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Medda N, Patra R, Ghosh TK, Maiti S. Neurotoxic Mechanism of Arsenic: Synergistic Effect of Mitochondrial Instability, Oxidative Stress, and Hormonal-Neurotransmitter Impairment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:8-15. [PMID: 31939057 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity which is now a global concern is predicted to affect more than 200 million people. Chronic arsenic exposure conduce carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Here we have reviewed numerous epidemiological and experimental reports related to arsenic toxicity to explore its neurotoxicity mechanism. Penetrability of this metalloid through blood-brain barrier makes it a potent neuro-toxicant by inducing mitochondrial membrane instability and calorie exhaustion. It directly affects the cortex, cerebellum region, and specially microglial cells by the induction of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, etc. Pro-apoptotic signaling and the caspase activation by arsenic initiate large-scale tissue damage. Severe diminution of the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and GPx increases the tissue damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Hormonal imbalance and neurotransmitter dysregulations make the neural damage and synergism of so many toxic effects create nonresponsive neural control over multiple organs. That enhances the peripheral major organ damage besides direct arsenic effects on these organs. There is motor and cognitive dysfunction which may initiate Parkinsonism- and Alzheimer's-like symptoms. Our present analysis is helpful for the therapeutic studies on arsenic or other heavy metal associated neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Medda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Ritesh Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Tamal K Ghosh
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal, Salt Lake, Calcutta, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
- Epidemiology and Human Health Division, Agricure Biotech Research Society, Midnapore, 721101, India.
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2
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Arsenic exposure: A public health problem leading to several cancers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 110:104539. [PMID: 31765675 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, a metalloid and naturally occurring element, is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Water is contaminated by arsenic through natural sources (underground water, minerals and geothermal processes) and anthropogenic sources such as mining, industrial processes, and the production and use of pesticides. Humans are exposed to arsenic mainly by drinking contaminated water, and secondarily through inhalation and skin contact. Arsenic exposure is associated with the development of vascular disease, including stroke, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Also, arsenic increases the risk of tumors of bladder, lungs, kidneys and liver, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Food and Drug Administration. Once ingested, an estimated 70-90% of inorganic arsenic is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and widely distributed through the blood to different organs, primarily to the liver, kidneys, lungs and bladder and secondarily to muscle and nerve tissue. Arsenic accumulates in the organs, especially in the liver. Its excretion mostly takes place through urination. The toxicokinetics of arsenic depends on the duration of exposure, pathway of ingestion, physicochemical characteristics of the compound, and affected biological species. The present review outlines of arsenic toxic effects focusing on different cancer types whit highest prevalence's by exposure to this metalloid and signaling pathways of carcinogenesis.
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3
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Mukhopadhyay P, Seelan RS, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Impact of prenatal arsenate exposure on gene expression in a pure population of migratory cranial neural crest cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:76-85. [PMID: 30953684 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to arsenic, a naturally occurring toxic element, causes neural tube defects (NTDs) and, in animal models, orofacial anomalies. Since aberrant development or migration of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) can also cause similar anomalies within developing embryos, we examined the effects of in utero exposure to sodium arsenate on gene expression patterns in pure populations of CNCCs, isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), from Cre/LoxP reporter mice. Changes in gene expression were analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays and expression of selected genes was verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. We report, for the first time, arsenate-induced alterations in the expression of a number of novel candidate genes and canonical cascades that may contribute to the pathogenesis of orofacial defects. Ingenuity Pathway and NIH-DAVID analyses revealed cellular response pathways, biological themes, and potential upstream regulators, that may underlie altered fetal programming of arsenate exposed CNCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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4
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Chen QY, Costa M. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway and the Biphasic Effect of Arsenic in Carcinogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:784-792. [PMID: 29769245 PMCID: PMC5994485 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring, ubiquitous metalloid found in the Earth’s crust. In its inorganic form, arsenic is highly toxic and carcinogenic and is widely found across the globe and throughout the environment. As an International Agency for Research on Cancer–defined class 1 human carcinogen, arsenic can cause multiple human cancers, including liver, lung, urinary bladder, skin, kidney, and prostate. Mechanisms of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis remain elusive, and this review focuses specifically on the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in promoting cancer development. In addition to exerting potent carcinogenic responses, arsenic is also known for its therapeutic effects against acute promyelocytic leukemia. Current literature suggests that arsenic can achieve both therapeutic as well as carcinogenic effects, and this review serves to examine the paradoxical effects of arsenic, specifically through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of current literature reveals an imperative need for future studies to establish and pinpoint the exact conditions for which arsenic can, and through what mechanisms it is able to, differentially regulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to maximize the therapeutic and minimize the carcinogenic properties of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
