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Kamal R, Awasthi A, Paul P, Mir MS, Singh SK, Dua K. Novel drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Advances and future prospects. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155546. [PMID: 39191194 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an abnormal proliferation of cells within the colon and rectum, leading to the formation of polyps and disruption of mucosal functions. The disease development is influenced by a combination of factors, including inflammation, exposure to environmental mutagens, genetic alterations, and impairment in signaling pathways. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are often used but have limitations, including poor solubility and permeability, treatment resistance, side effects, and post-surgery issues. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as a superior alternative, offering enhanced drug solubility, precision in targeting cancer cells, and regulated drug release. Thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional therapies and showing promise for more effective CRC management. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and application of NDDS against CRC. Additionally, clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials, marketed formulations, and patents on CRC are also covered in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of Quality Assurance, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, PCTE Group of Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Shabab Mir
- School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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2
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Mittra A, Coyne GHOS, Zlott J, Kummar S, Meehan R, Rubinstein L, Juwara L, Wilsker D, Ji J, Miller B, Navas T, Ferry-Galow KV, Voth AR, Chang TC, Jiwani S, Parchment RE, Doroshow JH, Chen AP. Pharmacodynamic effects of the PARP inhibitor talazoparib (MDV3800, BMN 673) in patients with BRCA-mutated advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024; 93:177-189. [PMID: 38010394 PMCID: PMC10902014 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Talazoparib is an inhibitor of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes and is FDA-approved for patients with (suspected) deleterious germline BRCA1/2-mutated, HER2‑negative, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Because knowledge of the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of talazoparib in patients has been limited to studies of PARP enzymatic activity (PARylation) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we developed a study to assess tumoral PD response to talazoparib treatment (NCT01989546). METHODS We administered single-agent talazoparib (1 mg/day) orally in 28-day cycles to adult patients with advanced solid tumors harboring (suspected) deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The primary objective was to examine the PD effects of talazoparib; the secondary objective was to determine overall response rate (ORR). Tumor biopsies were mandatory at baseline and post-treatment on day 8 (optional at disease progression). Biopsies were analyzed for PARylation, DNA damage response (γH2AX), and epithelial‒mesenchymal transition. RESULTS Nine patients enrolled in this trial. Four of six patients (67%) evaluable for the primary PD endpoint exhibited a nuclear γH2AX response on day 8 of treatment, and five of six (83%) also exhibited strong suppression of PARylation. A transition towards a more mesenchymal phenotype was seen in 4 of 6 carcinoma patients, but this biological change did not affect γH2AX or PAR responses. The ORR was 55% with the five partial responses lasting a median of six cycles. CONCLUSION Intra-tumoral DNA damage response and inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity were confirmed in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring BRCA1/2 mutations after 8 days of talazoparib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Mittra
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Geraldine H O' Sullivan Coyne
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Robert Meehan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence Rubinstein
- Biometric Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Deborah Wilsker
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jiuping Ji
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brandon Miller
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tony Navas
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Katherine V Ferry-Galow
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andrea Regier Voth
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ting-Chia Chang
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Shahanawaz Jiwani
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alice P Chen
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Chen Z, Zheng L, Chen Y, Liu X, Kawakami M, Mustachio LM, Roszik J, Ferry-Galow KV, Parchment RE, Liu X, Andresson T, Duncan G, Kurie JM, Rodriguez-Canales J, Liu X, Dmitrovsky E. Loss of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 destabilizes 14-3-3ζ protein and represses lung cancer metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:265-280. [PMID: 35387560 PMCID: PMC8993103 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2054242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Strategies to reduce metastases are needed especially in lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer mortality. We previously reported increased ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) expression in lung and other cancers. Engineered reduction of USP18 expression repressed lung cancer growth and promoted apoptosis. This deubiquitinase (DUB) stabilized targeted proteins by removing the complex interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). This study explores if the loss of USP18 reduced lung cancer metastasis. USP18 knock-down in lung cancer cells was independently achieved using small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). USP18 knock-down reduced lung cancer growth, wound-healing, migration, and invasion versus controls (P < .001) and markedly decreased murine lung cancer metastases (P < .001). Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPAs) in shRNA knock-down lung cancer cells showed that 14-3-3ζ protein was regulated by loss of USP18. ISG15 complexed with 14-3-3ζ protein reducing its stability. Survival in lung adenocarcinomas (P < .0015) and other cancers was linked to elevated 14-3-3ζ expression as assessed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The findings were confirmed and extended using 14-3-3ζ immunohistochemical assays of human lung cancer arrays and syngeneic murine lung cancer metastasis models. A direct 14-3-3ζ role in controlling lung cancer metastasis came from engineered 14-3-3ζ knock-down in lung cancer cell lines and 14-3-3ζ rescue experiments that reversed migration and invasion inhibition. Findings presented here revealed that USP18 controlled metastasis by regulating 14-3-3ζ expression. These data provide a strong rationale for developing a USP18 inhibitor to combat metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Chen
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lin Zheng
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yulong Chen
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Masanori Kawakami
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Maria Mustachio
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine V Ferry-Galow
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gerard Duncan
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kurie
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xi Liu
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Dmitrovsky
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.,Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Zhang T, Zhou M, Xiao D, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Feng M, Lin Y, Cai X. Myelosuppression Alleviation and Hematopoietic Regeneration by Tetrahedral-Framework Nucleic-Acid Nanostructures Functionalized with Osteogenic Growth Peptide. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202058. [PMID: 35882625 PMCID: PMC9507378 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As major complications of chemoradiotherapy, myelosuppression and hematopoietic-system damage severely affect immunologic function and can delay or even terminate treatment for cancer patients. Although several specific cytokines have been used for hematopoiesis recovery, their effect is limited, and they may increase the risk of tumor recurrence. In this study, osteogenic growth peptide functionalized tetrahedral framework nucleic-acid nanostructures (OGP-tFNAs) are prepared; they combine the positive hematopoiesis stimulating effect of OGP and the drug carrying function of tFNAs. The potential of OGP-tFNAs for hematopoietic stimulation and microenvironment regulation is investigated. It is shown that OGP-tFNAs can protect bone marrow stromal cells from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. OGP-tFNAs pretreatment activates the extracellularly regulated protein kinase signal and downregulates apoptosis-related proteins. OGP-tFNAs also alleviate the chemotherapy-induced inhibition of hematopoiesis-related cytokine expression, which is crucial for hematopoiesis reconstitution. In conclusion, OGP-tFNAs can protect hematopoietic cells and their microenvironment from chemotherapy-induced injuries and myelosuppression, while promoting hematopoiesis regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Yueying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Maogeng Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
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Hollingshead MG, Greenberg N, Gottholm-Ahalt M, Camalier R, Johnson BC, Collins JM, Doroshow JH. ROADMAPS: An Online Database of Response Data, Dosing Regimens, and Toxicities of Approved Oncology Drugs as Single Agents to Guide Preclinical In Vivo Studies. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2219-2225. [PMID: 35472132 PMCID: PMC9203935 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies provide valuable data in the early development of novel drugs for patients with cancer. Many cancer treatment regimens now utilize multiple agents with different targets to delay the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells, and experimental agents are often evaluated in combination with FDA-approved drugs. The Biological Testing Branch (BTB) of the U.S. NCI has evaluated more than 70 FDA-approved oncology drugs to date in human xenograft models. Here, we report the first release of a publicly available, downloadable spreadsheet, ROADMAPS (Responses to Oncology Agents and Dosing in Models to Aid Preclinical Studies, dtp.cancer.gov/databases_tools/roadmaps.htm), that provides data filterable by agent, dose, dosing schedule, route of administration, tumor models tested, responses, host mouse strain, maximum weight loss, drug-related deaths, and vehicle formulation for preclinical experiments conducted by the BTB. Data from 70 different single targeted and cytotoxic agents and 140 different xenograft models were included. Multiple xenograft models were tested in immunocompromised mice for many cancer histologies, with lung cancer as the most broadly tested (24 models). Many of the dose levels and schedules used in these experiments were comparable with those tolerated in humans. Targeted and cytotoxic single agents were included. The online spreadsheet will be updated periodically as additional agent/dose/model combinations are evaluated. ROADMAPS is intended to serve as a publicly available resource for the research community to inform the design of clinically relevant, tolerable single and combinatorial regimens in preclinical mouse models. SIGNIFICANCE ROADMAPS includes data that can be used to identify tolerable dosing regimens with activity against a variety of human tumors in different mouse strains, providing a resource for planning preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda G. Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Greenberg
