HPV AND DNA METHYLATION TESTING IN URINE FOR CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA AND CERVICAL CANCER DETECTION

Association between folate level and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

There were several studies about the association between folate level and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate whether folate deficiency is related to a high risk of CIN and cervical cancer. Odds ratios (ORs)/relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were summarized regarding the association between folate level and risk of CIN or cervical cancer. The meta-analysis indicated that higher serum folate levels (the second, third, and fourth quartiles of serum folate) were associated with a lower risk of CIN, as demonstrated by a random-effects model (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.28-0.62). Conversely, no significant association was found between erythrocyte folate levels and the risk of CIN, as indicated by a random-effects model (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.43-1.12). In addition, random-effects models demonstrated that higher serum folate levels (the second, third, and fourth quartiles of serum folate) were associated with lower risks of CIN grade 1 and CIN grades 2 or 3, compared with the lowest quartile of serum folate (CIN grade 1: OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.93; CIN grades 2 or 3: OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.19-0.58). Higher serum folate levels (the second, third, and fourth quartiles of serum folate) were associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer, compared with the lowest quartile of serum folate (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36-0.79). Serum low folate levels could increase the risk of CIN and cervical cancer, while erythrocyte folate concentration was not associated with the risk of CIN.

Roles of human papillomavirus in cancers: oncogenic mechanisms and clinical use

Human papillomaviruses, particularly high-risk human papillomaviruses, have been universally considered to be associated with the oncogenesis and progression of various cancers. The genome of human papillomaviruses is circular, double-stranded DNA that encodes early and late proteins. Each of the proteins is of crucial significance in infecting the epithelium of host cells persistently and supporting viral genome integrating into host cells. Notably, E6 and E7 proteins, classified as oncoproteins, trigger the incidence of cancers by fostering cell proliferation, hindering apoptosis, evading immune surveillance, promoting cell invasion, and disrupting the balance of cellular metabolism. Therefore, targeting human papillomaviruses and decoding molecular mechanisms by which human papillomaviruses drive carcinogenesis are of great necessity to better treat human papillomaviruses-related cancers. Human papillomaviruses have been applied clinically to different facets of human papillomavirus-related cancers, including prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Several types of prophylactic vaccines have been publicly utilized worldwide and have greatly decreased the occurrence of human papillomavirus-related cancers, which have benefited numerous people. Although various therapeutic vaccines have been developed and tested clinically, none of them have been officially approved to date. Enhancing the efficacy of vaccines and searching for innovative technologies targeting human papillomaviruses remain critical challenges that warrant continuous research and attention in the future.

The current state of DNA methylation biomarkers in self-collected liquid biopsies for the early detection of cervical cancer: a literature review

Cervical cancer (CC) is a preventable disease and treatable cancer. Most of the new cases and deaths from CC occur in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) due to cultural and systematic barriers leading to low CC screening uptake. In recent years, self-sampling has been proposed as a method to increase CC screening uptake and is slowly being implemented into screening programmes worldwide. Simultaneously, DNA methylation has been proposed as a novel biomarker that could be used for the triage of self-collected samples that test positive for high-risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). In this paper, we conducted a literature review of studies assessing the efficacy of DNA methylation markers to detect Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in self-collected cervicovaginal swabs or urine (2019-2024). Our review showed that, of the available data, DNA methylation together with self-sampling could perform as well as cytology in the detection of CIN as well as improve uptake of CC screening and reduce loss to follow up, especially in LMICs. However, more data is still needed to understand which methylation tests are most efficacious. Future studies should assess the full potential of DNA methylation and self-sampling in large, diverse screening cohorts.

The performance of JAM3/PAX1 methylation in the diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions for women with high-risk HPV infection

OBJECTIVE

To assess the clinical value of DNA methylation measurement in exfoliated cervical cells for distinguishing high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) from other cervical abnormalities.

METHODS

A total of 276 patients were enrolled, and general clinical information was collected. Exfoliated cervical cells were obtained to assess human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, conduct ThinPrep cytology tests (TCT), and measure methylation levels of JAM3 (△CtJ) and PAX1 (△CtP). Logistic regression was performed to identify factors significantly associated with HSIL diagnosis. A conditional inference tree model and the area under the curve (AUC) were employed to evaluate the efficacy of JAM3 and PAX1 methylation in detecting HSIL.

RESULTS

Independent risk factors for HSIL diagnosis included △CtJ, △CtP, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), and HPV16 infection. The conditional inference tree indicated that 96.4% of patients were non-HSIL when △CtJ > 11.66, and 99.1% were non-HSIL when △CtP > 10.97. The diagnostic performance of △CtJ/△CtP surpassed that of TCT/HPV alone. Among six methods, the combination of △CtP, TCT, and high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) testing achieved the highest sensitivity (91.2%), positive predictive value (50.0%), negative predictive value (98.6%), and AUC (0.932).

CONCLUSION

In women with hr-HPV infection, DNA methylation analysis of cervical cytology outperformed traditional TCT or HPV testing. The combination of △CtP with TCT and HPV may offer the most accurate screening approach for HSIL.

Clinical indications for host-cell DNA methylation markers in cervical screening and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A review

DNA methylation of host-cell genes is an epigenetic process that regulates gene expression and is associated with cervical cancer development. Studies on the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and the molecular alterations associated with cervical carcinogenesis led to the identification of several host-cell DNA methylation markers. Over the past years, various studies on methylation markers have shown promising results in terms of diagnostic and prognostic value to improve cervical cancer screening and management of CIN. This review provides an overview of the clinical indications of host-cell DNA methylation markers in cervical screening and management of CIN, and outlines avenues for further applications.

