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Yan S, Ji J, Zhang Z, Imam M, Chen H, Zhang D, Wang J. Targeting the crosstalk between estrogen receptors and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer treatment: Advances and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116615. [PMID: 38663101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a critical role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor are the primary receptors for estrogen in breast cancer. These receptors are mainly activated by binding with estrogens. The crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors creates additional pathways that amplify the effects of their ligands and promote tumor growth. This crosstalk may cause endocrine therapy resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, this may explain the resistance to anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) treatment in ERα-/HER2-positive breast cancer and chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the complex crosstalk between ERs and growth factor receptors. In this review, we delineate the crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer. Moreover, this review highlights the current progress in clinical treatment and discusses how pharmaceuticals target the crosstalk. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges and propose potential solutions regarding the implications of targeting crosstalk via pharmacological inhibition. Overall, the present review provides a landscape of the crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer, along with valuable insights for future studies and clinical treatments using a chemotherapy-sparing regimen to improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China.
| | - Jiale Ji
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Murshid Imam
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
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Liu M, Zhou R, Zou W, Yang Z, Li Q, Chen Z, Jiang L, Zhang J. Machine learning-identified stemness features and constructed stemness-related subtype with prognosis, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy responses for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:238. [PMID: 37674202 PMCID: PMC10483786 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to explore a novel subtype classification method based on the stemness characteristics of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas database to calculate the stemness index (mRNAsi) of NSCLC patients, an unsupervised consensus clustering method was used to classify patients into two subtypes and analyze the survival differences, somatic mutational load, copy number variation, and immune characteristics differences between them. Subsequently, four machine learning methods were used to construct and validate a stemness subtype classification model, and cell function experiments were performed to verify the effect of the signature gene ARTN on NSCLC. RESULTS Patients with Stemness Subtype I had better PFS and a higher somatic mutational burden and copy number alteration than patients with Stemness Subtype II. In addition, the two stemness subtypes have different patterns of tumor immune microenvironment. The immune score and stromal score and overall score of Stemness Subtype II were higher than those of Stemness Subtype I, suggesting a relatively small benefit to immune checkpoints. Four machine learning methods constructed and validated classification model for stemness subtypes and obtained multiple logistic regression equations for 22 characteristic genes. The results of cell function experiments showed that ARTN can promote the proliferation, invasion, and migration of NSCLC and is closely related to cancer stem cell properties. CONCLUSION This new classification method based on stemness characteristics can effectively distinguish patients' characteristics and thus provide possible directions for the selection and optimization of clinical treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanjin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
- Jiangxi Hospital of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Regional Center for Respiratory Medicine Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu M, Zhou L, Fu J, Wang Y, Xu X, Wu J, Kong X, Li J, Zhou Z, Zhou H. Artemin Promotes the Migration and Invasion of Cervical Cancer Cells through AKT/mTORC1 Signaling. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3332485. [PMID: 36471885 PMCID: PMC9719425 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3332485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurotrophic factor Artemin (ARTN) is involved in tumor proliferation and metastasis. Nonetheless, ARTN's significance in cervical cancer (CC) has not been studied. In our study, we propose to investigate the biological function of ARTN in CC as well as its particular regulatory mechanism. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the degree of ARTN protein expression in CC patient tissue. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to reveal related genes' levels in CC cells. The CCK-8 test, the colony formation assay, the wound-healing assay, and the transwell assay were utilized to determine the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities, respectively. To generate lung metastasis models, stable ARTN-expressing SiHa cells were injected into the caudal tail vein of mice. IHC was used to examine the protein levels in CC mice model tissues. RESULTS ARTN was overexpressed in CC tissues relative to normal cervical tissues and linked positively with lymph node metastases (P=0.012) and recurrence (P=0.015) in CC patients. In vitro, ARTN overexpression promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CC cells. In contrast, the consequences of depleting endogenous ARTN were the opposite. Moreover, overexpression of ARTN increased lung metastasis of CC cells in vivo and shortened the lifespan of mice models. In addition, ARTN overexpression significantly enhanced AKT phosphorylation on Ser473 and mTOR phosphorylation on Ser2448 and promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cascade. In addition, rapamycin, a selective inhibitor of mTORC1, might rescue the EMT phenotype caused by ARTN. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that ARTN may enhance CC metastasis through the AKT/mTORC1 pathway. ARTN is anticipated to be a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CC metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Gynecology, Suqian People's Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Medical School of Southeast University Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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Identification of a cytokine-dominated immunosuppressive class in squamous cell lung carcinoma with implications for immunotherapy resistance. Genome Med 2022; 14:72. [PMID: 35799269 PMCID: PMC9264601 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). However, a significant proportion of patients with high tumour PD-L1 expression remain resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors. To understand the underlying resistance mechanisms, characterization of the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and identification of biomarkers to predict resistance in patients are urgently needed. METHODS Our study retrospectively analysed RNA sequencing data of 624 LUSC samples. We analysed gene expression patterns from tumour microenvironment by unsupervised clustering. We correlated the expression patterns with a set of T cell exhaustion signatures, immunosuppressive cells, clinical characteristics, and immunotherapeutic responses. Internal and external testing datasets were used to validate the presence of exhausted immune status. RESULTS Approximately 28 to 36% of LUSC patients were found to exhibit significant enrichments of T cell exhaustion signatures, high fraction of immunosuppressive cells (M2 macrophage and CD4 Treg), co-upregulation of 9 inhibitory checkpoints (CTLA4, PDCD1, LAG3, BTLA, TIGIT, HAVCR2, IDO1, SIGLEC7, and VISTA), and enhanced expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TGFβ and CCL18). We defined this immunosuppressive group of patients as exhausted immune class (EIC). Although EIC showed a high density of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, these were associated with poor prognosis. EIC had relatively elevated PD-L1 expression, but showed potential resistance to ICB therapy. The signature of 167 genes for EIC prediction was significantly enriched in melanoma patients with ICB therapy resistance. EIC was characterized by a lower chromosomal alteration burden and a unique methylation pattern. We developed a web application ( http://lilab2.sysu.edu.cn/tex & http://liwzlab.cn/tex ) for researchers to further investigate potential association of ICB resistance based on our multi-omics analysis data. CONCLUSIONS We introduced a novel LUSC immunosuppressive class which expressed high PD-L1 but showed potential resistance to ICB therapy. This comprehensive characterization of immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in LUSC provided new insights for further exploration of resistance mechanisms and optimization of immunotherapy strategies.
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Wang X, Du C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Wang X. Artemin affects the survival and prognosis of endometrial cancer patients via regulating tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100597. [PMID: 35772316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study is to analyze the impact of Artemin on survival and prognosis in endometrial cancer (EC) patients by bioinformatics methods. As a member of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, Artemin is not only important in the repair process of nerve damage, but also involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated that Artemin mRNA was overexpressed in EC tissues. Artemin expression was closely related to the FIGO stage, pathologic differentiation, deep myometrial infiltration, lymphatic metastasis, and survival status. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that ectopic overexpression of Artemin predicted poor survival prognosis. Artemin expression could be used as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of EC patients. The proliferation of EC cells was significantly downregulated by silencing of Artemin. Artemin promotes tumor progression by regulating the proliferation of EC cells, thereby affecting the prognosis of EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China.
| | - Chao Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xingcha Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
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Zou DD, Xu D, Deng YY, Wu WJ, Zhang J, Huang L, He L. Identification of key genes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics profiling study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1497. [PMID: 34805359 PMCID: PMC8573448 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), which is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. Actinic keratosis (AK) is generally considered a precancerous lesion of cSCC. However, the pathogenesis and oncogenic processes of AK and cSCC remain elusive, especially in the context of photodamage. Methods In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on AK, cSCC, normal sun-exposed skin (NES) tissues, and normal non-sun-exposed skin (NNS) from 24 individuals. Bioinformatics analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 4 groups, and potential key genes of cSCC were validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Results A total of 46,930 genes were differentially expressed in the 4 groups, including 127 genes that were differentially expressed between NES and NNS, 420 DEGs in AK compared to NES, 1,658 DEGs in cSCC compared to NES, and 1,389 DEGs in cSCC compared to AK. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the DEGs are involved in multiple pathways, including extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, immune, inflammatory, microbial infection, and other related pathways. Finally, 5 new genes (HEPHL1, FBN2, SULF1, SULF2, and TCN1) were confirmed significantly upregulated in cSCC. Conclusions Using transcriptome sequencing and integrated bioinformatical analysis, we have identified key DEGs and pathways in cSCC, which could improve our understanding of the cause and underlying molecular events of AK and cSCC. HEPHL1, FBN2, SULF1, SULF2, and TCN1 may be novel potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zou
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Deng
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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7
