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Korkmaz G, Manber Z, Lopes R, Prekovic S, Schuurman K, Kim Y, Teunissen H, Flach K, Wit ED, Galli GG, Zwart W, Elkon R, Agami R. A CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies essential CTCF anchor sites for estrogen receptor-driven breast cancer cell proliferation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:9557-9572. [PMID: 31372638 PMCID: PMC6765117 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an enhancer activating transcription factor, a key driver of breast cancer and a main target for cancer therapy. ERα-mediated gene regulation requires proper chromatin-conformation to facilitate interactions between ERα-bound enhancers and their target promoters. A major determinant of chromatin structure is the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), that dimerizes and together with cohesin stabilizes chromatin loops and forms the boundaries of topologically associated domains. However, whether CTCF-binding elements (CBEs) are essential for ERα-driven cell proliferation is unknown. To address this question in a global manner, we implemented a CRISPR-based functional genetic screen targeting CBEs located in the vicinity of ERα-bound enhancers. We identified four functional CBEs and demonstrated the role of one of them in inducing chromatin conformation changes in favor of activation of PREX1, a key ERα target gene in breast cancer. Indeed, high PREX1 expression is a bona-fide marker of ERα-dependency in cell lines, and is associated with good outcome after anti-hormonal treatment. Altogether, our data show that distinct CTCF-mediated chromatin structures are required for ERα- driven breast cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Korkmaz
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zohar Manber
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rui Lopes
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karianne Schuurman
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Teunissen
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Flach
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio G Galli
- Disease area Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC, Rotterdam University, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kastrati I, Semina S, Gordon B, Smart E. Insights into how phosphorylation of estrogen receptor at serine 305 modulates tamoxifen activity in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 483:97-101. [PMID: 30659843 PMCID: PMC6368394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) is the most important factor in the pathophysiology of breast cancer. Consequently, modulation of ER activity has been exploited to develop drugs against ER + breast cancer, such as tamoxifen, referred to as endocrine therapies. With deeper understanding of ER mechanism of action, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are increasingly recognized as important in mediating ER activity. Some ER PTMs such as phosphorylation, are studied in the context of ligand-independent ER activity. However, they also play a pivotal role in defining the actions and outcome of the antiestrogen-bound ER. The complexity of these actions is increasing as new PTMs are identified, yet the functional consequences and clinical implications are not fully understood. This review will examine and summarize new emerging mechanistic knowledge and clinical data in breast cancer on how these PTMs affect antiestrogen-ER activity, with an emphasis on phosphorylation of serine 305 (S305). This phosphorylation site represents an integrated hub of oncogenic signaling to modulate ER conformation, dimerization, coregulators, and DNA binding to profoundly reduce sensitivity to endocrine therapy. Consequently, (i) S305 has the potential to become a useful marker of tamoxifen response, and (ii) blocking S305 phosphorylation defines a new therapeutic strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Svetlana Semina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Smart
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Schrijver W, Schuurman K, van Rossum A, Droog M, Jeronimo C, Salta S, Henrique R, Wesseling J, Moelans C, Linn SC, van den Heuvel M, van Diest P, Zwart W. FOXA1 levels are decreased in pleural breast cancer metastases after adjuvant endocrine therapy, and this is associated with poor outcome. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1884-1894. [PMID: 29972720 PMCID: PMC6210032 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer is often treated with antihormonal regimens. However, resistance to treatment is common, leading to metastatic disease. ERα activity requires the functional involvement of pioneer factors FOXA1 and GATA3, which enable ERα-chromatin binding and are crucial for ERα-driven cell proliferation. FOXA1 was found increased in metastatic breast cancers in relation to the primary tumor, but a comprehensive clinical assessment thereof, in relation to different metastatic sites and endocrine therapy usage, is currently lacking. Prior cell line-based reports, however, have revealed that FOXA1 is required for tamoxifen-resistant tumor cell proliferation. We studied expression levels of ERα, GATA3, and FOXA1 by immunohistochemistry in samples from both primary tumors and various metastatic sites. For all factors, expression levels varied between the metastatic sites. For pleural metastases, strong variation was found in FOXA1 and GATA3 levels. Although GATA3 levels remained unaltered between primary breast cancer and pleural metastases, FOXA1 levels were reduced exclusively in metastases of patients who received endocrine therapies in the adjuvant setting, even though ERα was still expressed. Importantly, decreased FOXA1 levels in pleural metastases correlated with hormone irresponsiveness in the palliative setting, while no such correlation was found for GATA3. With this, we show divergent clinical correlations of the two ERα pioneer factors FOXA1 and GATA3 in metastatic breast cancer, where endocrine therapy resistance was associated with decreased FOXA1 levels in pleural metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karianne Schuurman
- Division of OncogenomicsOncode InstituteThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annelot van Rossum
