH, Berthou C, Renaudineau Y. Apoptotic resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:321-332. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1600468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bagacean
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
| | - Ravnit Grewal
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wesley H. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christian Berthou
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
- U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
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8
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Al-Zebeeby A, Vogler M, Milani M, Richards C, Alotibi A, Greaves G, Dyer MJS, Cohen GM, Varadarajan S. Targeting intermediary metabolism enhances the efficacy of BH3 mimetic therapy in hematologic malignancies. Haematologica 2019; 104:1016-1025. [PMID: 30467206 PMCID: PMC6518917 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.204701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BH3 mimetics are novel targeted drugs with remarkable specificity, potency and enormous potential to improve cancer therapy. However, acquired resistance is an emerging problem. We report the rapid development of resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells isolated from patients exposed to increasing doses of navitoclax (ABT-263), a BH3 mimetic. To mimic such rapid development of chemoresistance, we developed simple resistance models to three different BH3 mimetics, targeting BCL-2 (ABT-199), BCL-XL (A-1331852) or MCL-1 (A-1210477), in relevant hematologic cancer cell lines. In these models, resistance could not be attributed to either consistent changes in expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins or interactions among different pro- and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. Using genetic silencing, pharmacological inhibition and metabolic supplementation, we found that targeting glutamine uptake and its downstream signaling pathways, namely glutaminolysis, reductive carboxylation, lipogenesis, cholesterogenesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling resulted in marked sensitization of the chemoresistant cells to BH3 mimetic-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, our findings highlight the possibility of repurposing widely used drugs, such as statins, to target intermediary metabolism and improve the efficacy of BH3 mimetic therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzothiazoles/pharmacology
- Biomimetics
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Cholesterol/biosynthesis
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Glutamine/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lipogenesis/drug effects
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- bcl-X Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoula Al-Zebeeby
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Meike Vogler
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mateus Milani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Caitlin Richards
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Ahoud Alotibi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Georgia Greaves
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Martin J S Dyer
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
| | - Gerald M Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Shankar Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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9
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Lever JR, Fergason-Cantrell EA. Allosteric modulation of sigma receptors by BH3 mimetics ABT-737, ABT-263 (Navitoclax) and ABT-199 (Venetoclax). Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:87-100. [PMID: 30721730 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABT-737, ABT-263 (Navitoclax) and ABT-199 (Venetoclax) are under intensive preclinical and clinical investigation as treatments for hematologic and other malignancies. These small molecules mimic pro-death B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Homology 3 (BH3) domain-only proteins. They also bear a structural resemblance to certain sigma (σ) receptor ligands. Moreover, the Bcl-2 and σ receptor protein families are both located primarily at the endoplasmic reticulum, mediate cell death and survival through protein-protein interactions, and physically associate. Accordingly, we examined the ability of the ABT series of BH3 mimetics to interact with σ receptors using radioligand-binding techniques. Negative allosteric modulation of [3H](+)-pentazocine, an agonist, binding to σ1 receptors in guinea pig brain membranes was observed for ABT-737, ABT-263 and ABT-199. Findings included reduction of specific binding to distinct plateaus in concentration-dependent fashion, significant slowing of radioligand dissociation kinetics, and decreases in radioligand affinity with no or modest changes in maximal receptor densities. Using a ternary complex model, dissociation constants (KX) for modulator binding to the σ1 receptor ranged from 1 to 2.5 μM, while negative cooperativity factors (α), representing the changes in affinity of ligand and modulator when bound as a ternary complex with the receptor, ranged from 0.15 to 0.42. These observations were extended and reinforced by studies using intact small cell (NCI-H69) and non-small cell (NCI-H23) lung cancer cells, and by using an antagonist σ1 receptor radioligand, E-N-1-(3'-[125I]iodoallyl)-N'-4-(3″,4″-dimethoxyphenethyl)piperazine, in mouse brain membranes. By contrast, exploratory studies indicate marked enhancement of the σ2 receptor binding of [3H]1,3-di-(o-tolyl)guanidine/(+)-pentazocine in NCI-H23 cells and guinea pig brain membranes. These findings raise intriguing questions regarding mechanism and potential functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Lever
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - Emily A Fergason-Cantrell
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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10
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McBride A, Houtmann S, Wilde L, Vigil C, Eischen CM, Kasner M, Palmisiano N. The Role of Inhibition of Apoptosis in Acute Leukemias and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Front Oncol 2019; 9:192. [PMID: 30972300 PMCID: PMC6445951 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoidance of apoptosis is a key mechanism that malignancies, including acute leukemias and MDS, utilize in order to proliferate and resist chemotherapy. Recently, venetoclax, an inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, has been approved for the treatment of upfront AML in an unfit, elderly population. This paper reviews the pre-clinical and clinical data for apoptosis inhibitors currently in development for the treatment of AML, ALL, and MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McBride
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Houtmann
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lindsay Wilde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carlos Vigil