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Zhuang QS, Sun XB, Chong QY, Banerjee A, Zhang M, Wu ZS, Zhu T, Pandey V, Lobie PE. ARTEMIN Promotes Oncogenicity and Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Carcinoma by p44/42 MAPK Dependent Expression of CDH2. Front Oncol 2021; 11:712348. [PMID: 34422665 PMCID: PMC8377398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.712348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ARTEMIN (ARTN), one of the glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, has been reported to be associated with a number of human malignancies. In this study, the enhanced expression of ARTN in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) was observed; the expression of ARTN positively correlated with lymph node metastases and advanced tumor stages and predicted poor prognosis. Forced expression of ARTN in CRC cells enhanced oncogenic behavior, mesenchymal phenotype, stem cell-like properties and tumor growth and metastasis in a xenograft model. These functions were conversely inhibited by depletion of endogenous ARTN. Forced expression of ARTN reduced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU treatment; and 5-FU resistant CRC cells harbored enhanced expression of ARTN. The oncogenic functions of ARTN were demonstrated to be mediated by p44/42 MAP kinase dependent expression of CDH2 (CADHERIN 2, also known as N-CADHERIN). Inhibition of p44/42 MAP kinase activity or siRNA mediated depletion of endogenous CDH2 reduced the enhanced oncogenicity and chemoresistance consequent to forced expression of ARTN induced cell functions; and forced expression of CDH2 rescued the reduced mesenchymal properties and resistance to 5-FU after ARTN depletion. In conclusion, ARTN may be of prognostic and theranostic utility in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Shi Zhuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Bao Sun
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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Hou Y, Liang HL, Yu X, Liu Z, Cao X, Rao E, Huang X, Wang L, Li L, Bugno J, Fu Y, Chmura SJ, Wu W, Luo SZ, Zheng W, Arina A, Jutzy J, McCall AR, Vokes EE, Pitroda SP, Fu YX, Weichselbaum RR. Radiotherapy and immunotherapy converge on elimination of tumor-promoting erythroid progenitor cells through adaptive immunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/582/eabb0130. [PMID: 33627484 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-induced CD45-Ter119+CD71+ erythroid progenitor cells, termed "Ter cells," promote tumor progression by secreting artemin (ARTN), a neurotrophic peptide that activates REarranged during Transfection (RET) signaling. We demonstrate that both local tumor ionizing radiation (IR) and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatment decreased tumor-induced Ter cell abundance in the mouse spleen and ARTN secretion outside the irradiation field in an interferon- and CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Recombinant erythropoietin promoted resistance to radiotherapy or anti-PD-L1 therapies by restoring Ter cell numbers and serum ARTN concentration. Blockade of ARTN or potential ARTN signaling partners, or depletion of Ter cells augmented the antitumor effects of both IR and anti-PD-L1 therapies in mice. Analysis of samples from patients who received radioimmunotherapy demonstrated that IR-mediated reduction of Ter cells, ARTN, and GFRα3, an ARTN signaling partner, were each associated with tumor regression. Patients with melanoma who received immunotherapy exhibited favorable outcomes associated with decreased expression of GFRα3. These findings demonstrate an out-of-field, or "abscopal," effect mediated by adaptive immunity, which is induced during local tumor irradiation. This effect, in turn, governs the therapeutic effects of radiation and immunotherapy. Therefore, our results identify multiple targets to potentially improve outcomes after radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China. .,Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Hua L Liang
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Xinshuang Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Xuezhi Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Enyu Rao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Lei Li
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jason Bugno
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Steven J Chmura
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Sean Z Luo
- Whitney Young High School, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jessica Jutzy
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Anne R McCall
- Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Everett E Vokes
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sean P Pitroda
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
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9
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Zhu S, Li Y, Bennett S, Chen J, Weng IZ, Huang L, Xu H, Xu J. The role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family member artemin in neurological disorders and cancers. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12860. [PMID: 32573073 PMCID: PMC7377943 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a member of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs), which encompasses family members, GDNF, neurturin (NRTN) and persephin (PSPN). ARTN is also referred to as Enovin or Neublastin, and bears structural characteristics of the TGF‐β superfamily. ARTN contains a dibasic cleavage site (RXXR) that is predicted to be cleaved by furin to yield a carboxy‐terminal 113 amino acid mature form. ARTN binds preferentially to receptor GFRα3, coupled to a receptor tyrosine kinase RET, forming a signalling complex for the regulation of intracellular pathways that affect diverse outcomes of nervous system development and homoeostasis. Standard signalling cascades activated by GFLs via RET include the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase or MAPK (p‐ERK, p‐p38 and p‐JNK), PI3K‐AKT and Src. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is an alternative signalling receptor for ARTN in the presence of GFRα1, leading to activation of Fyn and FAK. Further, ARTN also interacts with heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan‐3 and mediates non‐RET signalling via activation of Src kinases. This review discusses the role of ARTN in spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain and other neurological disorders. Additionally, ARTN plays a role in non‐neuron tissues, such as the formation of Peyer's patch‐like structures in the lymphoid tissue of the gut. The emerging role of ARTN in cancers and therapeutic resistance to cancers is also explored. Further research is necessary to determine the function of ARTN in a tissue‐specific manner, including its signalling mechanisms, in order to improve the therapeutic potential of ARTN in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yihe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Junhao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Isabel Ziwai Weng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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10
