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Deng Y, Hou Z, Li Y, Yi M, Wu Y, Zheng Y, Yang F, Zhong G, Hao Q, Zhai Z, Wang M, Ma X, Kang H, Ji F, Dong C, Liu H, Dai Z. Superbinder based phosphoproteomic landscape revealed PRKCD_pY313 mediates the activation of Src and p38 MAPK to promote TNBC progression. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:115. [PMID: 38347536 PMCID: PMC10860301 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation proteomics is the basis for the study of abnormally activated kinase signaling pathways in breast cancer, which facilitates the discovery of new oncogenic agents and drives the discovery of potential targets for early diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer. In this study, we have explored the aberrantly active kinases in breast cancer development and to elucidate the role of PRKCD_pY313 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. We collected 47 pairs of breast cancer and paired far-cancer normal tissues and analyzed phosphorylated tyrosine (pY) peptides by Superbinder resin and further enriched the phosphorylated serine/threonine (pS/pT) peptides using TiO2 columns. We mapped the kinases activity of different subtypes of breast cancer and identified PRKCD_pY313 was upregulated in TNBC cell lines. Gain-of-function assay revealed that PRKCD_pY313 facilitated the proliferation, enhanced invasion, accelerated metastasis, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced ROS level of TNBC cell lines, while Y313F mutation and low PRKCD_pY313 reversed these effects. Furthermore, PRKCD_pY313 significantly upregulated Src_pY419 and p38_pT180/pY182, while low PRKCD_pY313 and PRKCD_Y313F had opposite effects. Dasatinib significantly inhibited the growth of PRKCD_pY313 overexpression cells, and this effect could be enhanced by Adezmapimod. In nude mice xenograft model, PRKCD_pY313 significantly promoted tumor progression, accompanied by increased levels of Ki-67, Bcl-xl and Vimentin, and decreased levels of Bad, cleaved caspase 3 and ZO1, which was opposite to the trend of Y313F group. Collectively, the heterogeneity of phosphorylation exists in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. PRKCD_pY313 activates Src and accelerates TNBC progression, which could be inhibited by Dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhanwu Hou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine & Douglas C. Wallace Institute for Mitochondrial and Epigenetic Information Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yizhen Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine & Douglas C. Wallace Institute for Mitochondrial and Epigenetic Information Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guansheng Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Zhai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanpu Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Huadong Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine & Douglas C. Wallace Institute for Mitochondrial and Epigenetic Information Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Kwon Y, Kim J, Cho SY, Kang YJ, Lee J, Kwon J, Rhee H, Bauer S, Kim HS, Lee E, Kim HS, Jung JH, Kim H, Kim WK. Identification of novel pathogenic roles of BLZF1/ATF6 in tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor showing Golgi-localized mutant KIT. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2309-2321. [PMID: 37704840 PMCID: PMC10589262 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) frequently show KIT mutations, accompanied by overexpression and aberrant localization of mutant KIT (MT-KIT). As previously established by multiple studies, including ours, we confirmed that MT-KIT initiates downstream signaling in the Golgi complex. Basic leucine zipper nuclear factor 1 (BLZF1) was identified as a novel MT-KIT-binding partner that tethers MT-KIT to the Golgi complex. Sustained activation of activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6), which belongs to the unfolded protein response (UPR) family, alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by upregulating chaperone expression, including heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), which assists in MT-KIT folding. BLZF1 knockdown and ATF6 inhibition suppressed both imatinib-sensitive and -resistant GIST in vitro. ATF6 inhibitors further showed potent antitumor effects in GIST xenografts, and the effect was enhanced with ER stress-inducing drugs. ATF6 activation was frequently observed in 67% of patients with GIST (n = 42), and was significantly associated with poorer relapse-free survival (P = 0.033). Overall, GIST bypasses ER quality control (QC) and ER stress-mediated cell death via UPR activation and uses the QC-free Golgi to initiate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kwon
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Cho
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Kang
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Jongsoo Lee
- Department of Urology, Urologic Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Kwon
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
| | - Hyungjin Rhee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry; Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae Hung Jung
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine/Center of Evidence Based Medicine Institute of Convergence Science, Wonju, 26426, South Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Won Kyu Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, South Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, South Korea.