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michelle Gottholm-Ahalt
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Richard Camalier
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Barry C. Johnson
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jerry M. Collins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Multiplexed-Based Assessment of DNA Damage Response to Chemotherapies Using Cell Imaging Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105701. [PMID: 35628514 PMCID: PMC9145608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current methods for measuring the DNA damage response (DDR) are relatively labor-intensive and usually based on Western blotting, flow cytometry, and/or confocal immunofluorescence analyses. They require many cells and are often limited to the assessment of a single or few proteins. Here, we used the Celigo® image cytometer to evaluate the cell response to DNA-damaging agents based on a panel of biomarkers associated with the main DDR signaling pathways. We investigated the cytostatic or/and the cytotoxic effects of these drugs using simultaneous propidium iodide and calcein-AM staining. We also describe new dedicated multiplexed protocols to investigate the qualitative (phosphorylation) or the quantitative changes of eleven DDR markers (H2AX, DNA-PKcs, ATR, ATM, CHK1, CHK2, 53BP1, NBS1, RAD51, P53, P21). The results of our study clearly show the advantage of using this methodology because the multiplexed-based evaluation of these markers can be performed in a single experiment using the standard 384-well plate format. The analyses of multiple DDR markers together with the cell cycle status provide valuable insights into the mechanism of action of investigational drugs that induce DNA damage in a time- and cost-effective manner due to the low amounts of antibodies and reagents required.
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O’Sullivan Coyne G, Karlovich C, Wilsker D, Voth AR, Parchment RE, Chen AP, Doroshow JH. PARP Inhibitor Applicability: Detailed Assays for Homologous Recombination Repair Pathway Components. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:165-180. [PMID: 35237050 PMCID: PMC8885121 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s278092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have been in clinical use since 2014 for certain patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations, but as evidence and approvals for their use in a wider range of patients grow, the question of how best to identify patients who would benefit from PARPi becomes ever more complex. Here, we discuss the development and current state of approved selection testing for PARPi therapy and the ongoing efforts to define a broader range of homologous recombination repair deficiencies that are susceptible to PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine O’Sullivan Coyne
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chris Karlovich
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Wilsker
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Regier Voth
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alice P Chen
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Parker WB, Thottassery JV. 5-Aza-4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine, a new orally bioavailable non-toxic "best-in-class" DNMT1 depleting agent in clinical development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:211-222. [PMID: 34503994 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is an enzyme that functions as a maintenance methyltransferase during DNA replication, and depletion of this enzyme from cells is considered to be a rational goal in DNA methylation dependent disorders. Two DNMT1 depleting agents aza-dCyd (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, decitabine) and aza-Cyd (5-aza-cytidine, azacitidine) are currently used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, and have also been investigated for non-oncology indications such as sickle cell disease. However, these agents have several off-target activities leading to significant toxicities that limit dosing and duration of treatment. Development of more selective inhibitors of DNMT1 could therefore afford treatment for long durations at effective doses. We have discovered that 5-aza-4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine (aza-T-dCyd) is as effective as aza-dCyd in depleting DNMT1 in mouse tumor models, but with markedly low toxicity. In this review we describe the preclinical studies that led to the development of aza-T-dCyd as a superior DNMT1 depleting agent with respect to aza-dCyd, and will describe its pharmacology, metabolism, and mechanism of action. In an effort to understand why aza-T-dCyd is a more selective DNMT1 depleting agent than aza-dCyd, we will also compare and contrast the activities of these two agents. Significance Statement Aza-T-dCyd is a potent DNMT1 depleting agent. Although similar in structure to decitabine (aza-dCyd) its metabolism and mechanism of action is different than that of aza-dCyd, resulting in less off target activity and less toxicity. The larger therapeutic index of aza-T-dCyd (DNMT1 depletion vs toxicity) in mice suggests that it would be a better clinical candidate to selectively deplete DNMT1 from target cells and determine whether or not depletion of DNMT1 is an effective target for various diseases.
