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Vitamin D Effects on Cell Differentiation and Stemness in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092413. [PMID: 32854355 PMCID: PMC7563562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is the precursor of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), a pleiotropic hormone that is a major regulator of the human genome. 1,25(OH)2D3 modulates the phenotype and physiology of many cell types by controlling the expression of hundreds of genes in a tissue- and cell-specific fashion. Vitamin D deficiency is common among cancer patients and numerous studies have reported that 1,25(OH)2D3 promotes the differentiation of a wide panel of cultured carcinoma cells, frequently associated with a reduction in cell proliferation and survival. A major mechanism of this action is inhibition of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, which in turn is largely based on antagonism of the Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β and EGF signaling pathways. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 controls the gene expression profile and phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are important players in the tumorigenic process. Moreover, recent data suggest a regulatory role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the biology of normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we revise the current knowledge of the molecular and genetic basis of the regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 of the differentiation and stemness of human carcinoma cells, CAFs and CSCs. These effects support a homeostatic non-cytotoxic anticancer action of 1,25(OH)2D3 based on reprogramming of the phenotype of several cell types.
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds the secosteroid hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 with high affinity and regulates gene programs that control a serum calcium levels, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. A significant focus has been to exploit the VDR in cancer settings. Although preclinical studies have been strongly encouraging, to date clinical trials have delivered equivocal findings that have paused the clinical translation of these compounds. However, it is entirely possible that mining of genomic data will help to refine precisely what are the key anticancer actions of vitamin D compounds and where these can be used most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 536 Parks Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, 3221 Gallows Road, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA
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Matsumoto Y, Kittaka A, Chen TC. 19-Norvitamin D analogs for breast cancer therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:333-48. [PMID: 25918960 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol), is known to inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of many types of cancer cells, including breast, colon, pancreatic, prostate, and liver cancer cells. These findings support the use of 1α,25(OH)2D3 for the treatment of these types of cancer. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 can cause hypercalcemia, so analogs of 1α,25(OH)2D3 that are less calcemic but exhibit more potent anti-tumor activity would be good candidates as therapeutic agents. Therefore, a series of 19-norvitamin D analogs, in which the methylidene group on C19 is replaced with 2 hydrogen atoms, have been synthesized by several laboratories. In our laboratory, we have designed and synthesized a series of 2α-functional group substituted 19-norvitamin D3 analogs and examined their anti-proliferative activity. Among them, 2α- and 2β-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3 (MART-10 and MART-11) were found to be the most promising. Here, we review the rationale and approaches for the synthesis of different 19-norvitamin D analogs, and the pre-clinical studies using these analogs in breast cancer cells, in particular, we chose MART-10 for its potential application to the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Lopes N, Paredes J, Costa JL, Ylstra B, Schmitt F. Vitamin D and the mammary gland: a review on its role in normal development and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:211. [PMID: 22676419 PMCID: PMC3446331 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease associated with diverse biological behaviours and clinical outcome. Although some molecular subgroups of breast cancer have a targeted therapy, the most aggressive tumours still lack a molecular target. Despite vitamin D being classically associated with the physiological role of calcium regulation and phosphate transport in bone metabolism, several studies have demonstrated a wide range of functions for this hormone, which are particularly important in the field of cancer. The mechanisms underlying the protective actions of vitamin D in cancer development are only sparsely understood, but evidence shows that vitamin D participates in cell growth regulation, apoptosis and cell differentiation. In addition, it has been implicated in the suppression of cancer cell invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Most of vitamin D biological actions are mediated by the vitamin D receptor and the synthesis and catabolism of this hormone are regulated by the enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. In the present review we highlight research data concerning the function of this hormone in the mammary gland, with a special focus on breast carcinogenesis. Hence, and although the available data are controversial, we consider not only updated information on the epidemiology of vitamin D in breast cancer and its potential value as a therapeutic agent or prophylactic (with an emphasis on molecular mechanisms and effectors of vitamin D action), but include data on its role in other stages of breast cancer progression as well. Accordingly, we review data on the influence of vitamin D in the development of normal breast and the expression of vitamin D-related proteins (VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP24A21) in benign mammary lesions and ductal carcinomas in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nair Lopes