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3
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Shimoyama Y, Yamada K, Yoshida S, Kawamura A, Hannya Y, Imaizumi Y, Kumamoto T, Takeda Y, Shimoda M, Eto K, Yoshida K. Inhibition of protein kinase C delta leads to cellular senescence to induce anti-tumor effects in colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2023. [PMID: 36851883 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is a multifunctional serine-threonine kinase implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and therapeutic resistance. However, the molecular mechanism of PKCδ in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. In this study, we showed that PKCδ acts as a negative regulator of cellular senescence in p53 wild-type (wt-p53) CRC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PKCδ levels in human CRC tissues were higher than those in the surrounding normal tissues. Deletion studies have shown that cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in wt-p53 CRC is sensitive to PKCδ expression. We found that PKCδ activates p21 via a p53-independent pathway and that PKCδ-kinase activity is essential for p21 activity. In addition, both repression of PKCδ expression and inhibition of PKCδ activity induced cellular senescence-like phenotypes, including increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, low LaminB1 expression, large nucleus size, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) detection. Finally, a kinase inhibitor of PKCδ suppressed senescence-dependent tumorigenicity in a dose-dependent manner. These results offer a mechanistic insight into CRC survival and tumorigenesis. In addition, a novel therapeutic strategy for wt-p53 CRC is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimoyama
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saishu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hannya
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Imaizumi
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Kumamoto
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Eto
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Black JD, Affandi T, Black AR, Reyland ME. PKCα and PKCδ: Friends and Rivals. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102194. [PMID: 35760100 PMCID: PMC9352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC comprises a large family of serine/threonine kinases that share a requirement for allosteric activation by lipids. While PKC isoforms have significant homology, functional divergence is evident among subfamilies and between individual PKC isoforms within a subfamily. Here, we highlight these differences by comparing the regulation and function of representative PKC isoforms from the conventional (PKCα) and novel (PKCδ) subfamilies. We discuss how unique structural features of PKCα and PKCδ underlie differences in activation and highlight the similar, divergent, and even opposing biological functions of these kinases. We also consider how PKCα and PKCδ can contribute to pathophysiological conditions and discuss challenges to targeting these kinases therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
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5
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Zhou B, Lu Y, Zhao Z, Shi T, Wu H, Chen W, Zhang L, Zhang X. B7-H4 expression is upregulated by PKCδ activation and contributes to PKCδ-induced cell motility in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:147. [PMID: 35410218 PMCID: PMC8996430 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction B7-H4 is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and plays an important role in tumor growth and immunosuppression. However, the exact mechanism that regulates B7-H4 expression remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) regulates the expression of B7-H4 in CRC. Methods By using immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining, we analyzed the expression of B7-H4 and phospho-PKCδ (p-PKCδ) in 225 colorectal tumor samples and determined the clinical significance of the expression patterns. In vitro experiments were performed with the CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW620 to detect the effect of PKCδ activation on B7-H4 expression, and xenograft-bearing mice were treated with rottlerin to monitor the expression of B7-H4 and tumor metastasis. Results The B7-H4 expression level was significantly correlated with the p-PKCδ level (r = 0.378, P < 0.001) in tumor tissues. Coexpression of p-PKCδ and B7-H4 was significantly associated with moderate/poor differentiation (P = 0.024), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001) and advanced Dukes’ stage (P = 0.002). Western blot analysis showed that Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (TPA) increased B7-H4 expression in a concentration-dependent manner and that rottlerin abrogated the TPA-induced increase in B7-H4 expression. The protein levels of B7-H4 and p-STAT3 were significantly reduced by a PKCδ-specific siRNA. Moreover, the STAT3 inhibitor cryptotanshinone significantly decreased the B7-H4 protein level in CRC cells. Knockdown of B7-H4 or PKCδ suppressed cell migration and motility. Rottlerin also inhibited B7-H4 expression and tumor metastasis in vivo. Conclusion The B7-H4 expression level is significantly correlated with the p-PKCδ level and tumor metastasis in CRC samples. B7-H4 expression is upregulated by STAT3 activation via PKCδ and plays roles in PKCδ-induced cancer cell motility and metastasis, suggesting that the PKCδ/STAT3/B7-H4 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for CRC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02567-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youwei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongya Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Onglao