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Jørgensen MC, de Lichtenberg KH, Collin CA, Klinck R, Ekberg JH, Engelstoft MS, Lickert H, Serup P. Neurog3-dependent pancreas dysgenesis causes ectopic pancreas in Hes1 mutant mice. Development 2018; 145:dev.163568. [PMID: 30093553 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Hes1, a target gene of the Notch signalling pathway, lead to ectopic pancreas by a poorly described mechanism. Here, we use genetic inactivation of Hes1 combined with lineage tracing and live imaging to reveal an endodermal requirement for Hes1, and show that ectopic pancreas tissue is derived from the dorsal pancreas primordium. RNA-seq analysis of sorted E10.5 Hes1+/+ and Hes1-/- Pdx1-GFP+ cells suggested that upregulation of endocrine lineage genes in Hes1-/- embryos was the major defect and, accordingly, early pancreas morphogenesis was normalized, and the ectopic pancreas phenotype suppressed, in Hes1-/-Neurog3-/- embryos. In Mib1 mutants, we found a near total depletion of dorsal progenitors, which was replaced by an anterior Gcg+ extension. Together, our results demonstrate that aberrant morphogenesis is the cause of ectopic pancreas and that a part of the endocrine differentiation program is mechanistically involved in the dysgenesis. Our results suggest that the ratio of endocrine lineage to progenitor cells is important for morphogenesis and that a strong endocrinogenic phenotype without complete progenitor depletion, as seen in Hes1 mutants, provokes an extreme dysgenesis that causes ectopic pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette C Jørgensen
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian H de Lichtenberg
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caitlin A Collin
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Klinck
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of User Research and Communication, Brennum Park 1, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Jeppe H Ekberg
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Palle Serup
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Wang J, Wang H, Cai J, Du S, Xin B, Wei W, Zhang T, Shen X. Artemin regulates CXCR4 expression to induce migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells through activation of NF-κB signaling. Exp Cell Res 2018; 365:12-23. [PMID: 29453972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most lethal human malignant tumor because of the early onset of local invasion and distant metastasis. Perineural invasion is a prominent characteristic of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which is a multifactorial process that involves various signaling molecules from different signaling pathways. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands was reported to be involved in perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer. Artemin is one member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands. Although Artemin has previously been demonstrated to promote invasiveness of pancreatic cancer, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed an analysis to determine the effects of Artemin on modulating tumor cell metastatic potential and invasion activity and explored its mechanisms in pancreatic cancer. We indicated that Artemin and CXCR4 were overexpressed in cancer tissues and widely expressed in pancreatic cancer cell lines. We observed that activation of ERK1/2 and Akt in Artemin-treated cells led to enhanced nuclear accumulation of NF-κB, which then induced CXCR4 expression. Through regulation of the expression of CXCR4, Artemin functionally promoted the migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells. The present study indicated that Artemin induced CXCR4 expression by activating Akt and ERK 1/2/NF-κB signaling, thereby modulating tumor cell metastatic potential and invasion activity in pancreatic cancer by regulating SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis. Artemin might be an effective and potent therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer metastasis, especially in perineural invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaoxia Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Beibei Xin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu West Road, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ti Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhu West Road, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiaohong Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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12
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Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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13
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Hezam K, Jiang J, Sun F, Zhang X, Zhang J. Artemin promotes oncogenicity, metastasis and drug resistance in cancer cells. Rev Neurosci 2017; 29:93-98. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a member of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands, and its signaling is mediated via a multi-component receptor complex including the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF family receptors a (GFRa1, GFRa3) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. The major mechanism of ARTN action is via binding to a non-signaling co-receptor. The major function of ARTN is to drive the molecule to induce migration and axonal projection from sympathetic neurons. It also promotes the survival, proliferation and neurite outgrowth of sympathetic neurons in vitro. ARTN triggers oncogenicity and metastasis by the activation of the AKT signaling pathway. Recent studies have reported that the expression of ARTN in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with increased tumor size, quick relapse and shorter survival. Furthermore, ARTN promotes drug resistance such as antiestrogens, doxorubicin, fulvestrant, paclitaxel, tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Moreover, ARTN also stimulates the radio-therapeutic resistance. This review highlights the proposed roles of ARTN in cancer cells and discusses recent results supporting its emerging role as an oncogenic, metastatic and drug-resisting agent with a special focus on how these new insights may facilitate rational development of ARTN for targeted therapies in the future.
