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Mohan CD, Rangappa S, Nayak SC, Jadimurthy R, Wang L, Sethi G, Garg M, Rangappa KS. Bacteria as a treasure house of secondary metabolites with anticancer potential. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:998-1013. [PMID: 33979675 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stands in the frontline among leading killers worldwide and the annual mortality rate is expected to reach 16.4 million by 2040. Humans suffer from about 200 different types of cancers and many of them have a small number of approved therapeutic agents. Moreover, several types of major cancers are diagnosed at advanced stages as a result of which the existing therapies have limited efficacy against them and contribute to a dismal prognosis. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel potent anticancer agents to counteract cancer-driven lethality. Natural sources such as bacteria, plants, fungi, and marine microorganisms have been serving as an inexhaustible source of anticancer agents. Notably, over 13,000 natural compounds endowed with different pharmacological properties have been isolated from different bacterial sources. In the present article, we have discussed about the importance of natural products, with special emphasis on bacterial metabolites for cancer therapy. Subsequently, we have comprehensively discussed the various sources, mechanisms of action, toxicity issues, and off-target effects of clinically used anticancer drugs (such as actinomycin D, bleomycin, carfilzomib, doxorubicin, ixabepilone, mitomycin C, pentostatin, rapalogs, and romidepsin) that have been derived from different bacteria. Furthermore, we have also discussed some of the major secondary metabolites (antimycins, chartreusin, elsamicins, geldanamycin, monensin, plicamycin, prodigiosin, rebeccamycin, salinomycin, and salinosporamide) that are currently in the clinical trials or which have demonstrated potent anticancer activity in preclinical models. Besides, we have elaborated on the application of metagenomics in drug discovery and briefly described about anticancer agents (bryostatin 1 and ET-743) identified through the metagenomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara, 571448, Nagamangala Taluk, India
| | - S Chandra Nayak
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, India
| | - Ragi Jadimurthy
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, India
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
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Nah HJ, Park J, Choi S, Kim ES. WblA, a global regulator of antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6127318. [PMID: 33928363 PMCID: PMC9113171 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces species are soil-dwelling bacteria that produce vast numbers of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites (SMs), such as antibiotics, immunosuppressants, antiviral, and anticancer drugs. On the other hand, the biosynthesis of most SMs remains very low due to tightly controlled regulatory networks. Both global and pathway-specific regulators are involved in the regulation of a specific SM biosynthesis in various Streptomyces species. Over the past few decades, many of these regulators have been identified and new ones are still being discovered. Among them, a global regulator of SM biosynthesis named WblA was identified in several Streptomyces species. The identification and understanding of the WblAs have greatly contributed to increasing the productivity of several Streptomyces SMs. This review summarizes the characteristics and applications on WblAs reported to date, which were found in various Streptomyces species and other actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Nah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sisun Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Pereira de Sant'Ana D, de Oliveira Rezende Júnior C, Campagne JM, Dias LC, Marcia de Figueiredo R. Synthetic Studies toward the Total Synthesis of Tautomycetin. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12344-12357. [PMID: 31480837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The studies culminating in the synthesis of two large subunits of tautomycetin are described. The first one, fragment C1-C12 that has an anti-1,3-dimethyl system and a terminal diene unit, was accomplished in 10 linear steps in 7.4% overall yield. The second one, fragment C13-C25 which bears the sensitive anhydride framework and the majority of the stereogenic centers, was prepared in 13 linear steps (longest sequence) in 8% overall yield. Among the key transformations used, a regioselective epoxide opening, a Pd-catalyzed addition of terminal alkyne to acceptor alkyne, a Mukaiyama aldol reaction, a Yamaguchi esterification, and a homemade mild di-esterification can be cited. The chosen strategies allowed good yields, stereoselectivity, reproducibility, and scalability for several important intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pereira de Sant'Ana
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , Campinas/São Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil.,Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , 240 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau , Montpellier Cedex 5 34296 , France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Campagne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , 240 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau , Montpellier Cedex 5 34296 , France