W, Khew-Goodall Y, Belle L, Lonic A. Aberrant post-translational modifications in endosomal trafficking are potential therapeutic targets to avert therapy resistance in solid cancers: Dysregulation of PTM-regulated endosomal interactions presents an opportunity to block oncogenic signalling from multiple receptors by targeting common trafficking pathways: Dysregulation of PTM-regulated endosomal interactions presents an opportunity to block oncogenic signalling from multiple receptors by targeting common trafficking pathways. Bioessays 2021; 44:e2100192. [PMID: 34913509 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Drugs targeting a single TK/RTK in the treatment of solid cancers has not had the same success seen in blood cancers. This is, in part, due to acquired resistance in solid cancers arising from a range of mechanisms including the upregulation of compensatory RTK signalling. Rather than attempting to inhibit individual compensatory RTK-requiring knowledge of which RTKs are upregulated in any given tumour-strategies to universally inhibit signalling from multiple RTKs may represent an effective alternative. Endosomal trafficking of RTKs is a common conduit that can regulate signalling from multiple RTKs simultaneously. As such, we posit that targeting endosomal trafficking-in particular, aberrant post-translational modifications in cancers that contribute to dysregulated endosomal trafficking-could inhibit oncogenic signalling driven by multiple RTKs and pave the way for the development of a novel class of inhibitors that shift the trafficking of RTKs to inhibit tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winona Onglao
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leila Belle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ana Lonic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Lonic A, Gehling F, Belle L, Li X, Schieber NL, Nguyen EV, Goodall GJ, Parton RG, Daly RJ, Khew-Goodall Y. Phosphorylation of PKCδ by FER tips the balance from EGFR degradation to recycling. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211661. [PMID: 33411917 PMCID: PMC7797899 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor degradation terminates signaling by activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Degradation of EGFR occurs in lysosomes and requires the switching of RAB5 for RAB7 on late endosomes to enable their fusion with the lysosome, but what controls this critical switching is poorly understood. We show that the tyrosine kinase FER alters PKCδ function by phosphorylating it on Y374, and that phospho-Y374-PKCδ prevents RAB5 release from nascent late endosomes, thereby inhibiting EGFR degradation and promoting the recycling of endosomal EGFR to the cell surface. The rapid association of phospho-Y374-PKCδ with EGFR-containing endosomes is diminished by PTPN14, which dephosphorylates phospho-Y374-PKCδ. In triple-negative breast cancer cells, the FER-dependent phosphorylation of PKCδ enhances EGFR signaling and promotes anchorage-independent cell growth. Importantly, increased Y374-PKCδ phosphorylation correlating with arrested late endosome maturation was identified in ∼25% of triple-negative breast cancer patients, suggesting that dysregulation of this pathway may contribute to their pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lonic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,The Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Freya Gehling
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leila Belle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V. Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,The Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roger J. Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance of SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,The Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Correspondence to Yeesim Khew-Goodall:
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8
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Speidel JT, Affandi T, Jones DNM, Ferrara SE, Reyland ME. Functional proteomic analysis reveals roles for PKCδ in regulation of cell survival and cell death: Implications for cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100757. [PMID: 33045516 PMCID: PMC8294469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C-δ (PKCδ), regulates a broad group of biological functions and disease processes, including well-defined roles in immune function, cell survival and apoptosis. PKCδ primarily regulates apoptosis in normal tissues and non-transformed cells, and genetic disruption of the PRKCD gene in mice is protective in many diseases and tissue damage models. However pro-survival/pro-proliferative functions have also been described in some transformed cells and in mouse models of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that the contribution of PKCδ to specific cancers may depend in part on the oncogenic context of the tumor, consistent with its paradoxical role in cell survival and cell death. Here we will discuss what is currently known about biological functions of PKCδ and potential paradigms for PKCδ function in cancer. To further understand mechanisms of regulation by PKCδ, and to gain insight into the plasticity of PKCδ signaling, we have used functional proteomics to identify pathways that are dependent on PKCδ. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated will be critical for the logical design of therapeutics to target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Speidel
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Trisiani Affandi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Ferrara
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, USA.