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Christine M Eischen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret Kasner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Neil Palmisiano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Yu X, Dobrikov M, Keir ST, Gromeier M, Pastan IH, Reisfeld R, Bigner DD, Chandramohan V. Synergistic antitumor effects of 9.2.27-PE38KDEL and ABT-737 in primary and metastatic brain tumors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210608. [PMID: 30625226 PMCID: PMC6326518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard treatment, unfortunately, yields a poor prognosis for patients with primary or metastatic cancers in the central nervous system, indicating a necessity for novel therapeutic agents. Immunotoxins (ITs) are a class of promising therapeutic candidates produced by fusing antibody fragments with toxin moieties. In this study, we investigated if inherent resistance to IT cytotoxicity can be overcome by rational combination with pro-apoptotic enhancers. Therefore, we combined ITs (9.2.27-PE38KDEL or Mel-14-PE38KDEL) targeting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) with a panel of Bcl-2 family inhibitors (ABT-737, ABT-263, ABT-199 [Venetoclax], A-1155463, and S63845) against patient-derived glioblastoma, melanoma, and breast cancer cells/cell lines. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the addition of the ABT compounds, specifically ABT-737, sensitized the different tumors to IT treatment, and improved the IC50 values of 9.2.27-PE38KDEL up to >1,000-fold. Mechanistic studies using 9.2.27-PE38KDEL and ABT-737 revealed that increased levels of intracellular IT, processed (active) exotoxin, and PARP cleavage correlated with the enhanced sensitivity to the combination treatment. Furthermore, we confirmed the synergistic effect of 9.2.27-PE38KDEL and ABT-737 combination therapy in orthotopic GBM xenograft and cerebral melanoma metastasis models in nude mice. Our study defines strategies for overcoming IT resistance and enhancing specific antitumor cytotoxicity in primary and metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Dobrikov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Keir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ira H. Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ralph Reisfeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Darell D. Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Vidyalakshmi Chandramohan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Vogler M, Walter HS, Dyer MJS. Targeting anti-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins in haematological malignancies - from pathogenesis to treatment. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:364-379. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics; Goethe-University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Harriet S. Walter
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Martin J. S. Dyer
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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13
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Opydo-Chanek M, Gonzalo O, Marzo I. Multifaceted anticancer activity of BH3 mimetics: Current evidence and future prospects. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 136:12-23. [PMID: 28288819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BH3 mimetics are a novel class of anticancer agents designed to specifically target pro-survival proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Like endogenous BH3-only proteins, BH3 mimetics competitively bind to surface hydrophobic grooves of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, counteracting their protective effects and thus facilitating apoptosis in cancer cells. Among the small-molecule BH3 mimetics identified, ABT-737 and its analogs, obatoclax as well as gossypol derivatives are the best characterized. The anticancer potential of these compounds applied as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs is currently being evaluated in preclinical studies and in clinical trials. In spite of promising results, the actual mechanisms of their anticancer action remain to be identified. Findings from preclinical studies point to additional activities of BH3 mimetics in cancer cells that are not connected with apoptosis induction. These off-target effects involve induction of autophagy and necrotic cell death as well as modulation of the cell cycle and multiple cell signaling pathways. For the optimization and clinical implementation of BH3 mimetics, a detailed understanding of their role as inhibitors of the pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins, but also of their possible additional effects is required. This review summarizes the most representative BH3 mimetic compounds with emphasis on their off-target effects. Based on the present knowledge on the multifaceted effects of BH3 mimetics on cancer cells, the commentary outlines the potential pitfalls and highlights the considerable promise for cancer treatment with BH3 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Opydo-Chanek
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland.
| | - Oscar Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, IIS, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, IIS, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Lampson BL, Davids MS. The Development and Current Use of BCL-2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2017; 12:11-19. [PMID: 28116634 PMCID: PMC5862560 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-017-0359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins integrates pro- and anti-apoptotic signals within the cell and is responsible for initiation of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are particularly dependent on the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 for their survival, making this an attractive therapeutic target in CLL. Several early efforts to create inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic family members faced significant challenges, but eventually, the BCL-2 specific inhibitor venetoclax moved forward in CLL. Overall and complete response rates to venetoclax monotherapy in relapsed, refractory CLL are approximately 80 and 20%, respectively, even in patients with high-risk 17p deletion. Toxicities have been manageable and include neutropenia, diarrhea, and nausea. The risk of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), seen in early experience with the drug, has been mitigated by the use of appropriate TLS risk assessment, prophylaxis, and management. Future studies of venetoclax will focus on combination approaches, predictive biomarker discovery, and mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Lampson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthew S Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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15