A review of urinary HPV testing for cervical cancer management and HPV vaccine surveillance: rationale, strategies, and limitations

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the leading cause of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Despite concerted efforts to combat this preventable disease through HPV vaccination and cancer screening have helped reduce morbidity and mortality levels, the burden persists in both developing and developed countries due to insufficient vaccination and screening coverage. Urinary HPV testing has emerged as a noninvasive detection method, offering significant advantages in cervical cancer management and vaccine surveillance. Notably, it boasts high acceptance rates, ease of self-collection, user-friendly implementation, and relatively low cost. Various urinary HPV detection methods have been explored, predominantly relying on nucleic acid amplification and signal amplification, targeting a variety of biomarkers in urine, such as HPV DNA, RNA, and oncoproteins. Existing literature underscores urine as a promising specimen for HPV testing, demonstrating comparable detection performance to cervical and vaginal samples in several studies. However, the lack of standardized and authoritative protocols in sample collection, storage, preparation, DNA extraction, and amplification necessitates further evaluation for the comprehensive utilization of urinary HPV testing in clinical and epidemiological settings. This study aims to review pertinent publications and offer insights into the rationale, common strategies, and limitations of urinary HPV testing, with the ultimate goal of maximizing its utility in practice.

Strategies to Optimize Cervical Cancer Screening Rates Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People Assigned Female at Birth

Self-sampling for primary HPV detection for cervical cancer screening is now FDA-approved. Many persons interested in cervical cancer screening are eager to opt out of the invasive speculum exam and opt into the self-sampling. There is no limitation on which persons can choose self-sampling. Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse assigned female at birth (TGD AFAB) people experience barriers such as gender dysphoria and discomfort with sensitive exams. They may find more comfort with this equivalent method of screening. However, no clinical guidelines describe the best practices to increase screening among this underserved population. Much community work needs to occur to make the language of screening gender-affirming for all participants. Solutions to currently invasive follow-up exams after abnormal screens need to be communicated in language directed by the TGD AFAB community.

An electrochemiluminescent imaging strategy based on CRISPR/Cas12a for ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acid

BACKGROUND

Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) significantly contributes to the development of cervical cancer. Thus, it is urgent to develop rapid and accurate methods for HPV detection. Herein, we present an ultrasensitive CRISPR/Cas12a-based electrochemiluminescent (ECL) imaging technique for the detection of HPV-18 DNA.

RESULT

The ECL DNA sensor array is constructed by applying black hole quencher (BHQ) and polymer dots (Pdots) co-labeled hairpin DNA (hpDNA) onto a gold-coated indium tin oxide slide (Au-ITO). The ECL imaging method involves an incubation process of target HPV-18 with a mixture of crRNA and Cas12a to activate Cas12a, followed by an incubation of the active Cas12a with the ECL sensor. This interaction causes the indiscriminate cleavage of BHQ from Pdots by digesting hpDNA on the sensor surface, leading to the restoration of the ECL signal of Pdots. The ECL brightness readout demonstrates superior performance of the ECL imaging technique, with a linear detection range of 10 fM-500 pM and a limit-of-detection (LOD) of 5.3 fM.

SIGNIFICANCE

The Cas12a-based ECL imaging approach offers high sensitivity and a broad detection range, making it highly promising for nucleic acid detection applications.

Serum levels of stearic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids can be used to diagnose cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Despite widespread cervical cancer (CC) screening programs, low participation has led to high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in developing countries. Because early-stage CC often has no symptoms, a non-invasive and convenient diagnostic method is needed to improve disease detection. In this study, we developed a new approach for differentiating both CC and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2/3, a precancerous lesion, from healthy individuals by exploring CC fatty acid metabolic reprogramming. Analysis of public datasets suggested that various fatty acid metabolizing enzymes were expressed at higher levels in CC tissues than in normal tissues. Correspondingly, 11 free fatty acids (FFAs) showed significantly different serum levels in CC patient samples compared with healthy donor samples. Nine of these 11 FFAs also displayed significant alterations in CIN2/3 patients. We then generated diagnostic models using combinations of these FFAs, with the optimal model including stearic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses suggested that this diagnostic model could detect CC and CIN2/3 more accurately than using serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen level. In addition, the diagnostic model using FFAs was able to detect patients regardless of clinical stage or histological type. Overall, the serum FFA diagnostic model developed in this study could be a powerful new tool for the non-invasive early detection of CC and CIN2/3.

Prognostic value of human papillomavirus cell-free DNA in cervical cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between circulating human papillomavirus (HPV) cell-free DNA and oncological outcomes of cervical cancer patients.

METHODS

Searches were performed in MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL from their inception until 26 November 2023. Inclusion criteria were: (1) pathologically confirmed cervical cancer with available HPV test results; (2) detection of HPV cell-free DNA was performed in serum/plasma before or at end of treatment; (3) studies reported oncological outcomes of cervical cancer patients according to the levels of HPV cell-free DNA. Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. Pooled hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the inverse-variance method for survival outcomes.

RESULTS

Five studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Blood samples were collected from 167 patients before treatment, with 150 individuals available for analysis at the end of treatment. Furthermore, 82 patients with available samples at 3 months post-treatment were included in the analysis. The pooled results indicated a significant association between positive HPV cell-free DNA at end of treatment and worse progression-free survival in patients with cervical cancer (pooled hazard ratio: 5.49; 95 % confidence interval: 2.85-10.58; I2: 0 %). Similar findings were observed in patients with detectable HPV cell-free DNA at 3 months post-treatment (pooled hazard ratio: 7.86; 95 % confidence interval: 3.32-18.60; I2: 0 %). However, the detection of HPV cell-free DNA before treatment was not significantly associated with progression-free survival (pooled hazard ratio: 0.97; 95 % confidence interval: 0.55-1.71; I2: 0 %).

