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Gauss C, Stone LD, Ghafouri M, Quan D, Johnson J, Fribley AM, Amm HM. Overcoming Resistance to Standard-of-Care Therapies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cells 2024; 13:1018. [PMID: 38920648 PMCID: PMC11201455 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Although there have been some advances during in recent decades, the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains challenging. Resistance is a major issue for various treatments that are used, including both the conventional standards of care (radiotherapy and platinum-based chemotherapy) and the newer EGFR and checkpoint inhibitors. In fact, all the non-surgical treatments currently used for HNSCC are associated with intrinsic and/or acquired resistance. Herein, we explore the cellular mechanisms of resistance reported in HNSCC, including those related to epigenetic factors, DNA repair defects, and several signaling pathways. This article discusses these mechanisms and possible approaches that can be used to target different pathways to sensitize HNSCC to the existing treatments, obtain better responses to new agents, and ultimately improve the patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Gauss
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Logan D. Stone
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Mehrnoosh Ghafouri
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Daniel Quan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (D.Q.)
| | - Jared Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (D.Q.)
| | - Andrew M. Fribley
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.G.); (M.G.)
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (D.Q.)
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hope M. Amm
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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Chen X, Keller SJ, Hafner P, Alrawashdeh AY, Avery TY, Norona J, Zhou J, Ruess DA. Tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11/SHP2 in solid tumors - bull's eye for targeted therapy? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340726. [PMID: 38504984 PMCID: PMC10948527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Encoded by PTPN11, the Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) integrates signals from various membrane-bound receptors such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), cytokine and integrin receptors and thereby promotes cell survival and proliferation. Activating mutations in the PTPN11 gene may trigger signaling pathways leading to the development of hematological malignancies, but are rarely found in solid tumors. Yet, aberrant SHP2 expression or activation has implications in the development, progression and metastasis of many solid tumor entities. SHP2 is involved in multiple signaling cascades, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-, PI3K-AKT-, JAK-STAT- and PD-L1/PD-1- pathways. Although not mutated, activation or functional requirement of SHP2 appears to play a relevant and context-dependent dichotomous role. This mostly tumor-promoting and infrequently tumor-suppressive role exists in many cancers such as gastrointestinal tumors, pancreatic, liver and lung cancer, gynecological entities, head and neck cancers, prostate cancer, glioblastoma and melanoma. Recent studies have identified SHP2 as a potential biomarker for the prognosis of some solid tumors. Based on promising preclinical work and the advent of orally available allosteric SHP2-inhibitors early clinical trials are currently investigating SHP2-directed approaches in various solid tumors, either as a single agent or in combination regimes. We here provide a brief overview of the molecular functions of SHP2 and collate current knowledge with regard to the significance of SHP2 expression and function in different solid tumor entities, including cells in their microenvironment, immune escape and therapy resistance. In the context of the present landscape of clinical trials with allosteric SHP2-inhibitors we discuss the multitude of opportunities but also limitations of a strategy targeting this non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase for treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Steffen Johannes Keller
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Hafner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asma Y. Alrawashdeh
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Yul Avery
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johana Norona
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jinxue Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dietrich Alexander Ruess
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center for Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Trybus M, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Wójtowicz K, Trombik T, Czogalla A, Sikorski AF. EFR3A: a new raft domain organizing protein? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:86. [PMID: 37880612 PMCID: PMC10601247 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane rafts play a crucial role in the regulation of many important biological processes. Our previous data suggest that specific interactions of flotillins with MPP1 are responsible for membrane raft domain organization and regulation in erythroid cells. Interaction of the flotillin-based protein network with specific membrane components underlies the mechanism of raft domain formation and regulation, including in cells with low expression of MPP1. METHODS We sought to identify other flotillin partners via the immobilized recombinant flotillin-2-based affinity approach and mass spectrometry technique. The results were further confirmed via immunoblotting and via co-immunoprecipitation. In order to study the effect of the candidate protein on the physicochemical properties of the plasma membrane, the gene was knocked down via siRNA, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and spot-variation fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was employed. RESULTS EFR3A was identified as a candidate protein that interacts with flotillin-2. Moreover, this newly discovered interaction was demonstrated via overlay assay using recombinant EFR3A and flotillin-2. EFR3A is a stable component of the detergent-resistant membrane fraction of HeLa cells, and its presence was sensitive to the removal of cholesterol. While silencing the EFR3A gene, we observed decreased order of the plasma membrane of living cells or giant plasma membrane vesicles derived from knocked down cells and altered mobility of the raft probe, as indicated via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and spot-variation fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Moreover, silencing of EFR3A expression was found to disturb epidermal growth factor receptor and phospholipase C gamma phosphorylation and affect epidermal growth factor-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results suggest hitherto unreported flotillin-2-EFR3A interaction, which might be responsible for membrane raft organization and regulation. This implies participation of this interaction in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, including those connected with cell signaling which points to the possible role in human health, in particular human cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Trybus