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5
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Bell JB, Eckerdt F, Dhruv HD, Finlay D, Peng S, Kim S, Kroczynska B, Beauchamp EM, Alley K, Clymer J, Goldman S, Cheng SY, James CD, Nakano I, Horbinski C, Mazar AP, Vuori K, Kumthekar P, Raizer J, Berens ME, Platanias LC. Differential Response of Glioma Stem Cells to Arsenic Trioxide Therapy Is Regulated by MNK1 and mRNA Translation. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:32-46. [PMID: 29042487 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal (MES) and proneural (PN) are two distinct glioma stem cell (GSC) populations that drive therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM). We screened a panel of 650 small molecules against patient-derived GBM cells to discover compounds targeting specific GBM subtypes. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), an FDA-approved drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier, was identified as a potent PN-specific compound in the initial screen and follow-up validation studies. Furthermore, MES and PN GSCs exhibited differential sensitivity to ATO. As ATO has been shown to activate the MAPK-interacting kinase 1 (MNK1)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) pathway and subsequent mRNA translation in a negative regulatory feedback manner, the mechanistic role of ATO resistance in MES GBM was explored. In GBM cells, ATO-activated translation initiation cellular events via the MNK1-eIF4E signaling axis. Furthermore, resistance to ATO in intracranial PDX tumors correlated with high eIF4E phosphorylation. Polysomal fractionation and microarray analysis of GBM cells were performed to identify ATO's effect on mRNA translation and enrichment of anti-apoptotic mRNAs in the ATO-induced translatome was found. Additionally, it was determined that MNK inhibition sensitized MES GSCs to ATO in neurosphere and apoptosis assays. Finally, examination of the effect of ATO on patients from a phase I/II clinical trial of ATO revealed that PN GBM patients responded better to ATO than other subtypes as demonstrated by longer overall and progression-free survival.Implications: These findings raise the possibility of a unique therapeutic approach for GBM, involving MNK1 targeting to sensitize MES GSCs to drugs like arsenic trioxide. Mol Cancer Res; 16(1); 32-46. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bell
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frank Eckerdt
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Harshil D Dhruv
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Darren Finlay
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas
| | - Barbara Kroczynska
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elspeth M Beauchamp
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen Alley
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jessica Clymer
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - C David James
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Developmental Therapeutics Core, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey Raizer
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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6
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Bertacchini J, Heidari N, Mediani L, Capitani S, Shahjahani M, Ahmadzadeh A, Saki N. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR network for treatment of leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2337-47. [PMID: 25712020 PMCID: PMC11113278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been observed in a huge number of malignancies. This pathway can function as a prosurvival factor in leukemia stem cells and early committed leukemic precursors and its inhibition is regarded as a therapeutic approach. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to evaluate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors used in leukemia models. DISCUSSION Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been reported to have beneficial therapeutic effects in leukemias, both in vitro in leukemia cell lines and in vivo in animal models. Overall, the use of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, dual Akt/RTK inhibitor, Akt inhibitor, selective inhibitor of PI3K, mTOR inhibitor and dual PI3K/PDK1 inhibitor in CML, AML, APL, CLL, B-ALL and T-ALL has a better therapeutic effect than conventional treatments. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may have pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative effects on hematological malignancies. Furthermore, modulation of miRNA can be used as a novel therapeutic approach to regulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, both aspects require further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nazanin Heidari
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laura Mediani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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7
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Wu EJ, Goussetis DJ, Beauchamp E, Kosciuczuk EM, Altman JK, Eklund EA, Platanias LC. Resveratrol enhances the suppressive effects of arsenic trioxide on primitive leukemic progenitors. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:473-8. [PMID: 24496081 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to enhance the antileukemic properties of arsenic trioxide are clinically relevant and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for the management of certain hematological malignancies. We provide evidence that concomitant treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells with resveratrol potentiates arsenic trioxide-dependent induction of apoptosis. Importantly, clonogenic assays in methylcellulose demonstrate potent suppressive effects of the combination of these agents on primitive leukemic progenitors derived from patients with AML or CML. Taken together, these findings suggest that combinations of arsenic trioxide with resveratrol may provide an approach for targeting of early leukemic precursors and, possibly, leukemia initiating stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Wu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Dennis J Goussetis