| | - Luiz Carlos Dias
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , Campinas/São Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , 240 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau , Montpellier Cedex 5 34296 , France
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Choi SS, Nah HJ, Pyeon HR, Kim ES. Biosynthesis, regulation, and engineering of a linear polyketide tautomycetin: a novel immunosuppressant in Streptomyces sp. CK4412. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:555-561. [PMID: 27734184 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tautomycetin (TMC) is a natural product with a linear structure that includes an ester bond connecting a dialkylmaleic moiety to a type I polyketide chain. Although TMC was originally identified as an antifungal antibiotic in the late 1980s, follow-up studies revealed its novel immunosuppressant activity. Specifically, TMC exhibited a mechanistically unique immunosuppressant activity about 100 times higher than that of cyclosporine A, a widely used immunosuppressant drug. Interestingly, a structurally close relative, tautomycin (TTM), was reported to not possess TMC-like immunosuppressant activity, suggesting that a distinctive polyketide moiety of TMC plays a critical role in immunosuppressant activity. Cloning and engineering of a TMC polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster generated several derivatives showing different biological activities. TMC was also found to be biosynthesized as a linear structure without forming a lactone ring, unlike the most polyketide-based compounds, implying the presence of a unique polyketide thioesterase in the cluster. Although TMC biosynthesis was limited due to its tight regulation by two pathway-specific regulatory genes located in the cluster, its production was significantly stimulated through homologous and heterologous expression of its entire biosynthetic gene cluster using a Streptomyces artificial chromosome vector system. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advances in the biosynthesis, regulation, and pathway engineering of a linear polyketide, TMC, in Streptomyces sp. CK4412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Sun Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Nah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Pyeon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
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Nah HJ, Woo MW, Choi SS, Kim ES. Precise cloning and tandem integration of large polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster using Streptomyces artificial chromosome system. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:140. [PMID: 26377404 PMCID: PMC4573296 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct cloning combined with heterologous expression of a secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster has become a useful strategy for production improvement and pathway modification of potentially valuable natural products present at minute quantities in original isolates of actinomycetes. However, precise cloning and efficient overexpression of an entire biosynthetic gene cluster remains challenging due to the ineffectiveness of current genetic systems in manipulating large-sized gene clusters for heterologous as well as homologous expression. Results A versatile Escherichia coli-Streptomyces shuttle bacterial artificial chromosomal (BAC) conjugation vector, pSBAC, was used along with a cluster tandem integration approach to carry out homologous and heterologous overexpression of a large 80-kb polyketide biosynthetic pathway gene cluster of tautomycetin (TMC), which is a protein phosphatase PP1/PP2A inhibitor and T cell-specific immunosuppressant. Unique XbaI restriction sites were precisely inserted at both border regions of the TMC biosynthetic gene cluster within the chromosome of TMC-producing Streptomyces sp. CK4412, followed by site-specific recombination of pSBAC into the flanking region of the TMC gene cluster. The entire TMC gene cluster was then rescued as a single giant recombinant pSBAC by XbaI digestion of the chromosomal DNA as well as subsequent self-ligation. Next, the recombinant pSBAC construct containing the entire TMC cluster in E. coli was directly conjugated into model Streptomyces strains, resulting in rapid and enhanced TMC production. Moreover, introduction of the TMC cluster-containing pSBAC into wild-type Streptomyces sp. CK4412 as well as a recombinant S. coelicolor strain resulted in a chromosomal tandem repeat of the entire TMC cluster with 14-fold and 5.4-fold enhanced TMC productivities, respectively. Conclusions The 80-kb TMC biosynthetic gene cluster was isolated in a single integration vector, pSBAC. Introduction of TMC biosynthetic gene cluster in TMC non-producing strains has resulted in similar amount of TMC production yield. Moreover, over-expression of TMC biosynthetic gene cluster in original producing strain and recombinant S. coelicolor dramatically increased TMC production. Thus, this strategy can be employed to develop a custom overexpression scheme of entire metabolite pathway clusters present in actinomycetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0325-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Nah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
| | - Min-Woo Woo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
| | - Si-Sun Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Korea.