CONCLUSION

Cervical cancer patients testing positive for HPV cell-free DNA at the end of treatment or 3 months post-treatment displayed significantly poorer oncological outcomes compared to those testing negative. Thus, personalized monitoring of HPV cell-free DNA holds promise as a prognostic biomarker for patients with cervical cancer.

Evaluating PAX1 methylation for cervical cancer screening triage in non-16/18 hrHPV-positive women

BACKGROUND

In China, the national cervical cancer screening protocol involves initial testing for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV), followed by cytology for hrHPV-positive cases. This study evaluates the effectiveness of PAX1 methylation (PAX1m) analysis in identifying precancerous or cancerous lesions in cervical samples from Chinese women positive for non-16/18 hrHPV strains.

METHODS

Between February 2022 and March 2023, 281 cervical samples from non-16/18 hrHPV-positive women underwent cytological examination and PAX1m analysis. The study assessed the statistical relationship between PAX1m levels and the presence of cervical lesions, comparing the diagnostic performance of PAX1m to conventional cytology.

RESULTS

A significant association was found between PAX1 methylation levels and the risk of CIN2 + and CIN3 + lesions, with 47 instances of CIN2 + detected. Odds ratios (ORs) for moderate and high PAX1m levels were 8.86 (95% CI: 2.24-42.17) and 166.32 (95% CI: 47.09-784.97), respectively. The area under the ROC curve for PAX1m in identifying CIN2 + lesions was 0.948 (95% CI: 0.895-0.99). PAX1m demonstrated similar sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) to cytology but reduced the colposcopy referral rate from 47.7% with cytology alone to 25.6% with PAX1m, showing superior specificity and positive predictive value across age groups.

CONCLUSIONS

PAX1 methylation is a strong indicator of CIN2 + and CIN3 + risk, offering diagnostic performance comparable to cytology with the added benefit of reduced unnecessary colposcopy referrals. These findings support the use of PAX1m analysis as a reliable tool for triaging non-16/18 hrHPV-positive women in outpatient settings.

An altered uterine microbiota with endometrial hyperplasia

BACKGROUND

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a precursor to endometrial cancer, and the role of the microbiome in its development is unclear.

RESULTS

The present study investigated the uterine microbiome in patients with benign uterine conditions and endometrial hyperplasia. A significant structural shift in the uterine microbiome of patients with endometrial hyperplasia compared to those with benign conditions was found. Delftia, Serratia and Stenotrophomonas were significantly enriched in endometrial hyperplasia samples and associated with the presence of endometrial hyperplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel finding suggested that increased abundance of Delftia, Serratia and Stenotrophomonas is associated with the presence of endometrial hyperplasia. Further investigation is needed to determine the value of these microbes as biomarkers for endometrial hyperplasia.

Role of ZNF334 in cervical cancer: implications for EMT reversal and tumor suppression

Zinc-finger proteins are involved in many biological processes. However, the role of Zinc-finger protein 334 (ZNF334) in cervical cancer remains unidentified. This study showed that promoter methylation of ZNF334 was responsible for its reduced expression. ZNF334 suppressed malignant biological behaviors in cervical cancer. Notably, ZNF334 reversed the EMT process both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq coupled with bioinformatics analysis caught P3H3 which is upregulated by ZNF334. Dual-luciferase reporter and Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays illustrated that ZNF334 directly regulate P3H3. Knockdown of P3H3 attenuated the reversal of EMT induced by ZNF334. Additionally, ZNF334 overexpression sensitized cervical cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel, cyclosporine and sunitinib. In conclusions, this study illustrated that DNA methylation-based silencing ZNF334 played a vital role in cervical cancer, by regulating P3H3 in turn affects EMT. ZNF334 has the potential to become a novel diagnostic biomarker and a potential treatment target for cervical cancer.

Analytical validation and diagnostic performance of the ASCL1/ZNF582 methylation test for detection of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer

DNA methylation testing on biopsies can detect high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) in need of treatment and anal cancer. This study aimed to analytically validate and determine the diagnostic performance of a newly developed multiplex quantitative methylation-specific PCR, PreCursor-M AnoGYN (RUO), combining ASCL1, ZNF582 and a reference (ACTB) in one assay. Analytical validation was performed on two qPCR devices using predefined quality criteria. Diagnostic performance was determined on a cross-sectional series of 111 anal biopsies covering all stages of anal disease. Differences in methylation levels were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Area under the curve was determined using logistic regression analysis. Detection rates were calculated at predefined specificities for the cross-sectional and an additional longitudinal series of 23 HGAIN biopsies preceding anal cancer (i.e., progressive HGAIN). For both devices analytical quality criteria were met. ASCL1 and ZNF582 methylation levels increased with increasing severity of disease (p < 6*10-8). Diagnostic performance for AIN3+ was 0.81. All cancers and virtually all progressive HGAIN were detected at 70% and 80% specificity. In conclusion, the ASCL1/ZNF582 methylation test (PreCursor-M AnoGYN (RUO)) was demonstrated to be highly robust and reproducible. Moreover, it had excellent diagnostic accuracy to detect AIN3+ and can potentially be used to guide HGAIN management.

Molecular analysis for ovarian cancer detection in patient-friendly samples

BACKGROUND

High ovarian cancer mortality rates motivate the development of effective and patient-friendly diagnostics. Here, we explored the potential of molecular testing in patient-friendly samples for ovarian cancer detection.

METHODS

Home-collected urine, cervicovaginal self-samples, and clinician-taken cervical scrapes were prospectively collected from 54 patients diagnosed with a highly suspicious ovarian mass (benign n = 25, malignant n = 29). All samples were tested for nine methylation markers, using quantitative methylation-specific PCRs that were verified on ovarian tissue samples, and compared to non-paired patient-friendly samples of 110 age-matched healthy controls. Copy number analysis was performed on a subset of urine samples of ovarian cancer patients by shallow whole-genome sequencing.