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Department of Medicine; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Elspeth Beauchamp
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ewa M Kosciuczuk
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jessica K Altman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Department of Medicine; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Elizabeth A Eklund
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Department of Medicine; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA; Department of Medicine; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; Chicago, IL USA
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8
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Pimentel A, Velez M, Barahona LJ, Swords R, Lekakis L. New prospects for drug development: the hedgehog pathway revealed. Focus on hematologic malignancies. Future Oncol 2013; 9:681-97. [PMID: 23647297 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a critical regulator of vertebrate embryonic development and is involved in the function of processes such as stem cell maintenance and differentiation, tissue polarity and cell proliferation. Given how critical these functions are, it is not surprising that mutations in Hh pathway components are often implicated in the tumorigenesis of a variety of human cancers. Promotion of tumor growth has recently been shown by activated Hh signaling in the tumor itself, as well as by pathway activation within surrounding cells comprising the tumor microenvironment. Targeted disruption of various Hh pathway proteins has been successfully employed as an anticancer strategy with several synthetic Hh antagonists now available. Here, the molecular basis of Hh signaling, the therapeutic rationales for targeting this pathway and the current status of Hh pathway inhibitors in the clinic are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Pimentel
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami, 1475 North West 12th Avenue, Suite 3300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michel Velez
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami, 1475 North West 12th Avenue, Suite 3300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Luz J Barahona
- University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, 1611 North West 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ronan Swords
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami, 1475 North West 12th Avenue, Suite 3300, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lazaros Lekakis
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami, 1475 North West 12th Avenue, Suite 3300, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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9
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Galvin JP, Altman JK, Szilard A, Goussetis DJ, Vakana E, Sassano A, Platanias LC. Regulation of the kinase RSK1 by arsenic trioxide and generation of antileukemic responses. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:411-6. [PMID: 23377826 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic Trioxide (As₂O₃) is one of the most effective agents in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but has no significant efficacy in other forms of AML. The mechanisms of relative resistance of non-APL cells are not well understood, but emerging evidence suggests that activation of negative feedback regulatory loops and pathways contributes to such resistance. We provide evidence that a signaling cascade involving the kinase RSK1 is engaged in a negative feedback manner during arsenic-treatment of cells and exhibits regulatory effects on growth and survival of AML cells in response to treatment with As₂O₃. Our data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition or molecular disruption of expression of RSK1 enhances As₂O₃-dependent apoptosis and/or growth inhibition of AML cells. Importantly, combination of a pharmacological inhibitor of RSK and As₂O₃ results in enhanced suppression of primary AML leukemic progenitors. Altogether, our findings suggest an important regulatory role for RSK1 in the generation of the effects of As₂O₃ in AML cells. They also raise the potential of RSK1 targeting in combination with As₂O₃ as a novel approach to promote antileukemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Galvin
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Donato NJ, Peterson LF. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells and developing therapies. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52 Suppl 1:60-80. [PMID: 21299460 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.546921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia therapy has remarkably improved with the use of frontline BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors such that newly diagnosed patients have minimal disease manifestations or progression. Effective control of disease may also set the stage for eventual 'cure' of this leukemia. However, the existence of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemic cells that are unaffected by BCR-ABL inhibition represents a major barrier that may delay or prevent curative therapy with the current approaches. The most commonly reported mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based therapies involves BCR-ABL gene mutations and amplification, but these changes may not be solely responsible for disease relapse when inhibitor-based therapies are curtailed. Therefore new targets may need to be defined before significant advancement in curative therapies is possible. Emerging evidence suggests that persistence of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells or acquisition of stem cell-like characteristics prevents complete elimination of chronic myeloid leukemia by tyrosine kinase inhibition alone. This review focuses on several recently emerging concepts regarding the existence and characteristics of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Definitions based on human primary cells and animal model studies are highlighted as are the potential signaling pathways associated with disease repopulating cells. Finally, several recently defined therapeutic targets and active compounds that have emerged from stem cell studies are described. Our goal is to provide an unbiased report on the current state of discovery within the chronic myeloid leukemia stem cell field and to orient the reader to emerging therapeutic targets and strategies that may lead to elimination of this leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Donato