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anita Hryniewicz-Jankowska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Wójtowicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trombik
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksander F Sikorski
- Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamienskiego73a, 51-154, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Krainer J, Hendling M, Siebenhandl S, Fuehner S, Kessel C, Verweyen E, Vierlinger K, Foell D, Schönthaler S, Weinhäusel A. Patients with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA) Show Differences in Autoantibody Signatures Based on Disease Activity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1392. [PMID: 37759792 PMCID: PMC10527260 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a severe rheumatic disease in children. It is a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA; MIM #604302), which is the most common rheumatic disease in children. The diagnosis of SJIA often comes with a significant delay, and the classification between autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease is still discussed. In this study, we analyzed the immunological responses of patients with SJIA, using human proteome arrays presenting immobilized recombinantly expressed human proteins, to analyze the involvement of autoantibodies in SJIA. Results from group comparisons show several differentially reactive antigens involved in inflammatory processes. Intriguingly, many of the identified antigens had a high reactivity against proteins involved in the NF-κB pathway, and it is also notable that many of the detected DIRAGs are described as dysregulated in rheumatoid arthritis. Our data highlight novel proteins and pathways potentially dysregulated in SJIA and offer a unique approach to unraveling the underlying disease pathogenesis in this chronic arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Krainer
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Michaela Hendling
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Siebenhandl
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Fuehner
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Christoph Kessel
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Emely Verweyen
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Klemens Vierlinger
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Dirk Foell
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Silvia Schönthaler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas Weinhäusel
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
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Cao Y, Efetov SK, He M, Fu Y, Beeraka NM, Zhang J, Zhang X, Bannimath N, Chen K. Updated Clinical Perspectives and Challenges of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cell Therapy in Colorectal Cancer and Invasive Breast Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:19. [PMID: 37566162 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BC) has increased worldwide and caused a higher mortality rate due to the lack of selective anti-tumor therapies. Current chemotherapies and surgical interventions are significantly preferred modalities to treat CRC or BC in advanced stages but the prognosis for patients with advanced CRC and BC remains dismal. The immunotherapy technique of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has resulted in significant clinical outcomes when treating hematologic malignancies. The novel CAR-T therapy target antigens include GUCY2C, CLEC14A, CD26, TEM8/ANTXR1, PDPN, PTK7, PODXL, CD44, CD19, CD20, CD22, BCMA, GD2, Mesothelin, TAG-72, CEA, EGFR, B7H3, HER2, IL13Ra2, MUC1, EpCAM, PSMA, PSCA, NKG2D. The significant aim of this review is to explore the recently updated information pertinent to several novel targets of CAR-T for CRC, and BC. We vividly described the challenges of CAR-T therapies when treating CRC or BC. The immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors, the shortage of tumor-specific antigens, and post-treatment side effects are the major hindrances to promoting the development of CAR-T cells. Several clinical trials related to CAR-T immunotherapy against CRC or BC have already been in progress. This review benefits academicians, clinicians, and clinical oncologists to explore more about the novel CAR-T targets and overcome the challenges during this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey K Efetov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mingze He
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yu Fu
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (RIPER), Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, 515721, India
| | - Jin Zhang
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Namitha Bannimath
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kuo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, #1 Jianshedong Str., Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Wei W, Qin B, Wen W, Zhang B, Luo H, Wang Y, Xu H, Xie X, Liu S, Jiang X, Wang M, Tang Q, Zhang J, Yang R, Fan Z, Lyu H, Lin J, Li K, Lee MH. FBXW7β loss-of-function enhances FASN-mediated lipogenesis and promotes colorectal cancer growth. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:187. [PMID: 37202390 PMCID: PMC10195794 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous de novo fatty acid synthesis is required for the biosynthetic demands of tumor. FBXW7 is a highly mutated gene in CRC, but its biological functions in cancer are not fully characterized. Here, we report that FBXW7β, a FBXW7 isoform located in the cytoplasm and frequently mutated in CRC, is an E3 ligase of fatty acid synthase (FASN). Cancer-specific FBXW7β mutations that could not degrade FASN can lead to sustained lipogenesis in CRC. COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6), an oncogenic marker of CRC, increases lipogenesis via interacting with and stabilizing FASN. Mechanistic studies show that CSN6 associates with both FBXW7β and FASN, and antagonizes FBXW7β's activity by enhancing FBXW7β autoubiquitination and degradation, which in turn prevents FBXW7β-mediated FASN ubiquitination and degradation, thereby regulating lipogenesis positively. Both CSN6 and FASN are positively correlated in CRC, and CSN6-FASN axis, regulated by EGF, is responsible for poor prognosis of CRC. The EGF-CSN6-FASN axis promotes tumor growth and implies a treatment strategy of combination of orlistat and cetuximab. Patient-derived xenograft experiments prove the effectiveness of employing orlistat and cetuximab combination in suppressing tumor growth for CSN6/FASN-high CRC. Thus, CSN6-FASN axis reprograms lipogenesis to promote tumor growth and is a target for cancer intervening strategy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Baifu Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Weijie Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Haidan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiaoshan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Sicheng Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Mengan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Runxiang Yang
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Zongmin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Haiwen Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Junzhong Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
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