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He M, Jiang H, Li S, Xue M, Wang H, Zheng C, Tong J. The crosstalk between DNA-damage responses and innate immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112768. [PMID: 39088918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
DNA damage is typically caused during cell growth by DNA replication stress or exposure to endogenous or external toxins. The accumulation of damaged DNA causes genomic instability, which is the root cause of many serious disorders. Multiple cellular organisms utilize sophisticated signaling pathways against DNA damage, collectively known as DNA damage response (DDR) networks. Innate immune responses are activated following cellular abnormalities, including DNA damage. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that there is an intimate relationship between the DDR network and innate immune responses. Diverse kinds of cytosolic DNA sensors, such as cGAS and STING, recognize damaged DNA and induce signals related to innate immune responses, which link defective DDR to innate immunity. Moreover, DDR components operate in immune signaling pathways to induce IFNs and/or a cascade of inflammatory cytokines via direct interactions with innate immune modulators. Consistently, defective DDR factors exacerbate the innate immune imbalance, resulting in severe diseases, including autoimmune disorders and tumorigenesis. Here, the latest progress in understanding crosstalk between the DDR network and innate immune responses is reviewed. Notably, the dual function of innate immune modulators in the DDR network may provide novel insights into understanding and developing targeted immunotherapies for DNA damage-related diseases, even carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jie Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ran X, Wu BX, Shi M, Song L, Nixon K, Philip V, He HH, Tsao MS, Lok BH. CRISPR Screen of Druggable Targets in Small Cell Lung Cancer Identified ATM Inhibitor (AZD1390) as a Radiosensitizer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:1308-1314. [PMID: 38104868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive and lethal form of lung cancer and the overall 5-year survival (OS) for patients is a dismal 7%. Radiation therapy (RT) provides some benefit for selected patients with SCLC but could be improved with radiosensitizing agents. In this study, we identified novel radiosensitizers for SCLC by a CRISPR-Cas9 screen and evaluated the efficacy of ATM inhibitor AZD1390 as a radiosensitizer of SCLC. METHODS AND MATERIALS We transduced the SCLC cell line SBC5 with a custom CRISPR sgRNA library focused on druggable gene targets and treated cells with RT. Cells collected at multiple timepoints were subjected to next-generation sequencing. We determined radiosensitization both in vitro with cell lines assessed by short-term viability and clonogenic assays, and in vivo mouse models by tumor growth delay. Pharmacodynamic effects of AZD1390 were quantified by ATM-Ser1981 phosphorylation, and RT-induced DNA damage by comet assay. RESULTS Using a CRISPR dropout screen, we identified multiple radiosensitizing genes for SCLC at various timepoints with ATM as a top determinant gene for radiosensitivity. Validation by ATM knockout (KO) demonstrated increased radiosensitivity by short-term viability assay (dose modification factor [DMF]50 = 3.25-3.73 in SBC5 ATM-KO) and clonogenic assays (DMF37 1.25-1.65 in SBC5 ATM-KO). ATM inhibition by AZD1390 effectively abrogated ATM Ser1981 phosphorylation in SCLC cell lines and increased RT-induced DNA damage. AZD1390 synergistically increased the radiosensitivity of SCLC cell lines (cell viability assay: SBC5 DMF37 = 2.19, SHP77 DMF37 = 1.56, H446 DMF37 = 3.27, KP1 DMF37 = 1.65 at 100nM; clonogenic assay: SBC5 DMF37 = 4.23, H1048 DMF37 = 1.91), and in vivo murine syngeneic, KP1, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, JHU-LX108 and JHU-LX33. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated that genetically and pharmacologically (AZD1390) inhibiting ATM markedly enhanced RT against SCLC, providing a novel pharmacologically tractable radiosensitizing strategy for patients with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Ran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bell Xi Wu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Shi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lifang Song
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Nixon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivek Philip
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Lok
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Liu L, Hu X, Feng J, Lei A, Huang S, Liu X, Liu H, Luo L, Yao W. Suppression of DNMT1 combined with ATM or ATR inhibitor as a therapeutic combination of acute myeloid leukemia. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:251-262. [PMID: 38164802 PMCID: PMC10833198 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The potential treatment option of targeting DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) has been explored, but further investigation is required to assess the efficacy of combination therapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, bioinformatics and online databases were utilized to select the combined therapeutic targets. The potential kinases associated with DNMT1-related genes in AML were analyzed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and X2K Appyter (Expression2Kinases) database. In-vitro evaluations were conducted to assess the synergistic effects between DNMT1 and ATR/ATM in five AML cell lines (MOLM-16, NB-4, HEL 92.1.7, HEL, EOL-1). In our study, ATR and ATM are primarily the kinases associated with DNMT1-related genes in AML. We observed a significant upregulation of DNMT1, ATR, and ATM expression in AML tissues and cell lines. The five AML cell lines demonstrated sensitivity to monotherapy with GSK-368, AZD-1390, or AZD-6738 (EC50 value ranges from 5.461 to 7.349 nM, 5.821 to 10.120 nM, and 7.618 to 10.100 nM, respectively). A considerable synergistic effect was observed in AML cell lines when combining GSK-368 and AZD-1390, GSK-368 and AZD-6738, or AZD-1390 and AZD-6738, resulting in induced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell growth. DNMT1, ATM, and ATR possess potential as therapeutic targets for AML. Both individual targeting and combination targeting of these molecules have been confirmed as promising therapeutic approaches for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Anhui Lei
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wenyan Yao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang city, Guizhou Province, China
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Aizaz M, Khan A, Khan F, Khan M, Musad Saleh EA, Nisar M, Baran N. The cross-talk between macrophages and tumor cells as a target for cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1259034. [PMID: 38033495 PMCID: PMC10682792 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1259034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent an important component of the innate immune system. Under physiological conditions, macrophages, which are essential phagocytes, maintain a proinflammatory response and repair damaged tissue. However, these processes are often impaired upon tumorigenesis, in which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) protect and support the growth, proliferation, and invasion of tumor cells and promote suppression of antitumor immunity. TAM abundance is closely associated with poor outcome of cancer, with impediment of chemotherapy effectiveness and ultimately a dismal therapy response and inferior overall survival. Thus, cross-talk between cancer cells and TAMs is an important target for immune checkpoint therapies and metabolic interventions, spurring interest in it as a therapeutic vulnerability for both hematological cancers and solid tumors. Furthermore, targeting of this cross-talk has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment with the antibody against CD47 protein, a critical macrophage checkpoint recognized as the "don't eat me" signal, as well as other metabolism-focused strategies. Therapies targeting CD47 constitute an important milestone in the advancement of anticancer research and have had promising effects on not only phagocytosis activation but also innate and adaptive immune system activation, effectively counteracting tumor cells' evasion of therapy as shown in the context of myeloid cancers. Targeting of CD47 signaling is only one of several possibilities to reverse the immunosuppressive and tumor-protective tumor environment with the aim of enhancing the antitumor response. Several preclinical studies identified signaling pathways that regulate the recruitment, polarization, or metabolism of TAMs. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of macrophages in cancer progression and the mechanisms by which they communicate with tumor cells. Additionally, we dissect various therapeutic strategies developed to target macrophage-tumor cell cross-talk, including modulation of macrophage polarization, blockade of signaling pathways, and disruption of physical interactions between leukemia cells and macrophages. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with tumor hypoxia and acidosis as barriers to effective cancer therapy and discuss opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aizaz
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Aakif Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Khan
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Science, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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