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Itchaki G, Brown JR. The potential of venetoclax (ABT-199) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2016; 7:270-287. [PMID: 27695617 PMCID: PMC5026291 DOI: 10.1177/2040620716655350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax (VEN, ABT-199/GDC-0199) is an orally bioavailable BH3-mimetic that specifically inhibits the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 (BCL2) protein. Although BCL2 overexpression is not genetically driven in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), it is nearly universal and represents a highly important and prevalent mechanism of apoptosis evasion, making it an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes the role of BCL2 in CLL pathogenesis, the development path targeting its inhibition prior to VEN, and the preclinical and clinical data regarding the effectiveness and safety of VEN. We further strive to contextualize VEN in the current CLL treatment landscape and discuss potential mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Itchaki
- Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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16
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S Soderquist R, Eastman A. BCL2 Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs: A Plethora of Misleading BH3 Mimetics. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2011-7. [PMID: 27535975 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiapoptotic BCL2 proteins play a major role in tumor cell survival. Hence, BCL2 inhibitors have been developed as direct inducers of apoptosis. ABT-199 (venetoclax) received breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA due to its apparent efficacy in CLL and AML. However, resistance to ABT-199 is mediated by other BCL2 proteins including BCLXL and MCL1. Considerable effort has been expended seeking novel "BH3 mimetics" that inhibit all of these BCL2 proteins. While many BH3 mimetics inhibit BCL2 proteins in vitro, they fail to directly inhibit them in intact cells. Many BH3 mimetics induce the unfolded protein response culminating in induction of the proapoptotic protein NOXA, which in turn inhibits MCL1. We propose simple experiments to validate BH3 mimetics in cells. A true BCL2 inhibitor will rapidly induce apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells ex vivo A BCLXL inhibitor will rapidly induce apoptosis in platelets. Finally, a BH3 mimetic targeting MCL1 will inhibit its degradation thereby inducing rapid MCL1 accumulation. Compounds that fail these tests should no longer be called BH3 mimetics. We now have a toolbox of selective inhibitors for most of the BCL2 proteins, and we hope these new tools will lead to effective treatment options for many cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2011-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Soderquist
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alan Eastman
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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17
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Brown JR. The rosy future of BCL-2 inhibition in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: pursuit of a worthy target. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2755-6. [PMID: 25971908 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1048443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Brown
- a Director, CLL Center, Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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18
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Inhibition of Bcl-2 or IAP proteins does not provoke mutations in surviving cells. Mutat Res 2015; 777:23-32. [PMID: 25916945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can cause permanent damage to the genomes of surviving cells, provoking severe side effects such as second malignancies in some cancer survivors. Drugs that mimic the activity of death ligands, or antagonise pro-survival proteins of the Bcl-2 or IAP families have yielded encouraging results in animal experiments and early phase clinical trials. Because these agents directly engage apoptosis pathways, rather than damaging DNA to indirectly provoke tumour cell death, we reasoned that they may offer another important advantage over conventional therapies: minimisation or elimination of side effects such as second cancers that result from mutation of surviving normal cells. Disappointingly, however, we previously found that concentrations of death receptor agonists like TRAIL that would be present in vivo in clinical settings provoked DNA damage in surviving cells. In this study, we used cell line model systems to investigate the mutagenic capacity of drugs from two other classes of direct apoptosis-inducing agents: the BH3-mimetic ABT-737 and the IAP antagonists LCL161 and AT-406. Encouragingly, our data suggest that IAP antagonists possess negligible genotoxic activity. Doses of ABT-737 that were required to damage DNA stimulated Bax/Bak-independent signalling and exceeded concentrations detected in the plasma of animals treated with this drug. These findings provide hope that cancer patients treated by BH3-mimetics or IAP antagonists may avoid mutation-related illnesses that afflict some cancer survivors treated with conventional DNA-damaging anti-cancer therapies.
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19
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Li J, Chen Y, Wan J, Liu X, Yu C, Li W. ABT-263 enhances sorafenib-induced apoptosis associated with Akt activity and the expression of Bax and p21((CIP1/WAF1)) in human cancer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3182-95. [PMID: 24571452 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sorafenib, a potent inhibitor that targets several kinases associated with tumourigenesis and cell survival, has been approved for clinical treatment as a single agent. However, combining sorafenib with other agents improves its anti-tumour efficacy in various preclinical tumour models. ABT-263, a second-generation BH3 mimic, binds to the anti-apoptotic family members Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, and has been demonstrated to enhance TNFSF10 (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma cells. Hence, we investigated the effects of ABT-263 treatment combined with sorafenib. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of ABT-263 combined with sorafenib were investigated in vitro, on cell viability, clone formation and apoptosis, and the mechanism examined using western blot and flow cytometry. This combination was also evaluated in vivo, in a mouse xenograft model; tumour growth, volume and weights were measured and a TUNEL assay performed. KEY RESULTS ABT-263 enhanced sorafenib-induced apoptosis while sparing non-tumourigenic cells. Although ABT-263 plus sorafenib significantly stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species production and subsequent mitochondrial depolarization, this was not sufficient to trigger cell apoptosis. ABT-263 plus sorafenib significantly decreased Akt activity, which was, at least partly, involved in its effect on apoptosis. Bax and p21 (CIP1/WAF1) were shown to play a critical role in ABT-263 plus sorafenib-induced apoptosis. Combining sorafenib with ABT-263 dramatically increased its efficacy in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The anti-tumour activity of ABT-263 plus sorafenib may involve the induction of intrinsic cell apoptosis via inhibition of Akt, and reduced Bax and p21 expression. Our findings offer a novel effective therapeutic strategy for tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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20