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Sankhala K, Giles FJ. Potential of mTOR inhibitors as therapeutic agents in hematological malignancies. Expert Rev Hematol 2011; 2:399-414. [PMID: 21082945 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of hematological malignancies over the last decade, morbidity and mortality from these disorders remain high. New discoveries in the pathogenesis of these malignancies have led to better understanding of these diseases and new thinking in drug development. mTOR is a downstream effector of the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B) signaling pathway that mediates cell survival and proliferation and is known to be deregulated in many cancers. Preclinical activity of mTOR inhibitors has been very promising in various hematological malignancies. Rapamycin analogs with relatively favorable pharmaceutical properties, including temsirolimus (CCI-779), everolimus (RAD001) and deforolimus (AP23573), are under clinical evaluations in patients with hematologic malignancies. They have shown encouraging results thus far and a favorable toxicity profile. Their utility, mainly as cytostatic agents, needs to be further explored in combination with pre-existing chemotherapeutic agents for various hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Sankhala
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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12
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Goussetis DJ, Altman JK, Glaser H, McNeer JL, Tallman MS, Platanias LC. Autophagy is a critical mechanism for the induction of the antileukemic effects of arsenic trioxide. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29989-97. [PMID: 20656687 PMCID: PMC2943259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) exhibits potent antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo, but the precise mechanisms by which it generates such responses are not well understood. We provide evidence that As(2)O(3) is a potent inducer of autophagy in leukemia cells. Such induction of autophagy by As(2)O(3) appears to require activation of the MEK/ERK pathway but not the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin or JNK pathways. In efforts to understand the functional relevance of arsenic-induced autophagy, we found that pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy or molecular targeting of beclin 1 or Atg7 results in reversal of the suppressive effects of As(2)O(3) on leukemic cell lines and primary leukemic progenitors from acute myelogenous leukemia patients. Altogether, our data provide direct evidence that autophagic cell death is critical for the generation of the effects of As(2)O(3) on acute myelogenous leukemia cells and raise the potential of modulation of elements of the autophagic machinery as an approach to enhance the antitumor properties of As(2)O(3) and possibly other heavy metal derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Goussetis
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jessica K. Altman
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Heather Glaser
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jennifer L. McNeer
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Martin S. Tallman
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Goussetis DJ, Platanias LC. Arsenic trioxide and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/akt pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4311-2. [PMID: 20622048 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous targeting of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway increases arsenic trioxide (ATO)-dependent cytotoxicity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, whereas it has no significant effects on normal lymphocytes. Combinations of ATO with small molecules that target PI3K and/or Akt may provide a novel approach for the treatment of CLL.
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Arsenic trioxide promotes mitochondrial DNA mutation and cell apoptosis in primary APL cells and NB4 cell line. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:87-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A prototype nonpeptidyl, hydrazone class, thrombopoietin receptor agonist, SB-559457, is toxic to primary human myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 2009; 115:89-93. [PMID: 19880492 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-227751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic characterization of SB-559457 (SB), a nonpeptidyl hydrazone class of thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl) agonist, revealed toxicity toward human leukemia cells. Antiproliferative effects followed by significant, nonapoptotic, cell death within 72 hours occurred in 24 of 26 acute myeloid leukemia, 0 of 6 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 3 of 6 chronic myeloid leukemia patient samples exposed to SB, but not recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTpo), in liquid suspension culture. Further investigation revealed increased phosphorylation of p70S6/S6 kinases in SB-, but not in rhTpo-, treated cells. Expression profiling of cells exposed to SB versus rhTpo revealed statistically significant, more than 2-fold changes in GAPDH and REDD1 gene expression, confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction. These genes, induced in energy or hypoxia stressed cells, have been implicated in cell death pathways, and may provide important clues to the mechanism of SB-induced, leukemic cell death. These results suggest that nonpeptidyl, hydrazone class Mpl agonists may be clinically useful antileukemic agents by virtue of their combined thrombopoietic and antileukemic effects.