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9
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Molinaro C, Martoriati A, Cailliau K. Proteins from the DNA Damage Response: Regulation, Dysfunction, and Anticancer Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3819. [PMID: 34359720 PMCID: PMC8345162 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to genotoxic stress through a series of complex protein pathways called DNA damage response (DDR). These monitoring mechanisms ensure the maintenance and the transfer of a correct genome to daughter cells through a selection of DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and programmed cell death processes. Canonical or non-canonical DDRs are highly organized and controlled to play crucial roles in genome stability and diversity. When altered or mutated, the proteins in these complex networks lead to many diseases that share common features, and to tumor formation. In recent years, technological advances have made it possible to benefit from the principles and mechanisms of DDR to target and eliminate cancer cells. These new types of treatments are adapted to the different types of tumor sensitivity and could benefit from a combination of therapies to ensure maximal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Cailliau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.M.); (A.M.)
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10
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Takebe N, Naqash AR, O'Sullivan Coyne G, Kummar S, Do K, Bruns A, Juwara L, Zlott J, Rubinstein L, Piekarz R, Sharon E, Streicher H, Mittra A, Miller SB, Ji J, Wilsker D, Kinders RJ, Parchment RE, Chen L, Chang TC, Das B, Mugundu G, Doroshow JH, Chen AP. Safety, Antitumor Activity, and Biomarker Analysis in a Phase I Trial of the Once-daily Wee1 Inhibitor Adavosertib (AZD1775) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3834-3844. [PMID: 33863809 PMCID: PMC8282703 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Wee1 kinase inhibitor adavosertib abrogates cell-cycle arrest, leading to cell death. Prior testing of twice-daily adavosertib in patients with advanced solid tumors determined the recommended phase II dose (RPh2D). Here, we report results for once-daily adavosertib. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 3 + 3 dose-escalation design was used, with adavosertib given once daily on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12 in 21-day cycles. Molecular biomarkers of Wee1 activity, including tyrosine 15-phosphorylated Cdk1/2 (pY15-Cdk), were assessed in paired tumor biopsies. Whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of remaining tumor tissue identified potential predictive biomarkers. RESULTS Among the 42 patients enrolled, the most common toxicities were gastrointestinal and hematologic; dose-limiting toxicities were grade 4 hematologic toxicity and grade 3 fatigue. The once-daily RPh2D was 300 mg. Six patients (14%) had confirmed partial responses: four ovarian, two endometrial. Adavosertib plasma exposures were similar to those from twice-daily dosing. On cycle 1 day 8 (pre-dose), tumor pY15-Cdk levels were higher than baseline in four of eight patients, suggesting target rebound during the day 5 to 8 dosing break. One patient who progressed rapidly had a tumor WEE1 mutation and potentially compensatory PKMYT1 overexpression. Baseline CCNE1 overexpression occurred in both of two responding patients, only one of whom had CCNE1 amplification, and in zero of three nonresponding patients. CONCLUSIONS We determined the once-daily adavosertib RPh2D and observed activity in patients with ovarian or endometrial carcinoma, including two with baseline CCNE1 mRNA overexpression. Future studies will determine whether CCNE1 overexpression is a predictive biomarker for adavosertib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takebe
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khanh Do
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashley Bruns
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Larry Rubinstein
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elad Sharon
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard Streicher
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arjun Mittra
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah B Miller
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Ji
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Deborah Wilsker
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ting-Chia Chang
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Biswajit Das
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ganesh Mugundu