RESULTS

Three methylation markers are significantly elevated in full void urine of ovarian cancer patients as compared to healthy controls (C2CD4D, P = 0.008; CDO1, P = 0.022; MAL, P = 0.008), of which two are also discriminatory in cervical scrapes (C2CD4D, P = 0.001; CDO1, P = 0.004). When comparing benign and malignant ovarian masses, GHSR shows significantly elevated methylation levels in the urine sediment of ovarian cancer patients (P = 0.024). Other methylation markers demonstrate comparably high methylation levels in benign and malignant ovarian masses. Cervicovaginal self-samples show no elevated methylation levels in patients with ovarian masses as compared to healthy controls. Copy number changes are identified in 4 out of 23 urine samples of ovarian cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals increased methylation levels of ovarian cancer-associated genes and copy number aberrations in the urine of ovarian cancer patients. Our findings support continued research into urine biomarkers for ovarian cancer detection and highlight the importance of including benign ovarian masses in future studies to develop a clinically useful test.

Self-sampling for HPV testing in cervical cancer screening: A scoping review

Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecological cancer worldwide. Its origin is linked to intraepithelial lesions caused by high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types, detected in 99.7% of cases. Early screening is essential to prevent cancer development from these lesions. Molecular methods are more specific and offer the possibility of being performed through a self-collected sample by the patient, thus contributing to increasing screening coverage for this pathology. This study aim was to map the medical-scientific literature on existing protocols for self-sampling for HPV testing in cervical cancer screening. A search strategy was developed using the following keywords and their synonyms: "self-sampling," "professional sampling," and "HPV", on the databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library - BVS, Scopus, National Institute for Health Research NHS EED, Web of Science, and EMBASE. The search strategy was formulated to identify relevant studies and describe their main characteristics, such as patient acceptance of self-sampling, cost differences between the tests used, and the accuracy of self-sampling compared to the gold standard test. A total of 876 studies were found, and 33 of those studies were included in this review. Out of these, 10 studies were domized clinical trials involving 46,751 patients, and 23 observational studies included 142,795 patients. Regarding acceptance, most studies reported a preference for self-sampling. Sensitivity analyses from various studies also showed that the low cost of self-sampling kits generally increased cost-effectiveness. The study concluded that using HPV testing on self-collected samples is a viable strategy for monitoring women with HPV.

DNA methylation as a triage tool for cervical cancer screening - A meeting report

Introduction

DNA methylation is proposed as a novel biomarker able to monitor molecular events in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection pathophysiology, enabling the distinction between HPV-induced lesions with regression potential from those that may progress to HPV-related cancer.

Methods

This meeting report summarises the presentations and expert discussions during the HPV Prevention and Control Board-focused topic technical meeting on DNA methylation validation in clinician-collected and self-collected samples, novel DNA methylation markers discovery, implementation in cervical cancer screening programs, and their potential in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Results

Data presented in the meeting showed that HPV-positive, baseline methylation-negative women have a lower cumulative cervical cancer incidence than baseline cytology-negative women, making DNA methylation an attractive triage strategy. However, additional standardised data in different settings (low- versus high-income settings), samples (clinician-collected and self-collected), study designs (prospective, modelling, impact) and populations (immunocompetent women, women living with HIV) are needed.

Conclusion

Establishing international validation guidelines were identified as the way forward towards accurate validation and subsequent implementation in current screening programs.

Validation of the clinical performance and reproducibility of the NeuMoDx HPV assay self-sample workflow

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on self-samples is a valid tool for cervical cancer screening. HPV self-sample workflows need to be clinically validated to ensure safe use in screening.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the fully automated NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow that is compiled of the NeuMoDx HPV assay and the NeuMoDx 96/288 Molecular Systems, for clinical performance and reproducibility on Evalyn Brush-collected self-samples.

METHODS

The clinical performance of the NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) and CIN3+ was evaluated on 987 self-samples obtained from women attending national organized HPV-based cervical cancer screening by a noninferiority analysis relative to reference workflows using either HPV-Risk Assay or high-risk HPV GP5+/6+-PCR. Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of the NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow using both NeuMoDx 96 and 288 Molecular Systems was assessed on 520 self-samples in three laboratories.

RESULTS

The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow for the detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+ were found to be non-inferior to the reference workflows using either HPV-Risk Assay or high-risk HPV GP5+/6+-PCR, with all p-values <0.034. The NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow exhibited an intra-laboratory reproducibility of 94.4 % (95 %CI:92.5-96.1 %) with kappa value 0.86 (95 %CI:0.81-0.91). Inter-laboratory agreement was high (all ≥93.4 % and all kappa values ≥0.83).

CONCLUSIONS

The NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow demonstrated high clinical accuracy for CIN2+/3+ and high reproducibility. The NeuMoDx HPV Assay self-sample workflow can be considered suitable for cervical cancer screening purposes.

Unlocking the potential of tumor-derived DNA in urine for cancer detection: methodological challenges and opportunities

High cancer mortality rates and the rising cancer burden worldwide drive the development of innovative methods in order to advance cancer diagnostics. Urine contains a viable source of tumor material and allows for self-collection from home. Biomarker testing in this liquid biopsy represents a novel approach that is convenient for patients and can be effective in detecting cancer at a curable stage. Here, we set out to provide a detailed overview of the rationale behind urine-based cancer detection, with a focus on non-urological cancers, and its potential for cancer diagnostics. Moreover, evolving methodological challenges and untapped opportunities for urine biomarker testing are discussed, particularly emphasizing DNA methylation of tumor-derived cell-free DNA. We also provide future recommendations for technical advancements in urine-based cancer detection and elaborate on potential mechanisms involved in the transrenal transport of cell-free DNA.