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Laragione T, Shah A, Gulko PS. The vitamin D receptor regulates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast invasion and morphology. Mol Med 2012; 18:194-200. [PMID: 22064970 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of vitamin D levels are commonly reduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. We recently identified a new vitamin D receptor transcriptional signature in synovial tissues from rats with mild and nonerosive arthritis, suggesting a vitamin D-mediated protective effect. In the present study, we address the hypothesis that part of the vitamin D protective effect is mediated via interference with fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) invasive properties, an in vitro cellular phenotype that correlates with radiographic and histological damage in pristane-induced arthritis and RA. FLSs derived from DA rats with pristane-induced arthritis and RA patients were studied in an in vitro model of invasion through a collagen-rich barrier (Matrigel) over a 24-h period, in the presence or absence of calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D. Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) expression levels were analyzed with zymography and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the cytoskeleton was studied with immunofluorescense microscopy. Calcitriol significantly inhibited DA and RA FLS invasion by 54% and 53%, respectively. Calcitriol also reduced interleukin (IL)-1β-induced expression of MMP-1 by 95% in DA FLSs and by 73.5% in RA FLS. Calcitriol treatment reduced actin cytoskeleton reorganization, reduced polarized formation of lamellipodia and reduced colocalization of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) with lamellipodia, all consistent with reduced cell ability to move and invade. In conclusion, we identified a new effect of calcitriol in FLS invasion. This discovery suggests that the reduced serum levels of vitamin D and its metabolites commonly seen in RA might increase risk for FLS-mediated cartilage and bone invasion and erosions. Treatment with vitamin D or its analogs has the potential to become a helpful adjuvant aimed at preventing or reducing joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresina Laragione
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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Kumar R, Iachini DN, Neilsen PM, Kaplan J, Michalakas J, Anderson PH, May BK, Morris HA, Callen DF. Systematic characterisation of the rat and human CYP24A1 promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 325:46-53. [PMID: 20450955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) ligands VDR (vitamin D receptor) and binds to the vitamin D response element (VDRE) located within target genes to regulate their transcription. Previously we showed that 1,25D-mediated rat CYP24A1 induction via the two critical VDREs is dependent on a short stretch of nucleotides called vitamin D stimulating element (VSE), located approximately 30bp upstream of VDRE-1 in the rat CYP24A1 promoter. We have now undertaken systematic analysis of the human CYP24A1 and rat CYP24A1 promoters to determine if the VSE is present in the human promoter. Using electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase reporter assays, we show that the VSE is absent in the human CYP24A1 promoter. In addition, we show that 1,25D-mediated induction of human CYP24A1 is dependant upon a promoter region spanning nucleotides -470 to -392 of the human CYP24A1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Breast Cancer Genetics Group, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Nicoletti D, Mouriño A, Torneiro M. Synthesis of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 26,26,26,27,27,27-Hexadeutero-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on Solid Support. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4782-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900524u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nicoletti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidade Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidade Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Unidade Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Tan J, Dwivedi PP, Anderson P, Nutchey BK, O'Loughlin P, Morris HA, May BK, Ferrante A, Hii CS. Antineoplastic agents target the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase messenger RNA for degradation: implications in anticancer activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 6:3131-8. [PMID: 18089708 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] has antitumor activity and hence its levels in patients may play an important role in disease outcome. Here, we report that the antineoplastic agents, daunorubicin hydrochloride, etoposide, and vincristine sulfate inhibited the ability of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to cause the accumulation of mRNA for kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), an enzyme which catabolizes this hormone. This was not due to a drug-induced cytotoxic effect, reduction in the expression of the vitamin D receptor or inhibition of the vitamin D receptor-mediated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases or CYP24 promoter activity. Interestingly, there was selective degradation of CYP24 mRNA in the presence of the drugs. This was accompanied by an enhancement in the levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in cells incubated with 25-hydroxy vitamin D(3). These data identify a novel mechanism of action of some commonly used antineoplastic agents which by decreasing the stability of CYP24 mRNA would prolong the bioavailability of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) for anticancer actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tan
- Department of Immunopathology, Children, Youth, and Women's Health Service, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Purnapatre K, Khattar SK, Saini KS. Cytochrome P450s in the development of target-based anticancer drugs. Cancer Lett 2008; 259:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bruno RD, Njar VC. Targeting cytochrome P450 enzymes: a new approach in anti-cancer drug development. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5047-60. [PMID: 17544277 PMCID: PMC1958998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) represent a large class of heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of multitudes of substrates both endogenous and exogenous. Until recently, however, CYPs have been largely overlooked in cancer drug development, acknowledged only for their role in phase I metabolism of chemotherapeutics. The first successful strategy targeting CYP enzymes in cancer therapy was the development of potent inhibitors of CYP19 (aromatase) for the treatment of breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors ushered in a new era in hormone ablation therapy for estrogen dependent cancers, and have paved the way for similar strategies (i.e., inhibition of CYP17) that combat androgen dependent prostate cancer. Identification of CYPs involved in the inactivation of anti-cancer metabolites of vitamin D(3) and vitamin A has triggered development of agents that target these enzymes as well. The discovery of the over-expression of exogenous metabolizing CYPs, such as CYP1B1, in cancer cells has roused interest in the development of inhibitors for chemoprevention and of prodrugs designed to be activated by CYPs only in cancer cells. Finally, the expression of CYPs within tumors has been utilized in the development of bioreductive molecules that are activated by CYPs only under hypoxic conditions. This review offers the first comprehensive analysis of strategies in drug development that either inhibit or exploit CYP enzymes for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
| | - Vincent C.O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
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