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Kou Y, Zhang S, Chen X, Hu S. Gene expression profile analysis of colorectal cancer to investigate potential mechanisms using bioinformatics. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:745-52. [PMID: 25914544 PMCID: PMC4399548 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) using bioinformatics analysis. Using GSE4107 datasets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by comparing the RNA expression from the colonic mucosa between 12 CRC patients and ten healthy controls using a paired t-test. The Gene Ontology (GO) functional and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software followed by the construction of a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. In addition, hub gene identification and GO functional and pathway enrichment analyses of the modules were performed. A total of 612 up- and 639 downregulated genes were identified. The upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in the regulation of cell growth, migration, and the MAPK signaling pathway. The downregulated DEGs were significantly associated with oxidative phosphorylation, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, FOS, FN1, PPP1CC, and CYP2B6 were selected as hub genes in the PPI networks. Two modules (up-A and up-B) in the upregulated PPI network and three modules (d-A, d-B, and d-C) in the downregulated PPI were identified with the threshold of Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) score ≥4 and nodes ≥6. The genes in module up-A were significantly enriched in neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions and the calcium signaling pathway. The genes in module d-A were enriched in four pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and Parkinson’s disease. DEGs, such as FOS, FN1, PPP1CC, and CYP2B6, may be used as potential targets for CRC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Kou
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Suya Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1423-37. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases have been the focus of considerable research efforts aimed at developing novel therapeutics; however, these targets are often characterized as being ‘undruggable’ due to the challenge of achieving selectivity, potency and cell permeability. More recently, there has been renewed interest in developing inhibitors of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11) in the light of its broad role in cancer, specifically juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and recent studies that implicate SHP2 as a key factor in breast cancer progression. Recent significant advances in the field of SHP2 inhibitor development raise the question: are we on the verge of a new era of protein tyrosine phosphatase-directed therapeutics? This article critically appraises recent developments, assesses ongoing challenges and presents a perspective on possible future directions.
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Identification and biotechnological application of novel regulatory genes involved in Streptomyces polyketide overproduction through reverse engineering strategy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:549737. [PMID: 23555090 PMCID: PMC3603650 DOI: 10.1155/2013/549737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyketide belongs to a family of abundant natural products typically produced by the filamentous soil bacteria Streptomyces. Similar to the biosynthesis of most secondary metabolites produced in the Streptomyces species, polyketide compounds are synthesized through tight regulatory networks in the cell, and thus extremely low levels of polyketides are typically observed in wild-type strains. Although many Streptomyces polyketides and their derivatives have potential to be used as clinically important pharmaceutical drugs, traditional strain improvement strategies such as random recursive mutagenesis have long been practiced with little understanding of the molecular basis underlying enhanced polyketide production. Recently, identifying, understanding, and applying a novel polyketide regulatory system identified from various Omics approaches, has become an important tool for rational Streptomyces strain improvement. In this paper, DNA microarray-driven reverse engineering efforts for improving titers of polyketides are briefly summarized, primarily focusing on our recent results of identification and application of novel global regulatory genes such as wblA, SCO1712, and SCO5426 in Streptomyces species. Sequential targeted gene manipulation involved in polyketide biosynthetic reguation synergistically provided an efficient and rational strategy for Streptomyces strain improvement. Moreover, the engineered regulation-optimized Streptomyces mutant strain was further used as a surrogate host for heterologous expression of polyketide pathway.