A multi-variable predictive warning model for cervical cancer using clinical and SNPs data

Introduction

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among female worldwide. Early detection and intervention are essential. This study aims to construct an early predictive warning model for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions utilizing clinical data and simple nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Methods

Clinical data and germline SNPs were collected from 472 participants. Univariate logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO), and stepwise regression were performed to screen variables. Logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost) and neural network(NN) were applied to establish models. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the models' efficiencies. The performance of models was validated using decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

The LR model, which included 6 SNPs and 2 clinical variables as independent risk factors for cervical carcinogenesis, was ultimately chosen as the most optimal model. The DCA showed that the LR model had a good clinical application.

Discussion

The predictive model effectively foresees cervical cancer risk using clinical and SNP data, aiding in planning timely interventions. It provides a transparent tool for refining clinical decisions in cervical cancer management.

PCDHGB7 hypermethylation-based Cervical cancer Methylation (CerMe) detection for the triage of high-risk human papillomavirus-positive women: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Implementation of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) screening has greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. However, a triage strategy that is effective, noninvasive, and independent from the subjective interpretation of pathologists is urgently required to decrease unnecessary colposcopy referrals in hrHPV-positive women.

METHODS

A total of 3251 hrHPV-positive women aged 30-82 years (median = 41 years) from International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital were included in the training set (n = 2116) and the validation set (n = 1135) to establish Cervical cancer Methylation (CerMe) detection. The performance of CerMe as a triage for hrHPV-positive women was evaluated.

RESULTS

CerMe detection efficiently distinguished cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2 +) from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or normal (CIN1 -) women with excellent sensitivity of 82.4% (95% CI = 72.6 ~ 89.8%) and specificity of 91.1% (95% CI = 89.2 ~ 92.7%). Importantly, CerMe showed improved specificity (92.1% vs. 74.9%) in other 12 hrHPV type-positive women as well as superior sensitivity (80.8% vs. 61.5%) and specificity (88.9% vs. 75.3%) in HPV16/18 type-positive women compared with cytology testing. CerMe performed well in the triage of hrHPV-positive women with ASC-US (sensitivity = 74.4%, specificity = 87.5%) or LSIL cytology (sensitivity = 84.4%, specificity = 83.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

PCDHGB7 hypermethylation-based CerMe detection can be used as a triage strategy for hrHPV-positive women to reduce unnecessary over-referrals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ChiCTR2100048972. Registered on 19 July 2021.

Optimising follow-up strategy based on cytology and human papillomavirus after fertility-sparing surgery for early stage cervical cancer: a nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The optimal follow-up strategy to detect recurrence after fertility-sparing surgery for early stage cervical cancer is unknown. Tailored surveillance based on individual risks could contribute to improved efficiency and, subsequently, reduce costs in health care. The aim of this study was to establish the predictive value of cervical cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing to detect recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+; including recurrent cervical cancer) after fertility-sparing surgery.

METHODS

In this nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study, we used data from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and the Dutch Nationwide Pathology Databank. All patients aged 18-40 years with cervical cancer of any histology who received fertility-sparing surgery (ie, large loop excision of the transformation zone, conisation, or trachelectomy) between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2020, were included. Pathology data from diagnosis, treatment, and during follow-up were analysed. The primary and secondary outcomes were the cumulative incidence of recurrent CIN2+ and recurrence-free survival, overall and stratified by results for cytology and high-risk HPV.

FINDINGS

1548 patients were identified, of whom 1462 met the inclusion criteria. Of these included patients, 19 568 pathology reports were available. The median age at diagnosis was 31 years (IQR 30-35). After a median follow-up of 6·1 years (IQR 3·3-10·8), recurrent CIN2+ was diagnosed in 128 patients (cumulative incidence 15·0%, 95% CI 11·5-18·2), including 52 patients (cumulative incidence 5·4%, 95% CI 3·7-7·0) with recurrent cervical cancer. The overall 10-year recurrence-free survival for CIN2+ was 89·3% (95% CI 87·4-91·3). By cytology at first follow-up visit within 12 months after fertility-sparing surgery, 10-year recurrence-free survival for CIN2+ was 92·1% (90·2-94·1) in patients with normal cytology, 84·6% (77·4-92·3) in those with low-grade cytology, and 43·1% (26·4-70·2) in those with high-grade cytology. By high-risk HPV status at first follow-up visit within 12 months after surgery, 10-year recurrence-free survival for CIN2+ was 91·1% (85·3-97·3) in patients who were negative for high-risk HPV and 73·6% (58·4-92·8) in those who were positive for high-risk HPV. Cumulative incidence of recurrent CIN2+ within 6 months after any follow-up visit (6-24 months) in patients negative for high-risk HPV with normal or low-grade cytology was 0·0-0·7% and with high-grade cytology was 0·0-33·3%. Cumulative incidence of recurrence in patients positive for high-risk HPV with normal or low-grade cytology were 0·0-15·4% and with high-grade cytology were 50·0-100·0%. None of the patients who were negative for high-risk HPV without high-grade cytology, at 6 months and 12 months, developed recurrence.

INTERPRETATION

Patients who are negative for high-risk HPV with normal or low-grade cytology at 6-24 months after fertility-sparing surgery, could be offered a prolonged follow-up interval of 6 months. This group comprises 80% of all patients receiving fertility-sparing surgery. An interval of 12 months seems to be safe after two consecutive negative tests for high-risk HPV with an absence of high-grade cytology, which accounts for nearly 75% of all patients who receive fertility-sparing surgery.

FUNDING

KWF Dutch Cancer Society.

PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation analyses in cervical exfoliated cells are highly efficient for detecting cervical (pre)cancer in hrHPV-positive women

Studies have investigated PAX1 and SEPT methylation were closely associated with cervical cancer. For this study, we verified the expressions of PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation in 236 hrHPV women cervical exfoliated cells by using quantitative methylation-specific PCR and we further explored their diagnostic value in cervical (pre)cancer detection. Our results identified that the methylation rates and levels of PAX1 and SEPT9 increased with cervical lesion severity. For a diagnosis of cervical (pre)cancer, the area under the curve (AUC) of PAX1 methylation was 0.77 (95% CI 0.71-0.83) and the AUC of SEPT9 methylation was 0.86 (95% CI 0.81∼0.90). Analyses of the PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation statuses alone or combined with commonly used tests can efficiently identify cervical (pre)cancer. In particular, SEPT9 methylation might serve as an effective and powerful biomarker for the diagnosis of cervical (pre)cancer and as an alternative triage test in HPV-based cervical (pre)cancer screening programs.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? This subject showed that PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation were closely associated with cervical cancer. The methylation rates and levels of PAX1 and SEPT9 increased with cervical lesion severity and reached a peak in cervical cancer exfoliated cells. We further assessed the diagnostic performances of PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation in cervical cancer screening. In detecting cervical (pre)cancer, the sensitivity values of PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation were up to 61.18% and 82.35%, respectively, and the specificity values of PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation were up to 95.36% and 86.75%, respectively. Moreover, the ROC curve analysis showed AUC values of 0.77 for PAX1 methylation and 0.86 for SEPT9 methylation tests, which were significantly superior to other commonly used tests. These findings suggest that PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation detection may have great clinical potential in cervical cancer screening.What the results of this study add? The rates and levels of PAX1 and SEPT9 methylation increased with the severity of the cervical lesions. For a diagnosis of cervical (pre)cancer, the area under the curve (AUC) of PAX1 methylation was 0.77 (95% CI 0.71-0.83), and the sensitivity and specificity values were 61.18% and 95.36%, respectively. The AUC value of the SEPT9 methylation was 0.86 (95% CI 0.81 ∼ 0.90), and the sensitivity and specificity values were 82.35% and 86.75%, respectively. Compared with the various tests we conducted, the PAX1 methylation showed the highest specificity (95.36%), and the SEPT9 methylation demonstrated the highest accuracy(86.00%).What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The methylation levels of PAX1 and SEPT9 had a certain predictive effect on the severity of cervical lesions in hrHPV-positive women. In addition, SEPT9 methylation analysis performs better than PAX1 methylation analysis and commonly used tests in cervical exfoliated cells for detecting cervical (pre)cancer in hrHPV-positive women. SEPT9 methylation analysis merits consideration as an effective and objective, alternative triage test in HPV-based cervical (pre)cancer screening programs.

Follow-up of humoral immune response after HPV vaccination using first-void urine: A longitudinal cohort study

Assessment of humoral immune responses following human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination currently relies on invasive blood sampling. This longitudinal cohort study explores the usability of first-void urine as a noninvasive alternative sample for antibody detection. In this study, 58 women receiving three doses of the 9vHPV vaccine within a Gardasil9 (9vHPV) Phase III randomized controlled trial were included. Participants provided paired first-void urine and blood samples before vaccination (M0), 1 month after the third dose (M7), and ~3 years after the third dose (M43). Type-specific antibody responses to the 9vHPV types were analyzed in 174 first-void urine and 172 serum samples using a virus-like particle-based IgG multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, total human IgG concentrations were determined using the BioPlex assay. At M7, 1 month after complete 9vHPV vaccination, 95%-100% of first-void urine and 100% of serum samples had detectable concentrations, varying by HPV type. At M43, 84%-100% of first-void urine and 98%-100% of serum samples had HPV-specific antibody concentrations. Results show significant Spearman rank correlations between type-specific HPV-antibody concentrations for paired first-void urine and serum at all time points. This study confirms the potential feasibility of utilizing first-void urine as a noninvasive immunological sample within HPV vaccine trials.

Detection of HPV in urine for cervical cancer screening: Feasibilty of an assay system

The detection of urine HPV is considered as a promosing alternative to increase the screening coverage of cervical cancer. However, the validated assay of urine HPV is still scarse. We described a nouvel assay syetem for the urine-based detection of HPV in the framework of HPV screening. This sytsem consisted of Automate Nimbus extraction of DNA and Anyplex™ II HPV HR Detection PCR of HPV DNA. We validated this system by spiking HPV-infected cervical cancer cell line HeLa cells into normal urine and compared the prelimary results of cervical samples and urine samples. We found that this system could detect as few as 5 HeLa cells in normal urine model. Some discordances of HPV results between cervical samples and urine samples were observed. We concluded that this assay system could be applied for the detection of HPV in urine. A large scale study is necessary to evaluate the clinical significance of this assay system.

Potential applications of DNA methylation testing technology in female tumors and screening methods

DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification, and the current commonly used methods for DNA methylation detection include methylation-specific PCR, methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease-PCR, and methylation-specific sequencing. DNA methylation plays an important role in genomic and epigenomic studies, and combining DNA methylation with other epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications, may lead to better DNA methylation. DNA methylation also plays an important role in the development of disease, and analyzing changes in individual DNA methylation patterns can provide individualized diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Liquid biopsy techniques are also increasingly well established in clinical practice and may provide new methods for early cancer screening. It is important to find new screening methods that are easy to perform, minimally invasive, patient-friendly, and affordable. DNA methylation mechanisms are thought to have an important role in cancer and have potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of female tumors. This review discussed early detection targets and screening methods for common female tumors such as breast, ovarian, and cervical cancers and discussed advances in the study of DNA methylation in these tumors. Although existing screening, diagnostic, and treatment modalities exist, the high morbidity and mortality rates of these tumors remain challenging.