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9
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Tomizawa F, Jang MK, Mashima T, Seimiya H. c-KIT regulates stability of cancer stemness in CD44-positive colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1014-1020. [PMID: 32439168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of cancer cells with high self-renewal potential that are involved in tumor progression and recurrence. It has been postulated that CSCs and non-stem cancer cells are inter-convertible. However, precise mechanisms for the plasticity and stability of cancer stemness remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that CD44-positive colorectal CSC fractions contain two types of cancer cells: "CD44-stable" cells, in which CD44 expression is stably sustained, and "CD44-trasnsient" cells, which are rapidly converted to CD44-negative cells. CD44-stable cells expressed higher levels of c-KIT tyrosine kinase than CD44-transient cells. c-KIT knockdown by siRNAs converted the CD44-positive cells to CD44-negative cells, which expressed lower levels of stem cell markers such as ASCL2 and EPCAM. In the CD44-positive cells, c-KIT phosphorylation level was very low whereas stem cell factor, a c-KIT ligand, elevated c-KIT phosphorylation without affecting stem cell marker expression. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of the c-KIT gene in CD44 stable cells attenuated the CSC properties including expression of CD44 and other stem cell markers, clonogenicity and in vivo tumorigenic potential in a mouse xenograft model. These observations suggest that the colorectal CSC fractions contain cancer cells with differential plasticity, which is determined by c-KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Tomizawa
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Myung-Kyu Jang
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mashima
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Jang MK, Mashima T, Seimiya H. Tankyrase Inhibitors Target Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells via AXIN-Dependent Downregulation of c-KIT Tyrosine Kinase. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:765-776. [PMID: 31907221 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) constitute heterogeneous cell subpopulations of a tumor. Although targeting CSCs is important for cancer eradication, no clinically approved drugs that target CSCs have been established. Tankyrase poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates and destabilizes AXIN, a negative regulator of β-catenin, and promotes β-catenin signaling. Here, we report that tankyrase inhibitors downregulate c-KIT tyrosine kinase and inhibit the growth of CD44-positive colorectal CSCs. c-KIT expression in CD44-positive subpopulations of colorectal cancer COLO-320DM cells is associated with their tumor-initiating potential in vivo Tankyrase inhibitors downregulate c-KIT expression in established cell lines, such as COLO-320DM and DLD-1, and colorectal cancer patient-derived cells. These effects of tankyrase inhibitors are caused by reducing the recruitment of SP1 transcription factor to the c-KIT gene promoter and depend on AXIN2 stabilization but not β-catenin downregulation. Whereas c-KIT knockdown inhibits the growth of CD44-positive COLO-320DM cells, c-KIT overexpression in DLD-1 cells confers resistance to tankyrase inhibitors. Combination of a low-dose tankyrase inhibitor and irinotecan significantly inhibited the growth of COLO-320DM tumors in a mouse xenograft model. These observations suggest that tankyrase inhibitors target c-KIT-positive colorectal CSCs and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Kyu Jang
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mashima
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Xu RH, Shen L, Wang KM, Wu G, Shi CM, Ding KF, Lin LZ, Wang JW, Xiong JP, Wu CP, Li J, Liu YP, Wang D, Ba Y, Feng JP, Bai YX, Bi JW, Ma LW, Lei J, Yang Q, Yu H. Famitinib versus placebo in the treatment of refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:97. [PMID: 29273089 PMCID: PMC5741870 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients with progressive disease after all available standard therapies need new medication for further treatment. Famitinib is a small-molecule multikinase inhibitor, with promising anticancer activities. This multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of famitinib in mCRC. Methods Famitinib or placebo was administered orally once daily. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), quality-of-life (QoL), and safety. Results Between July 18, 2012 and Jan 22, 2014, a total of 167 patients were screened, and 154 patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either famitinib (n = 99) or placebo (n = 55). The median PFS was 2.8 and 1.5 months in the famitinib and placebo groups (hazard ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.41–0.86, P = 0.004). The DCR was 59.8% and 31.4% (P = 0.002) and the ORR was 2.2% and 0.0% (P = 0.540) in the famitinib and placebo groups, respectively. The most frequent grade 3–4 adverse events were hypertension (11.1%), hand-foot syndrome (10.1%), thrombocytopenia (10.1%), and neutropenia (9.1%). Serious adverse events occurred in 11 (11.1%) patients in the famitinib group and 5 (9.1%) in the placebo group (P = 0.788). The median OS of the famitinib and placebo groups was 7.4 and 7.2 months (P = 0.657). Conclusion Famitinib prolonged PFS in refractory mCRC patients with acceptable tolerability. Trial registration This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01762293) and was orally presented in the 2015 ASCO-Gastrointestinal Symposium
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No 52, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, P. R. China.