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Niu M, Sun Y, Liu X, Tang L, Qiu R. Tautomycetin Induces Apoptosis by Inactivating Akt Through a PP1-Independent Signaling Pathway in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:17-24. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12206fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Nah JH, Choi SS, Kim D, Shin HS, Sherman DH, Kim ES. Biosynthesis of an engineered tautomycetin analogue via disruption of tmcK-encoding terminal decarboxylase in Streptomyces CK4412. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim D, Nah JH, Choi SS, Shin HS, Sherman DH, Kim ES. Biological activities of an engineered tautomycetin analogue via disruption of tmcR-encoding hydroxylase in Streptomyces sp. CK4412. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 39:1563-8. [PMID: 22733296 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tautomycetin (TMC), originally isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes, has been reported to possess biological functions including T cell-specific immunosuppressive and anticancer activities through a mechanism of differential inhibition of protein phosphatases such as PP1, PP2A, and SHP2. Independently isolated Streptomyces sp. CK4412 was also reported to produce a structurally identical TMC compound. Previously, we isolated and characterized the entire TMC biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. CK4412. In silico database comparison revealed a 1,359-bp tmcR as a putative bacterial Cytochrome P450 hydroxylase gene in the TMC biosynthetic gene cluster. Through targeted gene disruption and complementation, the tmcR mutant was confirmed to produce a C5-deoxy-TMC, the same analogue produced by the S. griseochromogenes ttnI mutant, implying that TmcR behaves as a regiospecific C5-oxygenase in the TMC biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces sp. CK4412. In particular, the C5-deoxy-TMC from the tmcR mutant exhibited 3.2-fold higher inhibition activity toward SHP2 with significantly reduced inhibition activities toward PP1, and human Vero and lung cancer cells. These results suggested that C5 regiospecific modification of the TMC polyketide moiety may result in a drug development target for use in preferentially enhancing immunosuppressive activity while minimizing its undesirable biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Niu M, Sun Y, Liu B, Tang L, Qiu R. Differential effects of tautomycetin and its derivatives on protein phosphatase inhibition, immunosuppressive function and antitumor activity. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:145-51. [PMID: 22563261 PMCID: PMC3339291 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we studied the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of tautomycetin (TMC) and its derivatives. Further, we demonstrated the correlation between the immunosuppressive fuction, anticancer activity and protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) inhibition of TMC and its derivatives. We have prepared some TMC derivatives via combinatorial biosynthesis, isolation from fermentation broth or chemical degradation of TMC. We found that the immunosuppressive activity was correlated with anticancer activity for TMC and its analog compounds, indicating that TMC may home at the same targets for its immunosuppressive and anticancer activities. Interestingly, TMC-F1, TMC-D1 and TMC-D2 all retained significant, albeit reduced PP1 inhibitory activity compared to TMC. However, only TMC-D2 showed immunosuppressive and anticancer activities in studies carried out in cell lines. Moreover, TMC-Chain did not show any significant inhibitory activity towards PP1 but showed strong growth inhibitory effect. This observation implicates that the maleic anhydride moiety of TMC is critical for its phosphatase inhibitory activity whereas the C1-C18 moiety of TMC is essential for the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, we measured in vivo phosphatase activities of PP1 in MCF-7 cell extracts treated with TMC and its related compounds, and the results indicate that the cytotoxicity of TMC doesn't correlate with its in vivo PP1 inhibition activity. Taken together, our study suggests that the immunosuppressive and anticancer activities of TMC are not due to the inhibition of PP1. Our results provide a novel insight for the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of TMC's important biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Niu
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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Nah JH, Park SH, Yoon HM, Choi SS, Lee CH, Kim ES. Identification and characterization of wblA-dependent tmcT regulation during tautomycetin biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. CK4412. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:202-9. [PMID: 21624452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tautomycetin (TMC) is an unusual linear polyketide compound esterified with a cyclic anhydride. It exhibits novel activated T cell-specific immunosuppressant as well as anti-cancer activities. Previously, we isolated and characterized the entire TMC biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. CK4412, including a TMC pathway-specific gene, tmcN, the over-expression of which led to a significant increase in TMC productivity. In addition, we also reported that WblA acts as a global down-regulator of antibiotic biosynthesis through pathway-specific regulation in Streptomyces species. Here, we confirm that TmcT acts as another TMC pathway-specific regulator within the TMC biosynthetic cluster. Specifically, tmcT deletion resulted in the complete loss of TMC production, whereas complementation with a tmcT-carrying integrative plasmid significantly restored TMC biosynthesis. We also identified a 0.39kb wblA ortholog (named wblA(tmc)) from Streptomyces sp. CK4412 via genomic DNA library screening that showed 96% amino acid identity compared to a previously-known S. coelicolor wblA. Targeted gene disruption of wblA(tmc) in Streptomyces sp. CK4412 exhibited approximately 3-fold higher TMC productivity than that in the wild-type strain. Moreover, transcription analyses of the TMC biosynthetic and regulatory genes revealed that the expression of tmcT was strongly down-regulated by wblA(tmc). These results imply that the TMC biosynthetic regulation network is controlled by two pathway-specific positive regulator, WblA(tmc)-dependent TmcT as well as WblA(tmc)-independent TmcN in Streptomyces sp. CK4412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Nah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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SHP2 is a target of the immunosuppressant tautomycetin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:101-10. [PMID: 21276943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SHP2 phosphatase is a positive transducer of growth factor and cytokine signaling. SHP2 is also a bona fide oncogene; gain-of-function SHP2 mutations leading to increased phosphatase activity cause Noonan syndrome, as well as multiple forms of leukemia and solid tumors. We report that tautomycetin (TTN), an immunosuppressor in organ transplantation, and its engineered analog TTN D-1 are potent SHP2 inhibitors. TTN and TTN D-1 block T cell receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK activation and gain-of-function mutant SHP2-induced hematopoietic progenitor hyperproliferation and monocytic differentiation. Crystal structure of the SHP2⋅TTN D-1 complex reveals that TTN D-1 occupies the SHP2 active site in a manner similar to that of a peptide substrate. Collectively, the data support the notion that SHP2 is a cellular target for TTN and provide a potential mechanism for the immunosuppressive activity of TTN. Moreover, the structure furnishes molecular insights upon which therapeutics targeting SHP2 can be developed on the basis of the TTN scaffold.
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Hosoyama T, Nishijo K, Prajapati SI, Li G, Keller C. Rb1 gene inactivation expands satellite cell and postnatal myoblast pools. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19556-64. [PMID: 21478154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.229542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are well known as a postnatal skeletal muscle stem cell reservoir that under injury conditions participate in repair. However, mechanisms controlling satellite cell quiescence and activation are the topic of ongoing inquiry by many laboratories. In this study, we investigated whether loss of the cell cycle regulatory factor, pRb, is associated with the re-entry of quiescent satellite cells into replication and subsequent stem cell expansion. By ablation of Rb1 using a Pax7CreER,Rb1 conditional mouse line, satellite cell number was increased 5-fold over 6 months. Furthermore, myoblasts originating from satellite cells lacking Rb1 were also increased 3-fold over 6 months, while terminal differentiation was greatly diminished. Similarly, Pax7CreER,Rb1 mice exhibited muscle fiber hypotrophy in vivo under steady state conditions as well as a delay of muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin-mediated injury. These results suggest that cell cycle re-entry of quiescent satellite cells is accelerated by lack of Rb1, resulting in the expansion of both satellite cells and their progeny in adolescent muscle. Conversely, that sustained Rb1 loss in the satellite cell lineage causes a deficit of muscle fiber formation. However, we also show that pharmacological inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 activity, which will result in pRb inactivation accelerates satellite cell activation and/or expansion in a transient manner. Together, our results raise the possibility that reversible pRb inactivation in satellite cells and inhibition of protein phosphorylation may provide a new therapeutic tool for muscle atrophy by short term expansion of the muscle stem cells and myoblast pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hosoyama
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Scaglione JB, Akey DL, Sullivan R, Kittendorf JD, Rath CM, Kim ES, Smith JL, Sherman DH. Biochemical and structural characterization of the tautomycetin thioesterase: analysis of a stereoselective polyketide hydrolase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:5726-30. [PMID: 20623733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Scaglione
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Luo Y, Li W, Ju J, Yuan Q, Peters NR, Hoffmann FM, Huang SX, Bugni TS, Rajski S, Osada H, Shen B. Functional characterization of TtnD and TtnF, unveiling new insights into tautomycetin biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6663-71. [PMID: 20426415 DOI: 10.1021/ja9082446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for tautomycetin (TTN), a highly potent and selective protein phosphatase (PP) inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes, has recently been cloned and sequenced. To better understand the transformations responsible for converting the post-polyketide synthase product into the exciting anticancer and immunosuppressive chemotherapeutic candidate TTN, we produced and characterized new analogues resulting from inactivation of two genes, ttnD and ttnF, in S. griseochromogenes. Inactivation of ttnD and ttnF, which encode for putative decarboxylase and dehydratase enzymes, respectively, afforded mutant strains SB13013 and SB13014. The DeltattnD mutant SB13013 accumulated four new TTN analogues, TTN D-1, TTN D-2, TTN D-3, and TTN D-4, whereas the DeltattnF mutant accumulated only one new TTN analogue, TTN F-1. The accumulation of these new TTN analogues defines the function of TtnD and TtnF and the timing of their chemistries in relation to installation of the C5 ketone moiety within TTN. Notably, all new analogues possess a structurally distinguishing carboxylic acid moiety, revealing that TtnD apparently cannot catalyze decarboxylation in the absence of TtnF. Additionally, cytotoxicity and PP inhibition assays reveal the importance of the functional groups installed by TtnDF and, consistent with earlier proposals, the C2''-C5 fragment of TTN to be a critical structural determinant behind the important and unique PP-1 selectivity displayed by TTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggang Luo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Scaglione J, Akey D, Sullivan R, Kittendorf J, Rath C, Kim ES, Smith J, Sherman D. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Tautomycetin Thioesterase: Analysis of a Stereoselective Polyketide Hydrolase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Wee YM, Choi MY, Kang CH, Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee SK, Yu SY, Kim SC, Han DJ. The synergistic effect of Tautomycetin on Cyclosporine A-mediated immunosuppression in a rodent islet allograft model. Mol Med 2010; 16:298-306. [PMID: 20440443 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most immunosuppressive drugs that support successful allograft survival act by inhibiting or depleting T lymphocytes. Tautomycetin (TMC) is a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1, which has a role in cell-cycle control and T-cell activation and promotes T-cell-specific apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect on rat islet transplantation of TMC alone and in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA). TMC treatment inhibited splenocyte proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) without affecting cell viability. When used alone in islet allograft recipients, TMC did not significantly increase the survival of grafted islets. However, cotreatment of TMC and subtherapeutic doses of CsA significantly prolonged islet graft survival from 5.1 d to more than 100 d (P<0.05). At 100 d, there was no evidence of specific organ toxicity, and histological analyses of grafted liver tissue revealed the presence of viable islets. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration and interleukin (IL)-2 mRNA levels were decreased in TMC/CsA-cotreated rats, whereas IL-10 levels were increased. In addition, the number of FoxP3-expressing cells and FoxP3 mRNA levels were also increased. We suggest that CsA and TMC act synergistically to reduce the function of T-effector cells and enhance regulatory cell function in this islet allotransplantation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mee Wee
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Adler JT, Cook M, Luo Y, Pitt SC, Ju J, Li W, Shen B, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Tautomycetin and tautomycin suppress the growth of medullary thyroid cancer cells via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:914-20. [PMID: 19372564 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a relatively uncommon neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Unfortunately, MTC frequently metastasizes, precluding curative surgical resection and causing significant morbidity. Thus, there is an urgent need for new treatment modalities. Tautomycin and tautomycetin are antifungal antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus and Streptomyces griseochromogens, respectively. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates multiple cellular processes and is important in various cancers, including MTC. Treatment with tautomycin and tautomycetin decreased neuroendocrine markers, suppressed hormonal secretion, and inhibited growth through apoptosis in MTC cells. Importantly, we describe a novel action of these compounds: inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Adler
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, H4/750 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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21
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Functional expression of SCO7832 stimulates tautomycetin production via pathway-specific regulatory gene overexpression in Streptomyces sp. CK4412. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:993-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Pinchot SN, Adler JT, Luo Y, Ju J, Li W, Shen B, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Tautomycin suppresses growth and neuroendocrine hormone markers in carcinoid cells through activation of the Raf-1 pathway. Am J Surg 2009; 197:313-9. [PMID: 19245907 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoids are neuroendocrine (NE) tumors with limited treatment options. Raf-1 pathway activation has been shown to suppress hormone production in carcinoid cells. We investigated a novel treatment for carcinoid cell growth based on pharmacologic Raf-1 activation using the compound tautomycin (TTY). METHODS Human carcinoid cells were treated with TTY for 48 hours. Western blot analysis was used to demonstrate Raf-1 pathway activation by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and to determine the effect on NE tumor markers. Cellular growth was measured by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Treatment with TTY resulted in dose-dependent activation of the Raf-1 pathway. Furthermore, a significant decrease in NE tumor markers was seen. Importantly, TTY inhibited carcinoid cellular growth and induced the cell-cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. CONCLUSION TTY activates the Raf-1 pathway, limits carcinoid cell growth, and suppresses NE marker production in vitro. This new compound warrants further investigation in animal models of carcinoid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Pinchot