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Bai L, Chen J, McEachern D, Liu L, Zhou H, Aguilar A, Wang S. BM-1197: a novel and specific Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor inducing complete and long-lasting tumor regression in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99404. [PMID: 24901320 PMCID: PMC4047118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are critical regulators of apoptosis that are overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and pharmacological inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL represents a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Using a structure-based design approach, we have designed BM-1197 as a potent and efficacious dual inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. BM-1197 binds to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins with Ki values less than 1 nM and shows >1,000-fold selectivity over Mcl-1. Mechanistic studies performed in the Mcl-1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells revealed that BM-1197 potently disassociates the heterodimeric interactions between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, concomitant with conformational changes in Bax protein, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent cytochrome c release to the cytosol, leading to activation of the caspase cascade and apoptosis. BM-1197 exerts potent growth-inhibitory activity in 7 of 12 small cell lung cancer cell lines tested and induces mechanism-based apoptotic cell death. When intravenously administered at daily or weekly in H146 and H1963 small-cell lung cancer xenograft models, it achieves complete and long-term tumor regression. Consistent with its targeting of Bcl-xL, BM-1197 causes transit platelet reduction in mice. Collectively, our data indicate that BM-1197 is a promising dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor which warrants further investigation as a new anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchuan Bai
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jianfang Chen
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Donna McEachern
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Liu Liu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Haibin Zhou
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angelo Aguilar
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kim B, Wang S, Lee JM, Jeong Y, Ahn T, Son DS, Park HW, Yoo HS, Song YJ, Lee E, Oh YM, Lee SB, Choi J, Murray JC, Zhou Y, Song PH, Kim KA, Weiner LM. Synthetic lethal screening reveals FGFR as one of the combinatorial targets to overcome resistance to Met-targeted therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:1083-93. [PMID: 24662823 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes cancer progression. In addition, Met has been implicated in resistance of tumors to various targeted therapies such as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in lung cancers, and has been prioritized as a key molecular target for cancer therapy. However, the underlying mechanism of resistance to Met-targeting drugs is poorly understood. Here, we describe screening of 1310 genes to search for key regulators related to drug resistance to an anti-Met therapeutic antibody (SAIT301) by using a small interfering RNA-based synthetic lethal screening method. We found that knockdown of 69 genes in Met-amplified MKN45 cells sensitized the antitumor activity of SAIT301. Pathway analysis of these 69 genes implicated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) as a key regulator for antiproliferative effects of Met-targeting drugs. Inhibition of FGFR3 increased target cell apoptosis through the suppression of Bcl-xL expression, followed by reduced cancer cell growth in the presence of Met-targeting drugs. Treatment of cells with the FGFR inhibitors substantially restored the efficacy of SAIT301 in SAIT301-resistant cells and enhanced the efficacy in SAIT301-sensitive cells. In addition to FGFR3, integrin β3 is another potential target for combination treatment with SAIT301. Suppression of integrin β3 decreased AKT phosphorylation in SAIT301-resistant cells and restored SAIT301 responsiveness in HCC1954 cells, which are resistant to SAIT301. Gene expression analysis using CCLE database shows that cancer cells with high levels of FGFR and integrin β3 are resistant to crizotinib treatment, suggesting that FGFR and integrin β3 could be used as predictive markers for Met-targeted therapy and provide a potential therapeutic option to overcome acquired and innate resistance for the Met-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J M Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y Jeong
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - T Ahn
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - D-S Son
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - H W Park
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - H-s Yoo
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y-J Song
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - E Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Y M Oh
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S B Lee
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J Choi
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - J C Murray
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P H Song
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - K-A Kim
- BioTherapeutics Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - L M Weiner
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Abstract
Due to their central role in the regulation of apoptosis, the antiapoptotic BCL2-proteins are highly promising targets for the development of novel anticancer treatments. To this end, several strategies have been developed to inhibit BCL2, BCL-XL, BCL-w, and MCL1. While early clinical trials in haematological malignancies demonstrated exciting single-agent activity of BCL2-inhibitors, the response in solid tumours was limited, indicating that, in solid tumours, different strategies have to be developed in order to successfully treat patients with BCL2-inhibitors. In this review, the function of the different antiapoptotic BCL2-proteins and their role in solid tumours will be discussed. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of current small molecules targeting these antiapoptotic BCL2-proteins (e.g., ABT-737, ABT-263, ABT-199, TW-37, sabutoclax, obatoclax, and MIM1) will be provided including a discussion of the results of any clinical trials. This analysis will summarise the potential of BCL2-inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumours and will unravel novel approaches to utilise these inhibitors in clinical applications.