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Droog
- Division of OncogenomicsOncode InstituteThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Carmen Jeronimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics GroupResearch Center (CI‐IPOP)Portuguese Oncology Institute of PortoPortugal
| | - Sofia Salta
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics GroupResearch Center (CI‐IPOP)Portuguese Oncology Institute of PortoPortugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of PathologyPortuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)Portugal
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Division of PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cathy Moelans
- Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sabine C. Linn
- Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Division of Medical OncologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Michel van den Heuvel
- Division of Thoracic OncologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul van Diest
- Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of OncogenomicsOncode InstituteThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyThe Netherlands
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4
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Wang Q, Jiang J, Ying G, Xie XQ, Zhang X, Xu W, Zhang X, Song E, Bu H, Ping YF, Yao XH, Wang B, Xu S, Yan ZX, Tai Y, Hu B, Qi X, Wang YX, He ZC, Wang Y, Wang JM, Cui YH, Chen F, Meng K, Wang Z, Bian XW. Tamoxifen enhances stemness and promotes metastasis of ERα36 + breast cancer by upregulating ALDH1A1 in cancer cells. Cell Res 2018; 28:336-358. [PMID: 29393296 PMCID: PMC5835774 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 66 kDa estrogen receptor alpha (ERα66) is the main molecular target for endocrine therapy such as tamoxifen treatment. However, many patients develop resistance with unclear mechanisms. In a large cohort study of breast cancer patients who underwent surgery followed by tamoxifen treatment, we demonstrate that ERα36, a variant of ERα66, correlates with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, tamoxifen directly binds and activates ERα36 to enhance the stemness and metastasis of breast cancer cells via transcriptional stimulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1). Consistently, the tamoxifen-induced stemness and metastasis can be attenuated by either ALDH1 inhibitors or a specific ERα36 antibody. Thus, tamoxifen acts as an agonist on ERα36 in breast cancer cells, which accounts for hormone therapy resistance and metastasis of breast cancer. Our study not only reveals ERα36 as a stratifying marker for endocrine therapy but also provides a promising therapeutic avenue for tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Breast Diseases, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xie
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shilei Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Yan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Pathology, No.307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Baoquan Hu
- Department of Breast Diseases, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Breast Diseases, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenogen Pharma Group, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Shenogen Pharma Group, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
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Bentin Toaldo C, Alexi X, Beelen K, Kok M, Hauptmann M, Jansen M, Berns E, Neefjes J, Linn S, Michalides R, Zwart W. Protein Kinase A-induced tamoxifen resistance is mediated by anchoring protein AKAP13. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:588. [PMID: 26272591 PMCID: PMC4536754 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients receive endocrine therapy, often in the form of tamoxifen. However, resistance to tamoxifen is frequently observed. A signalling cascade that leads to tamoxifen resistance is dictated by activation of the Protein Kinase A (PKA) pathway, which leads to phosphorylation of ERα on Serine 305 and receptor activation, following tamoxifen binding. Thus far, it remains elusive what protein complexes enable the PKA-ERα interaction resulting in ERα Serine 305 phosphorylation. Methods We performed immunohistochemistry to detect ERαSerine 305 phosphorylation in a cohort of breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen treatment in the metastatic setting. From the same tumor specimens, Agilent 44 K gene expression analyses were performed and integrated with clinicopathological data and survival information. In vitro analyses were performed using MCF7 breast cancer cells, which included immunoprecipitations and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analyses to illustrate ERα complex formation. siRNA mediated knockdown experiments were performed to assess effects on ERαSerine 305 phosphorylation status, ERα/PKA interactions and downstream responsive gene activity. Results Stratifying breast tumors on ERα Serine 305 phosphorylation status resulted in the identification of a gene network centered upon AKAP13. AKAP13 mRNA expression levels correlate with poor outcome in patients who received tamoxifen treatment in the metastatic setting. In addition, AKAP13 mRNA levels correlate with ERαSerine 305 phosphorylation in breast tumor samples, suggesting a functional connection between these two events. In a luminal breast cancer cell line, AKAP13 was found to interact with ERα as well as with a regulatory subunit of PKA. Knocking down of AKAP13 prevented PKA-mediated Serine 305 phosphorylation of ERα and abrogated PKA-driven tamoxifen resistance, illustrating that AKAP13 is an essential protein in this process. Conclusions We show that the PKA-anchoring protein AKAP13 is essential for the phosphorylation of ERαS305, which leads to tamoxifen resistance both in cell lines and tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1591-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Bentin Toaldo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xanthippi Alexi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Beelen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Kok