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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Li W, Luo Y, Ju J, Rajski SR, Osada H, Shen B. Characterization of the tautomycetin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces griseochromogenes provides new insight into dialkylmaleic anhydride biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:450-459. [PMID: 19191560 PMCID: PMC2967020 DOI: 10.1021/np8007478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tautomycetin (TTN) is a highly potent and specific protein phosphatase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes. The biological activity of TTN makes it an important lead for drug discovery, whereas its rare dialkylmaleic anhydride moiety and structural similarity to tautomycin (TTM), another potent phosphatase inhibitor with tremendous medicinal potential, draws attention to novel biosynthetic chemistries responsible for its production. To elucidate the biosynthetic machinery associated with TTN production, the ttn biosynthetic gene cluster from S. griseochromogenes was isolated and characterized, and its involvement in TTN biosynthesis confirmed by gene inactivation and complementation experiments. The ttn cluster was localized to a 79 kb DNA region, consisting of 19 open reading frames that encode two modular type I polyketide synthases (TtnAB), one type II thioesterase (TtnH), eight proteins for dialkylmaleic anhydride biosynthesis (TtnKLMNOPRS), four tailoring enzymes (TtnCDFI), two regulatory proteins (TtnGQ), and one resistance protein (TtnJ). A model for TTN biosynthesis is proposed on the basis of functional assignments from sequence analysis, which agrees well with previous feeding experiments, has been supported by in vivo gene inactivation experiments, and is supported by analogy to the recently reported ttm cluster. These findings set the stage to fully investigate TTN biosynthesis and to biosynthetically engineer new TTN analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Shen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (608) 263-2673. Fax: (608) 262-5345.
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24
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Lee MY, Jeong WJ, Oh JW, Choi KY. NM23H2 inhibits EGF- and Ras-induced proliferation of NIH3T3 cells by blocking the ERK pathway. Cancer Lett 2008; 275:221-6. [PMID: 19022560 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NM23 family proteins are involved in a variety of biological processes including tumor metastasis, development, and differentiation; however, their functions in the regulation of cellular proliferation are poorly understood. We have investigated the role of one NM23 family protein, NM23H2, in the regulation of cellular proliferation directed by the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The activity of ERKs was enhanced by knockdown of endogenous NM23H2 and blocked by overexpression of NM23H2 in both NIH3T3 and HEK293 cells. Additionally, the epidermal growth factor (EGF)- and oncogenic Ras(G12R)-induced proliferation of both HEK293 and NIH3T3 cells was reduced by NM23H2 overexpression. Furthermore, activation of Raf-1, MEK and the ERKs by either EGF or Ras(G12R) was inhibited by NM23H2 overexpression. Together, our data indicate that NM23H2 is a negative regulator of cellular proliferation stimulated by EGF- and Ras-mediated activation of the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Protein Network Research Center, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Stewart SG, Hill TA, Gilbert J, Ackland SP, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of norcantharidin analogues: Towards PP1 selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7301-10. [PMID: 17870547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple modifications to the anhydride moiety of norcantharidin have lead to the development of a series of analogues displaying modest PP1 inhibition (low muM IC(50)s) comparable to that of norcantharidin (PP1 IC(50)=10.3+/-1.37 microM). However, unlike norcantharidin, which is a potent inhibitor of PP2A (IC(50)=2.69+/-1.37 microM), these analogues show reduced PP2A inhibitory action resulting in the development of selective PP1 inhibitory compounds. Data indicates that the introduction of two ortho-disposed substituents on an aromatic ring, or para-substituent favours PP1 inhibition over PP2A inhibition. Introduction of a p-morphilinoaniline substituent, 35, affords an inhibitor displaying PP1 IC(50)=6.5+/-2.3 microM; and PP2A IC(50)=7.9+/-0.82 microM (PP1/PP2A=0.82); and a 2,4,6-trimethylaniline, 23, displaying PP1 IC(50)=48+/-9; and PP2A IC(5) 85+/-3 microM (PP1/PP2A=0.56). The latter shows a 7-fold improvement in PP1 versus PP2A selectivity when compared with norcantharidin. Subsequent analysis of 23 and 35 as potential PP2B inhibitors revealed modest inhibition with IC(50)s of 89+/-6 and 42+/-3 microM, respectively, and returned with PP1/PP2B selectivities of 0.54 and 0.15. Thus, these analogues are the simplest and most selective PP1 inhibitors retaining potency reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Stewart
- Chemistry Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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