Testing for Human Papillomaviruses in Urine, Blood, and Oral Specimens: an Update for the Laboratory

Twelve high-risk alpha human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes cause approximately 690,000 cancer cases annually, with cervical and oropharyngeal cancer being the two most prominent types. HPV testing is performed in laboratory settings for various applications of a clinical, epidemiological, and research nature using a range of clinical specimens collected by clinicians or by individuals (self-collected specimens). Here, we reflect on the importance and justification of using the right test for the right application and provide practical updates for laboratories either participating in or anticipating involvement in HPV testing in three specimen types, namely, urine, blood, and oral specimens, which are considered "alternative" specimens by many. In addition to clinician-collected cervical samples and self-collected cervicovaginal samples, first-void urine is emerging as a credible specimen for HPV-based cervical cancer screening, triage of HPV screen-positive women, monitoring HPV vaccine impact, and HPV testing in groups for which a less invasive sample is preferred. Detection of cell-free DNA (including HPV DNA) in blood has great promise for the early detection of HPV-attributable oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-AOC) and potentially other HPV-driven cancers and as an adjunct prognostic marker in long-term tumor surveillance, including treatment response. The moderate sensitivity of HPV testing in oral rinses or swabs at HPV-AOC diagnosis prevents its use in HPV-AOC secondary prevention but represents a promising prognostic tool in HPV-AOC tertiary prevention, where the HPV persistence in oral rinses throughout treatment may predict early HPV-AOC recurrences and/or the development of secondary HPV-AOC. The increasing sophistication of specific collection devices designed for alternative samples and the enhanced precision of novel molecular technologies are likely to support the evolution of this field and catalyze potential translation into routine practice.

Cytological DNA methylation for cervical cancer screening: a validation set

Background

In a previous training set with a case-controlled design, cutoff values for host EPB41L3 and JAM3 gene methylation were obtained for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or more severe lesions (CIN2+). This validation trial was conducted to evaluate the role of DNA methylation in screening for CIN2+ by cervical cytology among unselected participants.

Methods

From June 1, 2019, to September 1, 2019, in our study center, we collected liquid-based samples from cervical swabs for methylation assays and hrHPV testing in eligible patients. The primary endpoint was the diagnostic accuracy of DNA methylation and hrHPV genotyping for CIN2+ according to confirmed histology results.

Results

Among 307 participants, compared with hrHPV testing, the methylation assay for CIN2+ had lower sensitivity (68.7% versus 86.1%, p=0.002) but higher specificity (96.7% versus 0.696, p<0.001). The methylation assay also had favorable sensitivity and specificity in patients with negative hrHPV testing (56.3% and 96.9%) and in patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (73.7% and 92.7%). DNA methylation had higher specificity than the hrHPV assay (100.0% versus 44.4%, p<0.001) for identifying residual CIN2+ in patients without residual lesions. Positive cervical DNA methylation was associated with a diagnostic probability of endometrial carcinoma (odds ratio 15.5 [95% confidence interval 4.1-58.6]) but not of ovarian epithelial carcinoma (1.4 [0.3-6.5]).

Conclusions

The host EPB41L3 and JAM3 gene methylation assay in cervical cytology had favorable diagnostic accuracy for CIN2+ and was highly specific for residual CIN2+ lesions The methylation assay is a promising triage tool in hrHPV+ women, or even an independent tool for cervical cancer screening. The methylation status in cervical cytology could also serve as a prognostic biomarker. Its role in detecting endometrial carcinomas is worthy of further exploration.

Evaluation of DNA methylation biomarkers ASCL1 and LHX8 on HPV-positive self-collected samples from primary HPV-based screening

BACKGROUND

Host-cell DNA methylation analysis can be used to triage women with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive self-collected cervicovaginal samples, but current data are restricted to under-/never-screened women and referral populations. This study evaluated triage performance in women who were offered primary HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening.

METHODS

Self-collected samples from 593 HPV-positive women who participated in a primary HPV self-sampling trial (IMPROVE study; NTR5078), were tested for the DNA methylation markers ASCL1 and LHX8 using quantitative multiplex methylation-specific PCR (qMSP). The diagnostic performance for CIN3 and cervical cancer (CIN3 + ) was evaluated and compared with that of paired HPV-positive clinician-collected cervical samples.

RESULTS

Significantly higher methylation levels were found in HPV-positive self-collected samples of women with CIN3 + than control women with no evidence of disease (P values <0.0001). The marker panel ASCL1/LHX8 yielded a sensitivity for CIN3 + detection of 73.3% (63/86; 95% CI 63.9-82.6%), with a corresponding specificity of 61.1% (310/507; 95% CI 56.9-65.4%). The relative sensitivity for detecting CIN3+ was 0.95 (95% CI 0.82-1.10) for self-collection versus clinician-collection, and the relative specificity was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.90).

CONCLUSIONS

The ASCL1/LHX8 methylation marker panel constitutes a feasible direct triage method for the detection of CIN3 + in HPV-positive women participating in routine screening by self-sampling.

Implications of viral infections and oncogenesis in uterine cervical carcinoma etiology and pathogenesis

Background

Uterine Cervical Carcinoma (UCC) is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy globally, with a rising incidence in recent years. Accumulating evidence indicates that specific viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), and human herpesvirus (HHV), may contribute to UCC development and progression. Understanding the complex interplay between viral infections and UCC risk is crucial for developing novel preventative and therapeutic interventions.

Methods

This comprehensive review investigates the association between viral infections and UCC risk by examining the roles of various viral pathogens in UCC etiology and pathogenesis, and possible molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we evaluate current diagnostic methods and potential therapeutic strategies targeting viral infections for UCC prevention or treatment.