| | - Ke-Ming Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Mei Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Feng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Lin
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Xiong
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Institute of Surgery Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ba
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, P. R. China
| | - Jue-Ping Feng
- Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430032, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xian Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wang Bi
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Ma
- Department of Tumor Chemotherapy and Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, 222047, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Epidemic and Health Statistics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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12
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Park CK, Kim WK, Kim H. Clinicopathological characteristics of KIT and protein kinase C-δ expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma: comparison with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Histopathology 2017; 71:529-542. [PMID: 28561935 DOI: 10.1111/his.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS KIT overexpression is frequently observed in adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCs), chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (ChRCCs), and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Persistent KIT activation has been reported to be mediated by protein kinase C (PKC)-δ in a subset of colon cancers with wild-type KIT overexpression, and by PKC-θ in GISTs with mutant KIT overexpression. To elucidate the clinical implications of PKC-δ and PKC-θ expression in KIT-expressing tumours, we investigated the expression of KIT, PKC-δ and PKC-θ in AdCCs and ChRCCs in comparison with GISTs. METHODS AND RESULTS KIT expression, PKC-δ expression and PKC-θ expression were analysed in whole sections from 41 AdCCs, 40 ChRCCs and 56 GISTs by immunohistochemistry. Membranous expression of KIT was found in 34 AdCCs and all ChRCCs, whereas cytoplasmic expression of KIT was found in 46 GISTs. In AdCCs, PKC-δ expression was associated with histological grade (P = 0.049), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.004), perineural invasion (P = 0.002), and KIT positivity (P = 0.002). PKC-δ positivity was associated with shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.017) and a tendency for there to be shorter overall survival (OS) (P = 0.090) in patients with AdCCs. No clinicopathological associations were observed between PKC-δ and KIT expression in ChRCCs. In GISTs, PKC-θ expression was associated with higher mitotic count (P = 0.011) and high grade according to the modified National Institutes of Health criteria (P < 0.001). PKC-θ positivity was associated with shorter RFS (P = 0.016) and a tendency for there to be shorter OS (P = 0.051) in patients with GISTs. CONCLUSIONS PKC-δ expression is associated with KIT expression and the prognosis of patients with AdCCs, suggesting that PKC-δ may be a potential therapeutic target for AdCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Healthcare Review and Assessment Committee, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Co-dependency of PKCδ and K-Ras: inverse association with cytotoxic drug sensitivity in KRAS mutant lung cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:4370-4378. [PMID: 28368426 PMCID: PMC5532068 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the presence of a KRAS mutation may be insufficient for defining a clinically homogenous molecular group, as many KRAS mutant tumors lose reliance on K-Ras for survival. Identifying pathways that support K-Ras dependency may define clinically relevant KRAS sub-groups and lead to the identification of new drug targets. We have analyzed a panel of 17 KRAS mutant lung cancer cell lines classified as K-Ras dependent or independent, for co-dependency on PKCδ. We show that functional dependency on K-Ras and PKCδ co-segregate, and that dependency correlates with a more epithelial-like phenotype. Furthermore, we show that the pro-apoptotic and pro-tumorigenic functions of PKCδ also segregate based on K-Ras dependency, as K-Ras independent cells are more sensitive to topoisomerase inhibitors, and depletion of PKCδ in this sub-group suppresses apoptosis through increased activation of ERK. In contrast, K-Ras dependent lung cancer cells are largely insensitive to topoisomerase inhibitors, and depletion of PKCδ can increase apoptosis and decrease activation of ERK in this sub-group. We have previously shown that nuclear translocation of PKCδ is necessary and sufficient for pro-apoptotic signaling. Our current studies show that K-Ras dependent cells are refractive to PKCδ driven apoptosis. Analysis of this sub-group showed increased PKCδ expression and an increase in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio of PKCδ. In addition, targeting PKCδ to the nucleus induces apoptosis in K-Ras independent, but not K-Ras dependent NSCLC cells. Our studies provide tools for identification of the subset of patients with KRAS mutant tumors most amenable to targeting of the K-Ras pathway, and identify PKCδ as a potential target in this tumor population. These sub-groups are likely to be of clinical relevance, as high PKCδ expression correlates with increased overall survival and a more epithelial tumor phenotype in patients with KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinomas.