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Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid that generates various biological effects on cells and tissues. Depending on the specific tissue exposed and the time and degree of exposure, diverse responses can be observed. In humans, prolonged and/or high dose exposure to arsenic can have a variety of outcomes, including the development of malignancies, severe gastrointestinal toxicities, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. On the other hand, one arsenic derivative, arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), has important antitumor properties. This agent is a potent inducer of antileukemic responses, and it is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in humans. The promise and therapeutic potential of arsenic and its various derivatives have been exploited for hundreds of years. Remarkably, research focused on the potential use of arsenic compounds in the treatment of human diseases remains highly promising, and it is an area of active investigation. An emerging approach of interest and therapeutic potential involves efforts to target and block cellular pathways activated in a negative feedback manner during treatment of cells with As(2)O(3). Such an approach may ultimately provide the means to selectively enhance the suppressive effects of this agent on malignant cells and render normally resistant tumors sensitive to its antineoplastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Abdel-Karim IA, Giles FJ. Mammalian target of rapamycin as a target in hematological malignancies. Curr Probl Cancer 2008; 32:161-77. [PMID: 18655914 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isam A Abdel-Karim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Exploiting the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Hematol 2008; 15:88-94. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3282f3deaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dolniak B, Katsoulidis E, Carayol N, Altman JK, Redig AJ, Tallman MS, Ueda T, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Fukunaga R, Platanias LC. Regulation of arsenic trioxide-induced cellular responses by Mnk1 and Mnk2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12034-42. [PMID: 18299328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708816200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is a potent inducer of apoptosis of malignant cells in vitro and in vivo, but the precise mechanisms by which it mediates such effects are not well defined. We provide evidence that As(2)O(3) induces phosphorylation/activation of the MAPK signal-integrating kinases (Mnks) 1 and 2 in leukemia cell lines. Such activation is defective in cells with targeted disruption of the p38alpha MAPK gene, indicating that it requires upstream engagement of the p38 MAPK pathway. Studies using Mnk1(-/-) or Mnk2(-/-), or double Mnk1(-/-)Mnk2(-/-) knock-out cells, establish that activation of Mnk1 and Mnk2 by arsenic trioxide regulates downstream phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E at Ser-209. Importantly, arsenic-induced apoptosis is enhanced in cells with targeted disruption of the Mnk1 and/or Mnk2 genes, suggesting that these kinases are activated in a negative-feedback regulatory manner, to control generation of arsenic trioxide responses. Consistent with this, pharmacological inhibition of Mnk activity enhances the suppressive effects of arsenic trioxide on primary leukemic progenitors from patients with acute leukemias. Taken together, these findings indicate an important role for Mnk kinases, acting as negative regulators for signals that control generation of arsenic trioxide-dependent apoptosis and antileukemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Dolniak
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Altman JK, Yoon P, Katsoulidis E, Kroczynska B, Sassano A, Redig AJ, Glaser H, Jordan A, Tallman MS, Hay N, Platanias LC. Regulatory Effects of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin-mediated Signals in the Generation of Arsenic Trioxide Responses. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1992-2001. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705227200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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21
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Chen L, Liu L, Luo Y, Huang S. MAPK and mTOR pathways are involved in cadmium-induced neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem 2007; 105:251-61. [PMID: 18021293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) may be accumulated in human body through long-term exposure to Cd-polluted environment, resulting in neurodegeneration and other diseases. To study the mechanism of Cd-induced neurodegeneration, PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to Cd. We observed that Cd-induced apoptosis in the cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Cd rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Inhibition of Erk1/2 and JNK, but not p38, partially protected the cells from Cd-induced apoptosis. Consistently, over-expression of dominant negative c-Jun or down-regulation of Erk1/2, but not p38 MAPK, partially prevented Cd-induced apoptosis. To our surprise, Cd also activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling pathways. Treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, blocked Cd-induced phosphorylation of S6K1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, and markedly inhibited Cd-induced apoptosis. Down-regulation of mTOR by RNA interference also in part, rescued cells from Cd-induced death. These findings indicate that activation of the signaling network of MAPK and mTOR is associated with Cd-induced neuronal apoptosis. Our results strongly suggest that inhibitors of MAPK and mTOR may have a potential for prevention of Cd-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA
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