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Els Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabine Linn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Michalides
- Division of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Hui Z, Yiling C, Wenting Y, XuQun H, ChuanYi Z, Hui L. miR-491-5p functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting JMJD2B in ERα-positive breast cancer. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:812-21. [PMID: 25725194 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of miR-491-5p in breast cancer development is unclear. This study showed that miR-491-5p is significantly downregulated in ERα-positive breast cancer tissues and cell lines and is generally hypermethylated in ERα-positive breast cancer. MiR-491-5p overexpression significantly suppressed estrogen signaling and estrogen-stimulated proliferation of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the histone demethylase JMJD2B was identified as a direct target of miR-491-5p. The ectopic expression of JMJD2B abrogated the phenotypic changes induced by miR-491-5p in breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data indicate that miR-491-5p plays a tumor suppressor role in the development and progression of breast caner and may be a novel therapeutic target against ERα-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Hui
- The 3rd Division of Oncology of the People's Hospital of Huangpi District and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430300, China
| | - Chen Yiling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - You Wenting
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huang XuQun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, 435000, China
| | - Zhou ChuanYi
- Department of Radiation Oncology Yueyang Second People's Hospital, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Li Hui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Bruce MC, McAllister D, Murphy LC. The kinome associated with estrogen receptor-positive status in human breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R357-70. [PMID: 25056177 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) regulates and is regulated by kinases involved in several functions associated with the hallmarks of cancer. The following literature review strongly suggests that distinct kinomes exist for ERα-positive and -negative human breast cancers. Importantly, consistent with the known heterogeneity of ERα-positive cancers, different subgroups exist, which can be defined by different kinome signatures, which in turn are correlated with clinical outcome. Strong evidence supports the interplay of kinase networks, suggesting that targeting a single node may not be sufficient to inhibit the network. Therefore, identifying the important hubs/nodes associated with each clinically relevant kinome in ER+ tumors could offer the ability to implement the best therapy options at diagnosis, either endocrine therapy alone or together with other targeted therapies, for improved overall outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | - Danielle McAllister
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
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8
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Moerkens M, Zhang Y, Wester L, van de Water B, Meerman JHN. Epidermal growth factor receptor signalling in human breast cancer cells operates parallel to estrogen receptor α signalling and results in tamoxifen insensitive proliferation. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:283. [PMID: 24758408 PMCID: PMC4021213 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen resistance is a major problem in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) α -positive breast cancer patients. Although the mechanisms behind tamoxifen resistance are still not completely understood, clinical data suggests that increased expression of receptor tyrosine kinases is involved. Here, we studied the estrogen and anti-estrogen sensitivity of human breast cancer MCF7 cells that have a moderate, retroviral-mediated, ectopic expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (MCF7-EGFR). Methods Proliferation of MCF7-EGFR and parental cells was induced by 17β-estradiol (E2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or a combination of these. Inhibition of proliferation under these conditions was investigated with 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (TAM) or fulvestrant at 10-12 to 10-6 M. Cells were lysed at different time points to determine the phosphorylation status of EGFR, MAPK1/3, AKT and the expression of ERα. Knockdown of target genes was established using smartpool siRNAs. Transcriptomics analysis was done 6 hr after stimulation with growth factors using Affymetrix HG-U133 PM array plates. Results While proliferation of parental MCF7 cells could only be induced by E2, proliferation of MCF7-EGFR cells could be induced by either E2 or EGF. Treatment with TAM or fulvestrant did significantly inhibit proliferation of MCF7-EGFR cells stimulated with E2 alone. EGF treatment of E2/TAM treated cells led to a marked cell proliferation thereby overruling the anti-estrogen-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. Under these conditions, TAM however did still inhibit ERα- mediated transcription. While siRNA-mediated knock-down of EGFR inhibited the EGF- driven proliferation under TAM/E2/EGF condition, knock down of ERα did not. The TAM resistant cell proliferation mediated by the conditional EGFR-signaling may be dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway but not the MEK/MAPK pathway, since a MEK inhibitor (U0126), did not block the proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis under the various E2/TAM/EGF conditions revealed that E2 and EGF dependent transcription have little overlap and rather operate in a parallel fashion. Conclusions Our data indicate that enhanced EGFR-driven signalling is sufficient to overrule the TAM- mediated inhibition of E2-driven cell proliferation. This may have profound implications for the anti-estrogen treatment of ER-positive breast cancers that have increased levels of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John H N Meerman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Department of Toxicology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands.
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9
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Recent and new targets for small molecule anti-cancer agents. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 6:e1-e40. [PMID: 24128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Droog M, Beelen K, Linn S, Zwart W. Tamoxifen resistance: from bench to bedside. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 717:47-57. [PMID: 23545365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although tamoxifen is a classical example of a targeted drug, a substantial proportion of estrogen receptor alpha positive breast cancer patients does not benefit from the drug. Over the last few decades, many potential biomarkers have been discovered in cell biological studies that may aid in the prediction of tamoxifen sensitivity and guide in treatment selection. Nonetheless, the transition of such a biomarker from the scientific community towards a diagnostic test that can be used in daily clinical practice has been far from ideal, and such markers seldom face clinical introduction. From a large number of potential predictive biomarkers as described in cell biological literature, the clinical (translational) scientist has to make a decision which of these biomarkers should be tested in clinical material to determine their clinical validity. This problem is not trivial, since patient samples with clinical follow-up are a valuable asset that should therefore be cherished. In this review, we will describe a number of 'cell biological biomarkers' for tamoxifen resistance and their possible clinical implications. This may guide the clinical scientist in choosing what potential biomarkers to test on tumour samples, which may catalyse the translation of scientific discoveries into daily clinical practice of breast cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Droog
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Houtman R, de Leeuw R, Rondaij M, Melchers D, Verwoerd D, Ruijtenbeek R, Martens JW, Neefjes J, Michalides R. Serine-305 Phosphorylation Modulates Estrogen Receptor Alpha Binding to a Coregulator Peptide Array, with Potential Application in Predicting Responses to Tamoxifen. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:805-16. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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de Leeuw R, Neefjes J, Michalides R. A role for estrogen receptor phosphorylation in the resistance to tamoxifen. Int J Breast Cancer 2011; 2011:232435. [PMID: 22295213 PMCID: PMC3262574 DOI: 10.4061/2011/232435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About two thirds of all human breast cancer cases are estrogen receptor positive. The drug of first choice for these patients is tamoxifen. However, about half of the recurrences after removal of the primary tumor are or become resistant to this drug. While many mechanisms have been identified for tamoxifen resistance in the lab, at present only a few have been translated to the clinic. This paper highlights the role in tamoxifen resistance of phosphorylation by different kinases on different sites of the estrogen receptor. We will discuss the molecular pathways and kinases that are involved in phosphorylation of ERα and how these affect tamoxifen resistance. Finally, we will elaborate on the clinical translation of these observations and the possibility to predict tamoxifen responses in patient tumor samples before treatment onset. The findings made originally on the bench may translate into a better and personalized treatment of breast cancer patients using an old and safe anticancer drug: tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée de Leeuw
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Zwart W, Theodorou V, Carroll JS. Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: a multidisciplinary challenge. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 3:216-30. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Zwart W, de Leeuw R, Rondaij M, Neefjes J, Mancini MA, Michalides R. The hinge region of the human estrogen receptor determines functional synergy between AF-1 and AF-2 in the quantitative response to estradiol and tamoxifen. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1253-61. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) greatly differ in their target genes, transcriptional potency and cofactor-binding capacity, and are differentially expressed in various tissues. In classical estrogen response element (ERE)-mediated transactivation, ERβ has a markedly reduced activation potential compared with ERα; the mechanism underlying this difference is unclear. Here, we report that the binding of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) to the AF-1 domain of ERα is essential but not sufficient to facilitate synergy between the AF-1 and AF-2 domains, which is required for a full agonistic response to estradiol (E2). Complete synergy is achieved through the distinct hinge domain of ERα, which enables combined action of the AF-1 and AF-2 domains. AF-1 of ERβ lacks the capacity to interact with SRC-1, which prevents hinge-mediated synergy between AF-1 and AF-2, thereby explaining the reduced E2-mediated transactivation of ERβ. Transactivation of ERβ by E2 requires only the AF-2 domain. A weak agonistic response to tamoxifen occurs for ERα, but not for ERβ, and depends on AF-1 and the hinge-region domain of ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Zwart
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renée de Leeuw
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Rondaij
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Mancini
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rob Michalides
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Kim SH, Gunther JR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Monitoring a coordinated exchange process in a four-component biological interaction system: development of a time-resolved terbium-based one-donor/three-acceptor multicolor FRET system. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4685-92. [PMID: 20230029 PMCID: PMC2860875 DOI: 10.1021/ja100248q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal regulation of cellular function involves the binding of small molecules with receptors that then coordinate subsequent interactions with other signal transduction proteins. These dynamic, multicomponent processes are difficult to track in cells and even in reconstituted in vitro systems, and most methods can monitor only two-component interactions, often with limited capacity to follow dynamic changes. Through a judicious choice of three organic acceptor fluorophores paired with a terbium donor fluorophore, we have developed the first example of a one-donor/three-acceptor multicolor time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) system, and we have exemplified its use by monitoring a ligand-regulated protein-protein exchange process in a four-component biological system. By careful quantification of the emission from each of the three acceptors at the four channels for terbium donor emission, we demonstrate that any of these donor channels can be used to estimate the magnitude of the three FRET signals in this terbium-donor triple-acceptor system with minimal bleedthrough. Using this three-channel terbium-based, TR-FRET assay system, we show in one experiment that the addition of a fluorescein-labeled estrogen agonist displaces a SNAPFL-labeled antiestrogen from the ligand binding pocket of a terbium-labeled estrogen receptor, at the same time causing a Cy5-labeled coactivator to be recruited to the estrogen receptor. This experiment demonstrates the power of a four-color TR-FRET experiment, and it shows that the overall process of estrogen receptor ligand exchange and coactivator binding is a dynamic but precisely coordinated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jillian R. Gunther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
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16
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Bostner J, Skoog L, Fornander T, Nordenskjöld B, Stål O. Estrogen receptor-alpha phosphorylation at serine 305, nuclear p21-activated kinase 1 expression, and response to tamoxifen in postmenopausal breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1624-33. [PMID: 20179234 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro, p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) phosphorylates the serine 305 residue of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and influences the response of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. We investigated the influence of Pak1 and pERalpha(ser305) on breast cancer prognosis and results of tamoxifen therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined Pak1 and pERalpha(ser305) protein by immunohistochemistry in a series of 912 tumors from node-negative breast cancer patients randomized to tamoxifen or no adjuvant endocrine treatment. RESULTS Cytoplasmic Pak1 correlated to large tumors and ER negativity, whereas nuclear Pak1 and pERalpha(ser305) correlated to small tumors and ER positivity. Nuclear expression of Pak1 and pERalpha(ser305) predicted reduced response to tamoxifen in patients with ERalpha-positive tumors (tamoxifen versus no tamoxifen: hazard ratio (HR), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.42-4.2; P = 0.63), whereas patients lacking this combination benefitted significantly from tamoxifen (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.30-0.62; P < 0.0001). Similar nonsignificant trends were detected in analyses of the proteins separately. Pak1 in the cytoplasm was an independent prognostic marker, indicating increased recurrence rate (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.17-2.74; P = 0.0068) and breast cancer mortality (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.14-3.46; P = 0.016) for patients randomized to no adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that patients with tumors expressing Pak1 and pERalpha(ser305) in combination are a group in which tamoxifen treatment is insufficient. In addition, the pathway may be of interest as a drug target in breast cancer. Furthermore, the findings support previous studies showing that Pak1 has differential roles in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Bostner
- Division of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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17
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Carraz M, Zwart W, Phan T, Michalides R, Brunsveld L. Perturbation of estrogen receptor alpha localization with synthetic nona-arginine LXXLL-peptide coactivator binding inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:702-11. [PMID: 19635407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) with the consensus LXXLL motifs of transcriptional coactivators provides an entry for functional ERalpha inhibition. Here, synthetic cell-permeable LXXLL peptide probes are brought forward that allow evaluation of the interaction of specific recognition motifs with ERalpha in the context of the cell. The probes feature a nona-arginine tag that facilitates cellular entry and induces probe localization in nucleoli. The nucleoli localization provides an explicit tool for evaluating the LXXLL motif interaction with ERalpha. The probes compete with coactivators, bind ERalpha, and recruit it into the nucleoli. The physical inhibition of the ERalpha-coactivator interaction by the probes is shown to be correlated with the inhibition of ERalpha-mediated gene transcription. This chemical biology approach allows evaluating the ERalpha-coactivator interaction and inhibitor binding directly in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Carraz
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Zwart W, Rondaij M, Jalink K, Sharp ZD, Mancini MA, Neefjes J, Michalides R. Resistance to antiestrogen arzoxifene is mediated by overexpression of cyclin D1. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1335-45. [PMID: 19477949 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to tamoxifen treatment occurs in approximately 50% of the estrogen receptor (ER)alpha-positive breast cancer patients. Resistant patients would benefit from treatment with other available antiestrogens. Arzoxifene is an effective growth inhibitor of ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells, including tamoxifen-resistant tumors. In this study, we show that overexpression of a regular component of the ERalpha transcription factor complex, cyclin D1, which occurs in approximately 40% of breast cancer patients, renders cells resistant to the new promising antiestrogen, arzoxifene. Overexpression of cyclin D1 alters the conformation of ERalpha in the presence of arzoxifene. In this altered conformation, ERalpha still recruits RNA polymerase II to an estrogen response element-containing promoter, inducing transcription of an ERalpha-dependent reporter gene and of endogenous pS2, and promoting arzoxifene-stimulated growth of MCF-7 cells. Arzoxifene is then converted from an ERalpha antagonist into an agonist. This can be explained by a stabilization of the ERalpha/steroid receptor coactivator-1 complex in the presence of arzoxifene, only when cyclin D1 is overexpressed. These results indicate that subtle changes in the conformation of ERalpha upon binding to antiestrogen are at the basis of resistance to antiestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Zwart
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Holm C, Kok M, Michalides R, Fles R, Koornstra RHT, Wesseling J, Hauptmann M, Neefjes J, Peterse JL, Stål O, Landberg G, Linn SC. Phosphorylation of the oestrogen receptor alpha at serine 305 and prediction of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. J Pathol 2009; 217:372-9. [PMID: 18991335 DOI: 10.1002/path.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of oestrogen receptor alpha at serine 305 (ERalphaS305-P) induces tamoxifen resistance in experimental studies, but does not influence response to other endocrine agents, such as fulvestrant. We evaluated ERalphaS305-P using immunohistochemistry in 377 breast carcinomas from premenopausal participants of a randomized trial (n=248) and patients with advanced disease (n=129). Among the premenopausal patients, adjuvant tamoxifen improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) for ERalphaS305-P-negative tumours (multivariate HR=0.53, 95% CI 0.32-0.86, p=0.010), but not for ERalphaS305-P-positive tumours (multivariate HR=1.01, 95% CI 0.33-3.05, p=0.99) (interaction p=0.131). Notably, ERalphaS305-P was not significantly associated with RFS in patients not treated with tamoxifen (multivariate HR=0.64, 95% CI 0.30-1.37, p=0.248), indicating that ERalphaS305-P is a marker for treatment outcome rather than tumour progression. Given the direct experimental link between ERalphaS305-P and tamoxifen resistance and these first clinical data suggesting that premenopausal patients with ERalphaS305-P-positive breast cancer are resistant to adjuvant tamoxifen, further research is encouraged to study whether alternative endocrine treatment should be considered for this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holm
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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20
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van Royen ME, Dinant C, Farla P, Trapman J, Houtsmuller AB. FRAP and FRET methods to study nuclear receptors in living cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 505:69-96. [PMID: 19117140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-575-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative imaging techniques of fluorescently-tagged proteins have been instrumental in the study of the behavior of nuclear receptors (NRs) and coregulators in living cells. Ligand-activated NRs exert their function in transcription regulation by binding to specific response elements in promotor and enhancer sequences of genes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) has proven to be a powerful tool to study the mobility of fluorescently-labeled molecules in living cells. Since binding to DNA leads to the immobilization of DNA-interacting proteins like NRs, FRAP is especially useful for determining DNA-binding kinetics of these proteins. The coordinated interaction of NRs with promoters/enhancers and subsequent transcription activation is not only regulated by ligand but also by interactions with sets of cofactors and, at least in the case of the androgen receptor (AR), by dimerization and interdomain interactions. In living cells, these interactions can be studied by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here we provide and discuss detailed protocols for FRAP and FRET procedures to study the behavior of nuclear receptors in living cells. On the basis of our studies of the AR, we provide protocols for two different FRAP methods (strip-FRAP and FLIP-FRAP) to quantitatively investigate DNA-interactions and for two different FRET approaches, ratio imaging, and acceptor photobleaching FRET to study AR domain interactions and interactions with cofactor motifs. Finally, we provide a protocol of a technique where FRAP and acceptor photobleaching FRET are combined to study the dynamics of interacting ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Jeanes HL, Tabor C, Black D, Ederveen A, Gray GA. Oestrogen-mediated cardioprotection following ischaemia and reperfusion is mimicked by an oestrogen receptor (ER)alpha agonist and unaffected by an ER beta antagonist. J Endocrinol 2008; 197:493-501. [PMID: 18492815 PMCID: PMC2386536 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen protects the heart from ischaemic injury. The current study aims to characterise two novel oestrogen receptor (ER) ligands, an ER alpha agonist ERA-45 and an ER beta antagonist ERB-88, and then use them to investigate the roles of ER alpha and ER beta in mediating the cardioprotection by E from ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. The ER ligands were characterised by gene transactivation assay using ER-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in bioavailability studies in vivo. Female rats (n=48) were ovariectomised and implanted with 17beta-oestradiol (17 beta E(2)) releasing or placebo pellets. ERA-45, ERB-88 or vehicle was administered for 5 days prior to ischaemia-reperfusion studies. Necrosis, neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) and oxidant stress production (electron paramagnetic resonance) from the area-at-risk were measured to assess reperfusion injury. The ER alpha agonist ERA-45 showed more than 35-fold selectivity for ER alpha compared with ER beta gene transactivation. In vitro, the ER beta antagonist ERB-88 inhibited transactivation by 17 beta E(2) via ER beta with 46-fold selectivity relative to inhibition via ER alpha. In vivo, 17 beta E(2) significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration, oxidant stress and necrosis following ischaemia and reperfusion. Cardioprotection by 17 beta E(2) was not inhibited by ERB-88 but was completely reproduced by ERA-45. In conclusion, protection of the rat heart after ischaemia-reperfusion by 17 beta E(2) is achieved through the reduction of cardiomyocyte death, neutrophil infiltration and oxygen-free radical availability.The results of this study indicate that these effects are primarily mediated via activation of ER alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darcey Black
- Organon Laboratories LtdDepartment PharmacologyNewhouse, Lanarkshire, Scotland, ML1 5SHUK
| | - Antwan Ederveen
- Department PharmacologyNV OrganonPO Box 20, 5340 BH OssThe Netherlands
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Zwart W, Griekspoor A, Berno V, Lakeman K, Jalink K, Mancini M, Neefjes J, Michalides R. PKA-induced resistance to tamoxifen is associated with an altered orientation of ERalpha towards co-activator SRC-1. EMBO J 2007; 26:3534-44. [PMID: 17627277 PMCID: PMC1949008 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to tamoxifen is observed in half of the recurrences in breast cancer, where the anti-estrogen tamoxifen acquires agonistic properties for transactivating estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). In a previous study, we showed that protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of serine 305 (S305) of ERalpha results in resistance to tamoxifen. Now, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of S305 in ERalpha by PKA leads to an altered orientation between ERalpha and its coactivator SRC-1, which renders the transcription complex active in the presence of tamoxifen. This altered orientation involves the C-termini of ERalpha and SRC-1, which required a prolonged AF-1-mediated interaction. This intermolecular reorientation as a result of PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ERalpha-S305 and tamoxifen binding provides a unique model for resistance to the anticancer drug tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Zwart
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Griekspoor
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Berno
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim Lakeman
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Department of Cellular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Mancini
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Michalides
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, NH 1066 CX, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31205122022; Fax: +31205122029; E-mail:
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