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23
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Cubrilovic D, Barylyuk K, Hofmann D, Walczak MJ, Gräber M, Berg T, Wider G, Zenobi R. Direct monitoring of protein–protein inhibition using nano electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inhibition of the protein–protein interactions by nanoESI-MS to monitor the extent of inhibition and the binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Cubrilovic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Hofmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Jerzy Walczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gräber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Berg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Pan R, Hogdal LJ, Benito JM, Bucci D, Han L, Borthakur G, Cortes J, DeAngelo DJ, Debose L, Mu H, Döhner H, Gaidzik VI, Galinsky I, Golfman LS, Haferlach T, Harutyunyan KG, Hu J, Leverson JD, Marcucci G, Müschen M, Newman R, Park E, Ruvolo PP, Ruvolo V, Ryan J, Schindela S, Zweidler-McKay P, Stone RM, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Konopleva M, Letai AG. Selective BCL-2 inhibition by ABT-199 causes on-target cell death in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Discov 2013; 4:362-75. [PMID: 24346116 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) prevents commitment to programmed cell death at the mitochondrion. It remains a challenge to identify those tumors that are best treated by inhibition of BCL-2. Here, we demonstrate that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, primary patient samples, and murine primary xenografts are very sensitive to treatment with the selective BCL-2 antagonist ABT-199. In primary patient cells, the median IC50 was approximately 10 nmol/L, and cell death occurred within 2 hours. Our ex vivo sensitivity results compare favorably with those observed for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a disease for which ABT-199 has demonstrated consistent activity in clinical trials. Moreover, mitochondrial studies using BH3 profiling demonstrate activity at the mitochondrion that correlates well with cytotoxicity, supporting an on-target mitochondrial mechanism of action. Our protein and BH3 profiling studies provide promising tools that can be tested as predictive biomarkers in any clinical trial of ABT-199 in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Pan
- Departments of 1Leukemia, 2Pediatrics, and 3Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; 4Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; 5Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; 6The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois; and 8Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; 9Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm; 10MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
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25
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Sabutoclax (BI97C1) and BI112D1, putative inhibitors of MCL-1, induce mitochondrial fragmentation either upstream of or independent of apoptosis. Neoplasia 2013; 15:568-78. [PMID: 23633928 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the high levels of antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family members observed in several cancers, there has been a major effort to develop inhibitors of the BCL2-family as chemotherapeutic agents. Of the different members in the BCL-2 family, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL-1) is commonly amplified in human tumors and is associated with their relapse and chemoresistance. As a result, specific inhibitors of MCL-1 are being designed to treat resistant tumors. However, there is increasing evidence for other nonapoptotic roles of the BCL-2 family, ranging from ionic homeostasis and autophagy to the regulation of fission-fusion dynamics in subcellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In this study, we characterize the specificity of two novel putative MCL-1 inhibitors, BI97C1 (Sabutoclax) and BI112D1, in inducing apoptosis in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner and in an MCL-1-dependent system. In addition to their being proapoptotic, these inhibitors also cause enhanced mitochondrial fragmentation that accompanies a time-dependent loss of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), suggesting an impairment of mitochondrial fusion. This mitochondrial fragmentation occurs independently of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated fission activity and, unlike most apoptotic stimuli, occurs upstream of and/or independent of BAX, BAK, and other BH3-only proteins. Furthermore, this mitochondrial fragmentation occurred rapidly and preceded other hallmarks of apoptosis, including the loss in mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Although such mitochondrial fragmentation did not deplete total cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or alter other mitochondrial complexes, there was significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species.
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26
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Bcl-2 antagonists: a proof of concept for CLL therapy. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1384-94. [PMID: 23907405 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Defective apoptosis is a fundamental hallmark feature of CLL biology and is a major target of cancer therapy development. High levels of Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins are considered primarily responsible for inhibiting apoptosis in CLL cells. While several approaches were considered to selectively inhibit Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, the discovery that gossypol binds and antagonizes anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2 family proteins was a major breakthrough in identifying specific Bcl-2 antagonists. The concept of mimicking BH3 domain emphasized the importance of Bcl-2 family-targeted therapy that can modulate the function of anti-apoptotic proteins. Although parent compound gossypol did not sustain in the clinic, its structural modifications led to the development of additional analogues that demonstrated improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in preclinical and clinical investigations. Proof of concept of this hypothesis was demonstrated by structure based BH3 mimetic ABT-737 that has shown greater cytotoxicity towards CLL cells both in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. Its oral compound ABT-263 has demonstrated the substantial susceptibility of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through Bcl-2 inhibition. Collectively, results of a Phase I Study of Navitoclax (ABT-263) in patients with relapsed or refractory disease warrants Bcl-2 as a valid therapeutic target in CLL. Importantly, molecules that mimic pro-apoptotic BH3 domains represent a direct approach to overcoming the protective effects of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL.