- AstraZeneca, Clinical Pharmacology, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alice P Chen
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Zhao Y, Kong W, Wang P, Song G, Song ZL, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yin B, Rong P, Huan S, Zhang XB. Tumor-Specific Multipath Nucleic Acid Damages Strategy by Symbiosed Nanozyme@Enzyme with Synergistic Self-Cyclic Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100766. [PMID: 34110695 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high proliferation efficiency, redox imbalance, and elevated nucleic acid repair capabilities of tumor cells severely restrict the theranostic efficacy. Selectively interference chaotic tumors with devastating nucleic acid damages (NUDs) properties are expected to overcome theranostic barriers. Here, an exquisite catalytic-based strategy with comprehensive NUDs mechanisms is demonstrated. In this regard, enzyme (glucose oxidase, GOD) symbioses nanozyme Cu3+x (PO4 )2 through biomineralization (abbreviated as Cu@GOD), GOD can disorder the metabolism by consuming glucose, thereby inhibiting the nutrition supply for nucleic acid repair. GOD-catalyzed H2 O2 guarantees the self-cyclic glutathione depletion and reactive oxygen species generation caused by Cu3+x (PO4 )2 , resulted the reduced antioxidation defense and enhanced oxidation assault, ensures an indiscriminate NUDs ability. Moreover, the high photothermal effect of Cu3+x (PO4 )2 induces effective tumor inhibition. Consequently, this substantial multipath NUDs strategy, with potentials of suppressing the cytoprotective mechanisms, amplifying the cellular oxidative stress, and disrupting the redox balance to ensure substantial irreversible NUDs, completely breaks the obstacle of chaotic tumors, providing new conceptual thinking for tumor proliferation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Weiheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Youjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Baoli Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shuangyan Huan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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12
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The Interactions of DNA Repair, Telomere Homeostasis, and p53 Mutational Status in Solid Cancers: Risk, Prognosis, and Prediction. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030479. [PMID: 33513745 PMCID: PMC7865496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of genomic integrity due to the accumulation of various kinds of DNA damage, deficient DNA repair capacity, and telomere shortening constitute the hallmarks of malignant diseases. DNA damage response (DDR) is a signaling network to process DNA damage with importance for both cancer development and chemotherapy outcome. DDR represents the complex events that detect DNA lesions and activate signaling networks (cell cycle checkpoint induction, DNA repair, and induction of cell death). TP53, the guardian of the genome, governs the cell response, resulting in cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, and senescence. The mutational status of TP53 has an impact on DDR, and somatic mutations in this gene represent one of the critical events in human carcinogenesis. Telomere dysfunction in cells that lack p53-mediated surveillance of genomic integrity along with the involvement of DNA repair in telomeric DNA regions leads to genomic instability. While the role of individual players (DDR, telomere homeostasis, and TP53) in human cancers has attracted attention for some time, there is insufficient understanding of the interactions between these pathways. Since solid cancer is a complex and multifactorial disease with considerable inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, we mainly dedicated this review to the interactions of DNA repair, telomere homeostasis, and TP53 mutational status, in relation to (a) cancer risk, (b) cancer progression, and (c) cancer therapy.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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14