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14
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Kim WK, Yun S, Park CK, Bauer S, Kim J, Lee MG, Kim H. Sustained Mutant KIT Activation in the Golgi Complex Is Mediated by PKC-θ in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:845-856. [PMID: 27440273 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is driven by gain-of-function mutations in the KIT gene, which result in overexpression of activated mutant KIT proteins (MT-KIT). However, the mechanism of MT-KIT overexpression is poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By protein expression analysis and immunofluorescent microscopic analysis, we determine the stability and localization of MT-KIT in four GIST cell lines with different mutations and HeLa cells transfected with mutant KIT model vectors. We also used 154 human GIST tissues to analyze the relationship between the expression of PKC-θ and MT-KITs, and correlations between PKC-θ overexpression and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS We report that four different MT-KIT proteins are intrinsically less stable than wild-type KIT due to proteasome-mediated degradation and abnormally localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the Golgi complex. By screening a MT-KIT-stabilizing factor, we find that PKC-θ is strongly and exclusively expressed in GISTs and interacts with intracellular MT-KIT to promote its stabilization by increased retention in the Golgi complex. In addition, Western blotting analysis using 50 GIST samples shows strong correlation between PKC-θ and MT-KIT expression (correlation coefficient = 0.682, P < 0.000001). Immunohistochemical analysis using 154 GISTs further demonstrates that PKC-θ overexpression significantly correlates with several clinicopathological parameters such as high tumor grade, frequent recurrence/metastasis, and poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that sustained MT-KIT overexpression through PKC-θ-mediated stabilization in the Golgi contributes to GIST progression and provides a rationale for anti-PKC-θ therapy in GISTs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 845-56. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongJu Yun
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Nguyen H, Aum D, Mashkouri S, Rao G, Vega Gonzales-Portillo JD, Reyes S, Borlongan CV. Growth factor therapy sequesters inflammation in affording neuroprotection in cerebrovascular diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:915-26. [PMID: 27152762 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1184086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the key role of inflammation in the progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Inflammation can persist over prolonged period of time after the initial insult providing a wider therapeutic window. Despite the acute endogenous upregulation of many growth factors after the injury, it is not sufficient to protect against inflammation and to regenerate the brain. Therapeutic approaches targeting both dampening inflammation and enhancing growth factors are likely to provide beneficial outcomes in cerebrovascular disease. AREAS COVERED In this mini review, we discuss major growth factors and their beneficial properties to combat the inflammation in cerebrovascular diseases. Emerging biotechnologies which facilitate the therapeutic effects of growth factors are also presented in an effort to provide insights into the future combination therapies incorporating both central and peripheral abrogation of inflammation. Expert commentary: Many studies discussed in this review have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of growth factors in treating cerebrovascular diseases. It is unlikely that one growth factor can be used to treat these complex diseases. Combination of growth factors and anti-inflammatory modulators may clinically improve outcomes for patients. In particular, transplantation of stem cells may be able to achieve both goals of modulating inflammation and upregulating growth factors. Large preclinical studies and multiple laboratory collaborations are needed to advance these findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - David Aum
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Gautam Rao
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | | | - Stephanny Reyes
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
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16
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Reyland ME, Jones DNM. Multifunctional roles of PKCδ: Opportunities for targeted therapy in human disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:1-13. [PMID: 27179744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein kinase, protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), is emerging as a bi-functional regulator of cell death and proliferation. Studies in PKCδ-/- mice have confirmed a pro-apoptotic role for this kinase in response to DNA damage and a tumor promoter role in some oncogenic contexts. In non-transformed cells, inhibition of PKCδ suppresses the release of cytochrome c and caspase activation, indicating a function upstream of apoptotic pathways. Data from PKCδ-/- mice demonstrate a role for PKCδ in the execution of DNA damage-induced and physiologic apoptosis. This has led to the important finding that inhibitors of PKCδ can be used therapeutically to reduce irradiation and chemotherapy-induced toxicity. By contrast, PKCδ is a tumor promoter in mouse models of mammary gland and lung cancer, and increased PKCδ expression is a negative prognostic indicator in Her2+ and other subtypes of human breast cancer. Understanding how these distinct functions of PKCδ are regulated is critical for the design of therapeutics to target this pathway. This review will discuss what is currently known about biological roles of PKCδ and prospects for targeting PKCδ in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - David N M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Targeting c-kit receptor in neuroblastomas and colorectal cancers using stem cell factor (SCF)-based recombinant bacterial toxins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:263-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Belle L, Ali N, Lonic A, Li X, Paltridge JL, Roslan S, Herrmann D, Conway JRW, Gehling FK, Bert AG, Crocker LA, Tsykin A, Farshid G, Goodall GJ, Timpson P, Daly RJ, Khew-Goodall Y. The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14 (Pez) inhibits metastasis by altering protein trafficking. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra18. [PMID: 25690013 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Factors secreted by tumor cells shape the local microenvironment to promote invasion and metastasis, as well as condition the premetastatic niche to enable secondary-site colonization and growth. In addition to this secretome, tumor cells have increased abundance of growth-promoting receptors at the cell surface. We found that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14 (also called Pez, which is mutated in various cancers) suppressed metastasis by reducing intracellular protein trafficking through the secretory pathway. Knocking down PTPN14 in tumor cells or injecting the peritoneum of mice with conditioned medium from PTPN14-deficient cell cultures promoted the growth and metastasis of breast cancer xenografts. Loss of catalytically functional PTPN14 increased the secretion of growth factors and cytokines, such as IL-8 (interleukin-8), and increased the abundance of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) at the cell surface of breast cancer cells and of FLT4 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3) at the cell surface of primary lymphatic endothelial cells. We identified RIN1 (Ras and Rab interactor 1) and PRKCD (protein kinase C-δ) as binding partners and substrates of PTPN14. Similar to cells overexpressing PTPN14, receptor trafficking to the cell surface was inhibited in cells that lacked PRKCD or RIN1 or expressed a nonphosphorylatable RIN1 mutant, and cytokine secretion was decreased in cells treated with PRKCD inhibitors. Invasive breast cancer tissue had decreased expression of PTPN14, and patient survival was worse when tumors had increased expression of the genes encoding RIN1 or PRKCD. Thus, PTPN14 prevents metastasis by restricting the trafficking of both soluble and membrane-bound proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Belle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Naveid Ali
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ana Lonic
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - James L Paltridge
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Suraya Roslan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Freya K Gehling
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Bert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Lesley A Crocker
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anna Tsykin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- Division of Tissue Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. School and Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases, which can be further classified into three PKC isozymes subfamilies: conventional or classic, novel or nonclassic, and atypical. PKC isozymes are known to be involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Because of their key roles in cell signaling, PKC isozymes also have the potential to be promising therapeutic targets for several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, and multiple types of cancer. This review primarily focuses on the activation, mechanism, and function of PKC isozymes during cancer development and progression.
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