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27
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Evaluation and critical assessment of putative MCL-1 inhibitors. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1475-84. [PMID: 23832116 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of BCL-2 family proteins are implicated in a failed/ineffective apoptotic programme, often resulting in diseases, including cancer. Owing to their potential as drug targets in cancer therapy, several inhibitors of BCL-2 family proteins have been developed. These primarily target specific members of the BCL-2 family, particularly BCL-2 and BCL-XL but are ineffective against MCL-1. Major efforts have been invested in developing inhibitors of MCL-1, which is commonly amplified in human tumours and associated with tumour relapse and chemoresistance. In this report, the specificity of several BCL-2 family inhibitors (ABT-263, UCB-1350883, apogossypol and BH3I-1) was investigated and compared with putative MCL-1 inhibitors designed to exhibit improved or selective binding affinities for MCL-1 (TW-37, BI97C1, BI97C10, BI112D1, compounds 6 and 7, and MCL-1 inhibitor molecule (MIM-1)). ABT-263, BI97C1, BI112D1, MIM-1 and TW-37 exhibited specificity in inducing apoptosis in a Bax/Bak- and caspase-9-dependent manner, whereas the other agents showed no killing activity, or little or no specificity. Of these inhibitors, only ABT-263 and UCB-1350883 induced apoptosis in a BCL-2- or BCL-XL-dependent system. In cells that depend on MCL-1 for survival, ABT-263 and TW-37 induced extensive apoptosis, suggesting that at high concentrations these inhibitors have the propensity to inhibit MCL-1 in a cellular context. TW-37 induced apoptosis, assessed by chromatin condensation, caspase processing and phosphatidylserine externalisation, in a BAK-dependent manner and in cells that require MCL-1 for survival. TW-37-mediated apoptosis was also partly dependent on NOXA, suggesting that derivatives of TW-37, if engineered to exhibit better selectivity and efficacy at low nanomolar concentrations, may provide useful lead compounds for further synthetic programmes. Expanded medicinal chemistry iteration, as performed for the ABT series, may likewise improve the potency and specificity of the evaluated MCL-1 inhibitors.
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Vogler M, Dinsdale D, Dyer MJS, Cohen GM. ABT-199 selectively inhibits BCL2 but not BCL2L1 and efficiently induces apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemic cells but not platelets. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:139-42. [PMID: 23826785 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Beaumont TE, Shekhar TM, Kaur L, Pantaki-Eimany D, Kvansakul M, Hawkins CJ. Yeast techniques for modeling drugs targeting Bcl-2 and caspase family members. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e619. [PMID: 23640461 PMCID: PMC3674352 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of drugs targeting Bcl-2 relatives and caspases, for treating diseases including cancer and inflammatory disorders, often involves measuring interactions with recombinant target molecules, and/or monitoring cancer cell killing in vitro. Here, we present yeast-based methods for evaluating drug-mediated inhibition of Bcl-2 relatives or caspases. Active Bax and caspases kill Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins can inhibit Bax-induced yeast death. By measuring the growth or adenosine triphosphate content of transformants co-expressing Bax with pro-survival Bcl-2 relatives, we found that the Bcl-2 antagonist drugs ABT-737 or ABT-263 abolished Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL function and reduced Bcl-w activity, but failed to inhibit Mcl-1, A1 or the poxvirus orthologs DPV022 and SPPV14. Using this technique, we also demonstrated that adenoviral E1B19K was resistant to these agents. The caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh suppressed yeast death induced by caspases 1 and 3. Yeast engineered to express human apoptotic regulators enable simple, automatable assessment of the activity and specificity of candidate drugs targeting Bcl-2 relatives or caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Beaumont
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Schnaiter A, Stilgenbauer S. Novel targeted treatment strategies for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 2:249-65. [PMID: 23556093 DOI: 10.1177/2040620711406769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) still have an unfavourable prognosis and novel treatment strategies are necessary, preferably adjusted to the patient's individual situation. Refractoriness is no longer limited just to fludarabine (F) but extends to F-combinations with other chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide [C] and FC) and antibodies (e.g. rituximab [R], FR, and FCR). Also, refractoriness to alemtuzumab is an increasing problem. New pharmacological developments provide promising approaches. This review focuses on novel therapies such as monoclonal antibodies and small molecules aiming at specific targets of the CLL cell in the refractory situation. Approved therapeutic regimens will be presented as well as investigational approaches. An overview of completed and current clinical trials is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schnaiter
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Hämatologie, Onkologie, Rheumatologie und Infektionskrankheiten, Universitatsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Holkova B, Supko JG, Ames MM, Reid JM, Shapiro GI, Perkins EB, Ramakrishnan V, Tombes MB, Honeycutt C, McGovern RM, Kmieciak M, Shrader E, Wellons MD, Sankala H, Doyle A, Wright J, Roberts JD, Grant S. A phase I trial of vorinostat and alvocidib in patients with relapsed, refractory, or poor prognosis acute leukemia, or refractory anemia with excess blasts-2. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1873-83. [PMID: 23515411 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I study was conducted to identify the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of alvocidib when combined with vorinostat in patients with relapsed, refractory, or poor prognosis acute leukemia, or refractory anemia with excess blasts-2. Secondary objectives included investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of the combination. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received vorinostat (200 mg orally, three times a day, for 14 days) on a 21-day cycle, combined with 2 different alvocidib administration schedules: a 1-hour intravenous infusion, daily × 5; or a 30-minute loading infusion followed by a 4-hour maintenance infusion, weekly × 2. The alvocidib dose was escalated using a standard 3+3 design. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were enrolled and treated. The alvocidib MTD was 20 mg/m(2) (30-minute loading infusion) followed by 20 mg/m(2) (4-hour maintenance infusion) on days one and eight, in combination with vorinostat. The most frequently encountered toxicities were cytopenias, fatigue, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and QT prolongation. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were cardiac arrhythmia-atrial fibrillation and QT prolongation. No objective responses were achieved although 13 of 26 evaluable patients exhibited stable disease. Alvocidib seemed to alter vorinostat pharmacokinetics, whereas alvocidib pharmacokinetics were unaffected by vorinostat. Ex vivo exposure of leukemia cells to plasma obtained from patients after alvocidib treatment blocked vorinostat-mediated p21(CIP1) induction and downregulated Mcl-1 and p-RNA Pol II for some specimens, although parallel in vivo bone marrow responses were infrequent. CONCLUSIONS Alvocidib combined with vorinostat is well tolerated. Although disease stabilization occurred in some heavily pretreated patients, objective responses were not obtained with these schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Holkova
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Russo M, Spagnuolo C, Volpe S, Tedesco I, Bilotto S, Russo GL. ABT-737 resistance in B-cells isolated from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and leukemia cell lines is overcome by the pleiotropic kinase inhibitor quercetin through Mcl-1 down-regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:927-36. [PMID: 23353698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent form of leukemia in adult population and despite numerous studies, it is considered an incurable disease. Since CLL is characterized by overexpression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, treatments with their antagonists, such as ABT-737, represent a promising new therapeutic strategy. ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic agent which binds Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Bcl-w with high affinity, while weakly interacts with Mcl-1 and Bfl-1. Previous studies demonstrated that quercetin, a flavonoid naturally present in food and beverages, was able to sensitize B-cells isolated from CLL patients to apoptosis when associated with death ligands or fludarabine, through a mechanism involving Mcl-1 down-regulation. Here, we report that the association between ABT-737 and quercetin synergistically induces apoptosis in B-cells and in five leukemic cell lines (Combination Index <1). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell from healthy donors were not affected by quercetin treatment. The molecular pathways triggered by quercetin have been investigated in HPB-ALL cells, characterized by the highest resistance to both ABT-737 and quercetin when applied as single molecules, but highly sensitivity to the co-treatment. In this cell line, quercetin down-regulated Mcl-1 through the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to Mcl-1 instability. The same mechanism was confirmed in B-cells. These results may open new clinical perspectives based on a translational approach in CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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Schroeder GM, Wei D, Banfi P, Cai ZW, Lippy J, Menichincheri M, Modugno M, Naglich J, Penhallow B, Perez HL, Sack J, Schmidt RJ, Tebben A, Yan C, Zhang L, Galvani A, Lombardo LJ, Borzilleri RM. Pyrazole and pyrimidine phenylacylsulfonamides as dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3951-6. [PMID: 22608393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
5-Butyl-1,4-diphenyl pyrazole and 2-amino-5-chloro pyrimidine acylsulfonamides were developed as potent dual antagonists of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Compounds were optimized for binding to the I88, L92, I95, and F99 pockets normally occupied by pro-apoptotic protein Bim. An X-ray crystal structure confirmed the proposed binding mode. Observation of cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria in MV-411 cells provides further evidence of target inhibition. Compounds demonstrated submicromolar antiproliferative activity in Bcl-2/Bcl-xL dependent cell lines.
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Fecteau JF, Kipps TJ. Structure and function of the hematopoietic cancer niche: focus on chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012; 4:61-73. [PMID: 22202043 PMCID: PMC4114230 DOI: 10.2741/s251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of mature monoclonal CD5-positive B cells in the blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, and marrow. The infiltration of CLL cells in lymphoid tissues is a key element of disease pathogenesis. It is in such tissues that are found the microenvironments that provide CLL cells protection from spontaneous and/or drug-induced apoptosis. CLL cells actively shape their microenvironment by producing cytokines and chemokines, and by subverting normal accessory cells to promote leukemia-cell survival, proliferation, and escape from immune detection. In this review, we discuss how CLL cells disrupt the niches required for normal hematopoiesis or immune function and subvert normal cells in the microenvironment to support neoplastic cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie-F. Fecteau
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
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Fecteau JF, Kipps TJ. Structure and function of the hematopoietic cancer niche: focus on chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012. [PMID: 22202043 DOI: 10.2741/251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of mature monoclonal CD5-positive B cells in the blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, and marrow. The infiltration of CLL cells in lymphoid tissues is a key element of disease pathogenesis. It is in such tissues that are found the microenvironments that provide CLL cells protection from spontaneous and/or drug-induced apoptosis. CLL cells actively shape their microenvironment by producing cytokines and chemokines, and by subverting normal accessory cells to promote leukemia-cell survival, proliferation, and escape from immune detection. In this review, we discuss how CLL cells disrupt the niches required for normal hematopoiesis or immune function and subvert normal cells in the microenvironment to support neoplastic cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi-F Fecteau