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Coyne GO, Kummar S, Meehan RS, Do K, Collins JM, Anderson L, Ishii K, Takebe N, Zlott J, Juwara L, Piekarz R, Streicher H, Sharon E, Rubinstein L, Voth AR, Lozier J, Dull AB, Wilsker D, Hinoue T, Laird PW, Ferry-Galow KV, Kinders RJ, Parchment RE, Doroshow JH, Chen AP. Phase I trial of TRC102 (methoxyamine HCl) in combination with temozolomide in patients with relapsed solid tumors and lymphomas. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3959-3971. [PMID: 33216844 PMCID: PMC7646836 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRC102 inhibits base excision repair by binding abasic sites and preventing AP endonuclease processing; it potentiates the activity of alkylating agents, including temozolomide, in murine models. In published xenograft studies, TRC102 enhanced the antitumor effect of temozolomide regardless of cell line genetic characteristics, e.g., O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), mismatch repair (MMR), or p53 status. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a phase 1 trial of TRC102 with temozolomide given orally on days 1-5 of 28-day cycles in adult patients with refractory solid tumors that had progressed on standard therapy. Tumor induction of nuclear biomarkers of DNA damage response (DDR) γH2AX, pNBs1, and Rad51 was assessed in the context of MGMT and MMR protein expression for expansion cohort patients. RESULTS Fifty-two patients were enrolled (37 escalation, 15 expansion) with 51 evaluable for response. The recommended phase 2 dose was 125 mg TRC102, 150 mg/m2 temozolomide QDx5. Common adverse events (grade 3/4) included anemia (19%), lymphopenia (12%), and neutropenia (10%). Four patients achieved partial responses (1 non-small cell lung cancer, 2 granulosa cell ovarian cancer, and 1 colon cancer) and 13 patients had a best response of stable disease. Retrospective analysis of 15 expansion cohort patients did not demonstrate a correlation between low tumor MGMT expression and patient response, but treatment induced nuclear Rad51 responses in 6 of 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TRC 102 with temozolomide is active, with 4 of 51 patients experiencing a partial response and 13 of 51 experiencing stable disease, and the side effect profile is manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Current address: Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert S. Meehan
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Khanh Do
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jerry M. Collins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Larry Anderson
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kazusa Ishii
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elad Sharon
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry Rubinstein
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Regier Voth
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jay Lozier
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angie B. Dull
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Wilsker
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Toshinori Hinoue
- Van Andel Institute, Center for Epigenetics, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Peter W. Laird
- Van Andel Institute, Center for Epigenetics, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Katherine V. Ferry-Galow
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Kinders
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph E. Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, and Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alice P. Chen
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Biodistribution and Anticancer Characteristics of Les-3833, A Novel 4-thiazolidinone-Based Lead Compound. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified the promising anticancer potential of the synthetic 4-thiazolidinone-based anticancer lead compound Les-3833 which demonstrated tumor-suppressing action in vitro and in vivo. Based on the results of previous studies, the aim of this research was to investigate the cytotoxicity in vitro and the biodistribution in laboratory mice to support the biotherapeutic drug development of Les-3833. Les-3833 (2.5 mg/kg) was intravenously injected into male Balb/c mice. Measurements were performed at 5 min, 15 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h time points in blood plasma, brain, liver, and kidney using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. After the administration of Les-3833, the maximum level of this compound was observed in plasma at 2.08 min. In the brain, the mean maximum concentration of Les-3833 was 7.17 ng/mL at 5 min, while after 15 min, it was not found. In the liver, at 5 min, the maximum concentration was 1190 ng/g. At 15 min, concentration of Les-3833 in the liver decreased by 14.3%; at 6 h by 22.8%; and after 24 h by 64.7%. Its maximum concentration in kidney was 404 ng/g within 5–15 min, at 1 h it decreased by 36.1%, and after 24 h by 49.3%. Thus, Les-3833 was rapidly taken up by different organs from the bloodstream, partially metabolized in the liver, and excreted mainly through the kidneys, while in the brain, a very low concentration could be observed for only a short period of time.
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