Results

The prevention of UCC has been significantly advanced by the emergence of self-sampling for HPV testing as a crucial tool, allowing for early detection and intervention. However, an essential challenge in UCC prevention lies in understanding how HPV and other viral coinfections, including EBV, HBV, HCV, HHV, HIV, or their concurrent presence, may potentially contribute to UCC development. The molecular mechanisms implicated in the association between viral infections and cervical cancer development include: (1) interference of viral oncogenes with cellular regulatory proteins, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation and malignant transformation; (2) inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by viral proteins; (3) evasion of host immune responses by viruses; (4) induction of a persistent inflammatory response, contributing to a tumor-promoting microenvironment; (5) epigenetic modifications that lead to aberrant gene expression; (6) stimulation of angiogenesis by viruses; and (7) activation of telomerase by viral proteins, leading to cellular immortalization. Additionally, viral coinfections can also enhance oncogenic potential through synergistic interactions between viral oncoproteins, employ immune evasion strategies, contribute to chronic inflammation, modulate host cellular signaling pathways, and induce epigenetic alterations, ultimately leading to cervical carcinogenesis.

Conclusion

Recognizing the implications of viral oncogenes in UCC etiology and pathogenesis is vital for addressing the escalating burden of UCC. Developing innovative preventative and therapeutic interventions requires a thorough understanding of the intricate relationship between viral infections and UCC risk.

Urine-based detection of HPV for cervical cancer screening: Time for standardized tests

Cervical cancer is preventable because it has an established etiology, mainly attributed to a detectable pathogen, human papillomavirus (HPV). In 2018, the world health organization issued an unprecedented call for global action to eliminate cervical cancer by 2030. The adaptation of regular screening programs is fundamental to achieve the goal of cervical cancer elimination. However, it is still difficult to achieve satisfactory coverage rates of screening in developing countries as well as in developed countries because many women are reluctant to participate in gynecologic examination. HPV detection in urine is a convenient, widely acceptable by women and relatively affordable without the necessity for clinical visits to improve the coverage rates of cervical cancer screening. Unfortunately, the clinical implementation of urine-based tests for HPV detection has been hindered by the lack of standardized tests. Further optimization of protocols and standardization of urinary HPV detection are expected to be realized. With the advantages of urine sampling to overcome cost, personal, and cultural barriers, time has come for the standardized tests to facilitate a wide clinical implementation of urinary HPV detection that will significantly contribute to the WHO's goal, that is, to eliminate the cervical cancer globally.

Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancerous Lesions by Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

The likelihood of timely treatment for cervical cancer increases with timely detection of abnormal cervical cells. Automated methods of detecting abnormal cervical cells were established because manual identification requires skilled pathologists and is time consuming and prone to error. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Comprehensive searches were performed on three databases: Medline, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI Timespan) and Scopus to find papers published until July 2022. Articles that applied any AI technique for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer were included in the review. No time restriction was applied. Articles were searched, screened, incorporated, and analyzed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines.

RESULTS

The primary search yielded 2538 articles. After screening and evaluation of eligibility, 117 studies were incorporated in the review. AI techniques were found to play a significant role in screening systems for pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. The accuracy of the algorithms in predicting cervical cancer varied from 70% to 100%. AI techniques make a distinction between cancerous and normal Pap smears with 80-100% accuracy. AI is expected to serve as a practical tool for doctors in making accurate clinical diagnoses. The reported sensitivity and specificity of AI in colposcopy for the detection of CIN2+ were 71.9-98.22% and 51.8-96.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The present review highlights the acceptable performance of AI systems in the prediction, screening, or detection of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions, especially when faced with a paucity of specialized centers or medical resources. In combination with human evaluation, AI could serve as a helpful tool in the interpretation of cervical smears or images.

A novel cervix carcinoma biomarker: Pathological-epigenomics, integrated analysis of MethylMix algorithm and pathology for predicting response to cancer immunotherapy

Herein, A non-invasive pathomics approach was developed to reveal the methylation status in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and predict clinical outcomes and treatment response. Using the MethylMix algorithm, 14 methylation-driven genes were selected for further analysis. We confirmed that methylation-driven genes were differentially expressed in immune, stromal, and tumor cells. In addition, we constructed a methylation-driven model and explored the alterations in immunocyte infiltration between the different models. The methylation-driven subtypes identified in our investigation could effectively predict the clinical outcomes of cervical cancer. To further evaluate the level of methylation-driven patterns, we constructed a risk model with four genes. Significant correlations were observed between the score and immune response markers, including PD1 and CTLA4. Multiple immune infiltration algorithms evaluated the level of immunocyte infiltration between the high- and low-risk groups, while the components of anti-tumor immunocytes in the low-risk group were significantly increased. Subsequently, a total of 205 acquired whole-slide imaging (WSI) images were processed to capture image signatures, and the pathological algorithm was employed to construct an image prediction model based on the risk score classification. The model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.737 and 0.582 for the training and test datasets, respectively. Moreover, we conducted vitro assays for validation of hub risk gene. The proposed prediction model is a non-invasive method that combines pathomics features and genomic profiles and shows satisfactory performance in predicting patient survival and treatment response. More interdisciplinary fields combining medicine and electronics should be explored in the future.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic effectiveness of human papillomavirus methylation biomarkers for detection of cervical cancer

Background: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the evidence for the diagnostic effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) methylation biomarkers for detection of cervical cancer. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Nine articles focusing on HPV methylation for detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions were included. The QUADAS-2 tool was used for quality assessment. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was the main diagnostic performance parameter extracted. Results: Of the nine articles included in this study, seven were of moderate quality and two were of high quality. A meta-analysis of the ROC for 27 HPV methylation biomarkers revealed an overall pooled ROC of 0.770 (95% CI: 0.720-0.819; I²: 98.4%; Q: 1537.4; p < 0.01). Four methylation biomarkers had strong diagnostic ability (ROC > 0.900), 17 were moderate (ROC: 0.7000-0.8999) and six were poor (ROC < 0.700). Conclusion: HPV methylation biomarkers hold significant promise as independent screening tests for the detection of cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions.