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Clarkin RG, Del Papa J, Poulin KL, Parks RJ. The genome position of a therapeutic transgene strongly influences the level of expression in an armed oncolytic human adenovirus vector. Virology 2021; 561:87-97. [PMID: 34171766 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of oncolytic, conditionally-replicating adenovirus (CRAd) vectors can be enhanced by "arming" the vector with therapeutic transgenes. We examined whether inclusion of an intact early region 3 (E3) and the reptilian reovirus fusogenic p14 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein enhanced vector efficacy. The p14 FAST transgene was cloned between the fiber gene and E4 region, with an upstream splice acceptor for replication-dependent expression from the major late promoter. In A549 cells, this vector expressed p14 FAST protein at very low levels, and showed a poor ability to mediate cell-cell fusion, relative to a similar vector encoding p14 FAST within the E3 deletion. Although expression of E3 proteins from the CRAd increased plaque size, poor expression of p14 FAST protein compromised the fusogenic capacity of the vector. Thus, location of a therapeutic transgene within a CRAd can significantly impact expression of the transgene and is an important consideration in vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Clarkin
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Joshua Del Papa
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kathy L Poulin
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Del Papa J, Clarkin RG, Parks RJ. Use of cell fusion proteins to enhance adenoviral vector efficacy as an anti-cancer therapeutic. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:745-756. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Goradel NH, Negahdari B, Ghorghanlu S, Jahangiri S, Arashkia A. Strategies for enhancing intratumoral spread of oncolytic adenoviruses. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107586. [PMID: 32479843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses, effectively replicate viruses within malignant cells to lyse them without affecting normal ones, have recently shown great promise in developing therapeutic options for cancer. Adenoviruses (Ads) are one of the candidates in oncolytic virotheraoy due to its easily manipulated genomic DNA and expression of wide rane of its receptors on the various cancers. Although systematic delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses can target both primary and metastatic tumors, there are some drawbacks in the effective systematic delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses, including pre-existing antibodies and liver tropism. To overcome these limitations, intratumural (IT) administration of oncolytic viruses have been proposed. However, IT injection of Ads leaves much of the tumor mass unaffected and Ads are not able to disperse more in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To this end, various strategies have been developed to enhance the IT spread of oncolytic adenoviruses, such as using extracellular matrix degradation enzymes, junction opening peptides, and fusogenic proteins. In the present paper, we reviewed different oncolytic adenoviruses, their application in the clinical trials, and strategies for enhancing their IT spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Ghorghanlu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Jahangiri
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Adenoviral Vectors Armed with Cell Fusion-Inducing Proteins as Anti-Cancer Agents. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010013. [PMID: 28106842 PMCID: PMC5294982 DOI: 10.3390/v9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that affects millions of patients every year, and causes an enormous economic burden on the health care system and emotional burden on affected families. The first line of defense against solid tumors is usually extraction of the tumor, when possible, by surgical methods. In cases where solid tumors can not be safely removed, chemotherapy is often the first line of treatment. As metastatic cancers often become vigorously resistant to treatments, the development of novel, more potent and selective anti-cancer strategies is of great importance. Adenovirus (Ad) is the most commonly used virus in cancer clinical trials, however, regardless of the nature of the Ad-based therapeutic, complete responses to treatment remain rare. A number of pre-clinical studies have shown that, for all vector systems, viral spread throughout the tumor mass can be a major limiting factor for complete tumor elimination. By expressing exogenous cell-fusion proteins, many groups have shown improved spread of Ad-based vectors. This review summarizes the research done to examine the potency of Ad vectors expressing fusogenic proteins as anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Expression of the fusogenic p14 FAST protein from a replication-defective adenovirus vector does not provide a therapeutic benefit in an immunocompetent mouse model of cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:355-364. [PMID: 27740615 PMCID: PMC5095592 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
When injected directly into a tumor mass, adenovirus (Ad) vectors only transduce cells immediately along the injection tract. Expression of fusogenic proteins from the Ad vector can lead to syncytium formation, which efficiently spreads the therapeutic effect. Fusogenic proteins can also cause cancer cell death directly, and enhance the release of exosome-like particles containing tumor-associated antigens, which boosts the anti-tumor immune response. In this study, we have examined whether delivery of an early region 1 (E1)-deleted, replication-defective Ad vector encoding the reptilian reovirus p14 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein can provide therapeutic efficacy in an immunocompetent mouse tumor model. A high multiplicity of infection of AdFAST is required to induce cell fusion in mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro, and FAST protein expression caused a modest reduction in cell membrane integrity and metabolic activity compared with cells infected with a control vector. Cells expressing FAST protein released significantly higher quantities of exosomes. In immunocompetent Balb/C mice harboring subcutaneous 4T1 tumors, AdFAST did not induce detectable cancer cell fusion, promote tumor regression or prolong mouse survival compared with untreated mice. This study suggests that in the context of the 4T1 model, Ad-mediated FAST protein expression did not elicit a therapeutic effect.
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Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of the p14 Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane Protein Promotes Cancer Cell Fusion and Apoptosis In Vitro but Does Not Provide Therapeutic Efficacy in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151516. [PMID: 26986751 PMCID: PMC4795661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are used in numerous preclinical and clinical studies for delivery of anti-cancer therapeutic genes. Unfortunately, Ad has a poor ability to distribute throughout a tumor mass after intratumoral injection, and infects cells primarily within the immediate area of the injection tract. Thus, Ad-encoded transgene expression is typically limited to only a small percentage of cells within the tumor. One method to increase the proportion of the tumor impacted by Ad is through expression of fusogenic proteins. Infection of a single cell with an Ad vector encoding a fusogenic protein should lead to syncytium formation with adjacent cells, effectively spreading the effect of Ad and Ad-encoded therapeutic transgenes to a greater percentage of the tumor mass. Moreover, syncytium formation can be cytotoxic, suggesting that such proteins may be effective sole therapeutics. We show that an early region 1 (E1)-deleted Ad expressing reptilian reovirus p14 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein caused extensive cell fusion in the replication-permissive 293 cell line and at high multiplicity of infection in non-permissive human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vitro. FAST protein expression in the A549 cancer cell line led to a loss of cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity, which correlated with induction of apoptosis. However, in an A549 xenograft CD-1 nude mouse cancer model, Ad-mediated FAST gene delivery did not induce detectable cell fusion, reduce tumor burden nor enhance mouse survival compared to controls. Taken together, our results show that, although AdFAST can enhance cancer cell killing in vitro, it is not effective as a sole therapeutic in the A549 tumor model in vivo.
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Gatault S, Delbeke M, Driss V, Sarazin A, Dendooven A, Kahn JE, Lefèvre G, Capron M. IL-18 Is Involved in Eosinophil-Mediated Tumoricidal Activity against a Colon Carcinoma Cell Line by Upregulating LFA-1 and ICAM-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes that are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses through the expression of various receptors and mediators. Previously, we showed that human eosinophils and T cells shared cytotoxic activities against tumor cells that involved the γ-δ TCR and cell-cell contact. In this study, we investigated the molecules involved in eosinophil-tumor cell interactions. Given the role of IL-18 in cell adhesion and in protecting against colon cancer, we evaluated its role in eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity against Colo-205, a human colon carcinoma cell line. We found that human eosinophils exerted dose- and time-dependent tumoricidal activity against Colo-205 cells. Neutralization of IL-18 significantly reduced eosinophil-mediated Colo-205 apoptosis and inhibited cell-cell adhesion. Moreover, addition of rIL-18 led to upregulation of CD11a and ICAM-1 adhesion molecules, which were involved in the contact between eosinophils and Colo-205 cells. Our results indicated that IL-18 was involved in the eosinophil-mediated death of Colo-205 by facilitating contact between effector and target cells. These data underscored the involvement of an additional mediator in eosinophil-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity. Our findings support existing evidence that eosinophils could play a beneficial role in the context of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Gatault
- LIRIC-Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Université de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France;
| | - Marie Delbeke
- LIRIC-Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Université de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Virginie Driss
- LIRIC-Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Université de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Aurore Sarazin
- LIRIC-Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Université de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Dendooven
- LIRIC-Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Université de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Kahn
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Foch, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 92150 Suresnes, France; Réseau Eosinophile Français, EA2686, Université de Lille, 59045 Lille, France; and
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- Réseau Eosinophile Français, EA2686, Université de Lille, 59045 Lille, France; and Institut d'Immunologie, Service de Médecine Interne, Unité d'Immunologie Clinique, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Monique Capron
- LIRIC-Unité Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Université de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, 59045 Lille, France
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Identification and characterization of novel indole based small molecules as anticancer agents through SIRT1 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:125-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Golbabapour S, Majid NA, Hassandarvish P, Hajrezaie M, Abdulla MA, Hadi AHA. Gene silencing and Polycomb group proteins: an overview of their structure, mechanisms and phylogenetics. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:283-96. [PMID: 23692361 PMCID: PMC3662373 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin configuration are crucially important in the regulation of gene expression. Among these epigenetic mechanisms, silencing the expression of certain genes depending on developmental stage and tissue specificity is a key repressive system in genome programming. Polycomb (Pc) proteins play roles in gene silencing through different mechanisms. These proteins act in complexes and govern the histone methylation profiles of a large number of genes that regulate various cellular pathways. This review focuses on two main Pc complexes, Pc repressive complexes 1 and 2, and their phylogenetic relationship, structures, and function. The dynamic roles of these complexes in silencing will be discussed herein, with a focus on the recruitment of Pc complexes to target genes and the key factors involved in their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Golbabapour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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10
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Blair LP, Yan Q. Epigenetic mechanisms in commonly occurring cancers. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31 Suppl 1:S49-61. [PMID: 22519822 PMCID: PMC3460614 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a collection of very complex diseases that share many traits while differing in many ways as well. This makes a universal cure difficult to attain, and it highlights the importance of understanding each type of cancer at a molecular level. Although many strides have been made in identifying the genetic causes for some cancers, we now understand that simple changes in the primary DNA sequence cannot explain the many steps that are necessary to turn a normal cell into a rouge cancer cell. In recent years, some research has shifted to focusing on detailing epigenetic contributions to the development and progression of cancer. These changes occur apart from primary genomic sequences and include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression. Since these epigenetic modifications are reversible, drugs targeting epigenetic changes are becoming more common in clinical settings. Daily discoveries elucidating these complex epigenetic processes are leading to advances in the field of cancer research. These advances, however, come at a rapid and often overwhelming pace. This review specifically summarizes the main epigenetic mechanisms currently documented in solid tumors common in the United States and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Blair
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA.
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Abstract
Epigenetic alterations contribute significantly to the development and progression of prostate cancer, the most prevalent malignant tumor in males of Western industrialized countries. Here, we review recent research on DNA methylation alterations in this cancer type. Hypermethylation of several genes including GSTP1 is well known to occur in a consistent and apparently coordinate fashion during the transition from intraepithelial neoplasia to frank carcinoma. These hypermethylation events have shown promise as biomarkers for detection of prostate carcinoma. Many other individual genes have been shown to undergo hypermethylation, which is typically associated with diminished expression. These investigations indicate additional candidates for biomarkers; in particular, hypermethylation events associated with progression can be employed to identify more aggressive cases. In addition, some of genes silenced by aberrant methylation in prostate have been shown to exhibit properties of tumor suppressors, revealing insights into mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Whereas most studies in the past have used candidate gene approaches, new techniques allowing genome-wide screening for altered methylation are increasingly employed in prostate cancer research and have already yielded encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Goering
- Department of Urology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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12
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Kilinc D, Ozdemir O, Ozdemir S, Korgali E, Koksal B, Uslu A, Gultekin YE. Alterations in promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor HIC1, SFRP2, and DAPK1 genes in prostate carcinomas. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:826-32. [PMID: 22136354 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylated genomic DNA is a common feature in tumoral tissues, although the prevalence of this modification remains poorly understood. We aimed to determine the frequency of five tumor suppressor (TS) genes in prostate cancer and the correlation between promoter hypermethylation of these genes and low and high grade of prostate carcinomas. A total of 30 prostate tumor specimens were investigated for promoter methylation status of TS hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1), death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16), and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) genes by using bisulfite modifying method. A high frequency of promoter hypermethylation was found in HIC1 (70.9%), SFRP2 (58.3%), and DAPK1 (33.3%) genes in tumor samples that were examined. The current data show high frequency of hypermethylation changes in HIC1, SFRP2, and DAPK1 genes in prostate carcinomas of high Gleason Score (GS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Kilinc
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Croce M, Meazza R, Orengo AM, Fabbi M, Borghi M, Ribatti D, Nico B, Carlini B, Pistoia V, Corrias MV, Ferrini S. Immunotherapy of neuroblastoma by an Interleukin-21-secreting cell vaccine involves survivin as antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1625-34. [PMID: 18324400 PMCID: PMC11030971 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM IL-21 is the most recently identified member of the IL-2 cytokine family. Here we studied the therapeutic efficacy of IL-21-gene-modified cells (Neuro2a/IL-21) in a syngeneic metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuro2a/IL-21 cells were tested as subcutaneous (sc) vaccine both in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Depletion studies, cytotoxicity assay and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out to evaluate the mechanisms involved in tumor rejection. RESULTS When injected sc in syngeneic A/J mice viable Neuro2a/IL-21 cells were rejected and induced resistance to a subsequent iv challenge with Neuro2a parental cells (Neuro2a/pc), suggesting the involvement of an immune response. More importantly, in mice bearing Neuro2a/pc micrometastases, a single sc injection of Neuro2a/IL-21 cells significantly increased the mean tumor-free survival of treated animals (43 vs. 22 days) and cured 14% of them. The administration of two or three doses of Neuro2a/IL-21 cell vaccine further increased the mean survival time to 54 and 75 days, and the cure rate to 27 and 33%, respectively, whereas the use of unmodified Neuro2a or mock-transfected cells had no effect. In vivo cell subset depletion and a Winn-assay indicated the involvement of CD8 + CTLs. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated a reduction of CD31+ and VEGFR2+ microvessels in late metastases from therapeutically vaccinated mice. A role of survivin as antigen was suggested by in vitro assays using survivin-synthetic CTL-epitopes. CONCLUSIONS Our present data indicate that IL-21-secreting NB cells are effective as therapeutic vaccine in mice bearing metastatic NB, through a specific CTL response involving survivin as antigen, and suggest a potential interest for IL-21 in NB immuno-gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Croce
- Laboratory of Immunological Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Meazza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Gaslini Institute, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna M. Orengo
- Laboratory of Immunological Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Fabbi
- Laboratory of Immunological Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Laboratory of Immunological Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Human Anatomy, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara Carlini
- Laboratory of Oncology, Gaslini Institute, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Gaslini Institute, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Silvano Ferrini