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
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Roberts AW, Seymour JF, Brown JR, Wierda WG, Kipps TJ, Khaw SL, Carney DA, He SZ, Huang DCS, Xiong H, Cui Y, Busman TA, McKeegan EM, Krivoshik AP, Enschede SH, Humerickhouse R. Substantial susceptibility of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to BCL2 inhibition: results of a phase I study of navitoclax in patients with relapsed or refractory disease. J Clin Oncol 2011; 30:488-96. [PMID: 22184378 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE BCL2 overexpression is a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The novel BH3 mimetic navitoclax (ABT-263) specifically inhibits BCL2 and related proteins BCL-x(l) and BCL-w, potently inducing apoptosis of CLL cells in vitro. A phase I trial in patients with CLL was conducted to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and biologic activity of oral navitoclax. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients with relapsed or refractory CLL received daily navitoclax for 14 days (10, 110, 200, or 250 mg/d; n = 15) or 21 days (125, 200, 250, or 300 mg/d; n = 14) of each 21-day cycle. Dose escalation decisions were informed by continual reassessment methodology. RESULTS Lymphocytosis was reduced by more than 50% in 19 of 21 patients with baseline lymphocytosis. Among 26 patients treated with navitoclax ≥ 110 mg/d, nine (35%) achieved a partial response and seven maintained stable disease for more than 6 months. Median treatment duration was 7 months (range, 1 to ≥ 29 months). Median progression-free survival was 25 months. Activity was observed in patients with fludarabine-refractory disease, bulky adenopathy, and del(17p) CLL. Thrombocytopenia due to BCL-x(l) inhibition was the major dose-limiting toxicity and was dose-related. Low MCL1 expression and high BIM:MCL1 or BIM:BCL2 ratios in leukemic cells correlated with response. We determined that the navitoclax dose of 250 mg/d in a continuous dosing schedule was optimal for phase II studies. CONCLUSION BCL2 is a valid therapeutic target in CLL, and its inhibition by navitoclax warrants further evaluation as monotherapy and in combination in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Roberts
- MBBS, Department of Clinical Haematology and BMT, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 2 Centre, Grattan St, Parkville 3050, Victoria, Australia.
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The Role of BCL2 Family of Apoptosis Regulator Proteins in Acute and Chronic Leukemias. Adv Hematol 2011; 2012:524308. [PMID: 21941553 PMCID: PMC3173728 DOI: 10.1155/2012/524308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The disturbance of apoptosis molecular signaling pathways is involved in carcinogenesis. BCL2 family of proteins is the hallmark of apoptosis regulation. In the last decade, new members of BCL2 gene family were discovered and cloned and were found to be differentially expressed in many types of cancer. BCL2 protein family, through its role in regulation of apoptotic pathways, is possibly related to cancer pathophysiology and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. It is well known that leukemias are haematopoietic malignancies characterized by biological diversity, varied cytogenetics, different immunophenotype profiles, and diverse outcome. Current research focuses on the prognostic impact and specific role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of leukemias. The understanding of the molecular pathways that participate in the biology of leukemias may lead to the design of new therapies which may improve patients' survival. In the present paper, we describe current knowledge on the role of BCL2 apoptosis regulator proteins in acute and chronic leukemias.
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Morelli X, Bourgeas R, Roche P. Chemical and structural lessons from recent successes in protein–protein interaction inhibition (2P2I). Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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BCL2/BCL-X(L) inhibition induces apoptosis, disrupts cellular calcium homeostasis, and prevents platelet activation. Blood 2011; 117:7145-54. [PMID: 21562047 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-344812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis in megakaryocytes results in the formation of platelets. The role of apoptotic pathways in platelet turnover and in the apoptotic-like changes seen after platelet activation is poorly understood. ABT-263 (Navitoclax), a specific inhibitor of antiapoptotic BCL2 proteins, which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of leukemia and other malignancies, induces a dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. In this study, the relationship between BCL2/BCL-X(L) inhibition, apoptosis, and platelet activation was investigated. Exposure to ABT-263 induced apoptosis but repressed platelet activation by physiologic agonists. Notably, ABT-263 induced an immediate calcium response in platelets and the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, indicating that on BCL2/BCL-X(L) inhibition platelet activation is abrogated because of a diminished calcium signaling. By comparing the effects of ABT-263 and its analog ABT-737 on platelets and leukemia cells from the same donor, we show, for the first time, that these BCL2/BCL-X(L) inhibitors do not offer any selective toxicity but induce apoptosis at similar concentrations in leukemia cells and platelets. However, reticulated platelets are less sensitive to apoptosis, supporting the hypothesis that treatment with ABT-263 induces a selective loss of older platelets and providing an explanation for the transient thrombocytopenia observed on ABT-263 treatment.
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Vogler M, Dickens D, Dyer MJ, Owen A, Pirmohamed M, Cohen GM. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-inhibitors, ABT-737 and ABT-263, are substrates for P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:344-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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