- Laboratory of Immunological Therapy, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Li QX, Liu G, Wong-Staal F. Oncolytic virotherapy as a personalized cancer vaccine. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:493-9. [PMID: 18500742 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has demonstrated multimodal antitumor mechanisms in both preclinical and clinical settings for cancer treatment, including antitumor immunity. Compared with conventional immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses have the advantages of simultaneous cytoreduction and conferring personalized anticancer immunity, but without the need of personalized manufacture. Additionally, oncolytic viruses can be further engineered to delete immunosuppressive viral components and to insert transgenes that enhance antitumor immunity. Finally, combination with new immunomodulating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide) or cell therapy approaches will likely further augment specific antitumor immunity of virotherapy. Virotherapy could become a new paradigm for potent, safe and practical therapeutic vaccines for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Li
- iTherX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10790 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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15
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Ghoneum M, Badr El-Din NK, Noaman E, Tolentino L. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Baker's Yeast, suppresses the growth of Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:581-92. [PMID: 17891396 PMCID: PMC11030098 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in immunocompetent mice. Swiss albino mice were inoculated intramuscularly in the right thigh with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells. At day 8, mice bearing Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma tumor (SEC) were intratumorally (IT) injected with killed S. cerevisiae (10 x 10(6) and 20 x 10(6) cells) for 35 days. Histopathology of yeast-treated mice showed extensive tumor degeneration, apoptosis, and ischemic (coagulative) and liquefactive necrosis. These changes are associated with a tumor growth curve that demonstrates a significant antitumor response that peaked at 35 days. Yeast treatment (20 x 10(6) cells) three times a week resulted in a significant decrease in tumor volume (TV) (67.1%, P < 0.01) as compared to PBS-treated mice. The effect was determined to be dependent on dose and frequency. Yeast administered three and two times per week induced significant decrease in TV as early as 9 and 25 days post-treatment, respectively. Administration of yeast significantly enhanced the recruitment of leukocytes, including macrophages, into the tumors and triggered apoptosis in SEC cells as determined by flow cytometry (78.6%, P < 0.01) at 20 x 10(6) cells, as compared to PBS-treated mice (42.6%). In addition, yeast treatment elevated TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma plasma levels and lowered the elevated IL-10 levels. No adverse side effects from the yeast treatment were observed, including feeding/drinking cycle and life activity patterns. Indeed, yeast-treated mice showed significant final body weight gain (+21.5%, P < 0.01) at day 35. These data may have clinical implications for the treatment of solid cancer with yeast, which is known to be safe for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh Ghoneum
- Department of Otolaryngology, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1621 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
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Hoffmann D, Grunwald T, Bayer W, Wildner O. Immune-mediated anti-neoplastic effect of intratumoral RSV envelope glycoprotein expression is related to apoptotic death of tumor cells but not to the size of syncytia. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:1842-50. [PMID: 18350621 PMCID: PMC2701513 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To promote the development of improved tumor vaccination strategies relying on the intratumoral expression of viral fusogenic membrane proteins, we elucidated whether the size of syncytia or the way tumor cells die has an effect on the therapeutic outcome.
METHODS: In two syngeneic subcutaneous murine colon cancer models we assessed the anti-neoplastic effect on vector-treated and contralateral untreated tumors.
RESULTS: Intratumoral injection of a replication-defective adenovirus encoding respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein (RSV-F) alone (Ad.RSV-F) or together with the attachment glycoprotein RSV-G (Ad.RSV-F/G) led to a significant growth reduction of the vector-treated and contralateral untreated tumors. The treatment response was associated with a strong tumor-specific CTL response and significantly improved survival with medians of 46 d and 44 d, respectively. Intratumoral injection of Ad.RSV-G or a soluble RSV-F encoding adenovirus (Ad.RSV-Fsol) had no significant anti-neoplastic effect. The median survival of these treatment groups and of Ad.Null-treated control animals was about 30 d.
CONCLUSION: Although in vitro transduction of colon cancer cell lines with Ad.RSV-F/G resulted in about 8-fold larger syncytia than with Ad.RSV-F, the in vivo outcome was not significantly different. Transduction of murine colon cancer cell lines with Ad.RSV-F or Ad.RSV-F/G caused apoptotic cell death, in contrast to transduction with Ad.RSV-G or Ad.RSV-Fsol, suggesting an importance of the mode of cell death. Overall, these findings provide insight into improved tumor vaccination strategies relying on the intratumoral expression of viral fusogenic membrane proteins.
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