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14
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RET inhibitors for patients with RET fusion-positive and RET wild-type non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:1623-1625. [PMID: 27825637 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Eftang LL, Klajic J, Kristensen VN, Tost J, Esbensen QY, Blom GP, Bukholm IRK, Bukholm G. GFRA3 promoter methylation may be associated with decreased postoperative survival in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:225. [PMID: 26984265 PMCID: PMC4794813 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of epigenetic alterations has been found to be implicated in the etiology of gastric cancer. We have studied the DNA methylation status of 27 500 gene promoter regions in 24 gastric adenocarcinomas from a Norwegian cohort, and aimed at identifying the hypermethylated regions. We have compared our findings to the gene expression in the same tissue, and linked our results to prognosis and survival. Methods Biopsies from gastric adenocarcinomas and adjacent normal gastric mucosa were obtained from 24 patients following surgical resection of the tumor. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of the tumor and matched non-cancerous mucosa was performed. The results were compared to whole transcriptome cDNA microarray analysis of the same material. Results Most of the gene promoter regions in both types of tissue showed a low degree of methylation, however there was a small, but significant hypermethylation of the tumors. Hierarchical clustering showed separate grouping of the tumor and normal tissue. Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the GFRA3 gene showed a strong correlation to post-operative survival and several of the clinicopathological parameters, however no difference was found between the two main histological types of gastric cancer. There was only a modest correlation between the DNA methylation status and gene expression. Conclusions The different DNA methylation clusters of the tumors and normal tissue indicate that aberrant DNA methylation is a distinct feature of gastric cancer, although there is little difference in the overall, and low, methylation levels between the two tissue types. The GFRA3 promoter region showed marked hypermethylation in almost all tumors, and its correlation with survival and other clinicopathological parameters may have important prognostic significance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2247-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lohne Eftang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478, Nordbyhagen, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Jovana Klajic
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, OUS Radiumhospitalet Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, OUS Radiumhospitalet Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA - Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Qin Ying Esbensen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Gustav Peter Blom
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ida Rashida Khan Bukholm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Geir Bukholm
- Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the neurotrophic factor Artemin on neuroplasticity and perineural invasion of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS Artemin expressions were detected in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Artemin overexpression and RNA interference in the pancreatic cancer cell lines were performed to evaluate the effects of Artemin on cell proliferation, invasion, and neurotrophic activity in vitro and in nude orthotopic transplantation tumor models. RESULTS Artemin expression in pancreatic cancer tissues was related to the incidence of lymphatic metastasis and perineural invasion as well as the mean density and total area of nerve fibers. Overexpression of Artemin in pancreatic cancer cell lines improved colony formation, cell migration, matrigel invasion, and neurotrophic activity in vitro. This overexpression also increased the volume of nude orthotopic transplantation tumors; promoted cancer cell invasion of the peripheral organs, nerves, vessels, and lymph nodes; and stimulated the proliferation of peritumoral nerve fibers. Artemin depletion by RNA interference had an inhibitory effect mentioned previously. CONCLUSIONS Artemin could promote invasiveness and neurotrophic function of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, Artemin could be used as a new therapeutic target of pancreatic carcinoma.
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17
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Jiménez A, López-Ornelas A, Estudillo E, González-Mariscal L, González RO, Segovia J. A soluble form of GAS1 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in a triple negative breast cancer model. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:307-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Gao C, Cheng X, Li X, Tong B, Wu K, Liu Y. Prognostic significance of artemin and GFRα1 expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:818-822. [PMID: 25120606 PMCID: PMC4113528 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) has been implicated in the development and progression of several human malignancies. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of ARTN and its receptors has not yet been investigated in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Therefore, in the present study, the protein expression of ARTN and its receptor, namely GFRα1, was determined in 76 LSCC and 26 laryngeal polyp tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of ARTN and GFRα1 expression was analyzed in patients with LSCC. The results revealed that the expression of ARTN and GFRα1 was significantly increased in LSCC compared with polyp tissue samples. Furthermore, the expression of ARTN and GFRα1 was positively associated with pTNM stage in LSCC. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses revealed a strong association between the expression of ARTN or GFRα1 and the survival of patients with LSCC. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the expression of ARTN was significantly correlated with the expression GFRα1. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that ARTN and GFRα1 may be useful predictors of disease progression and outcome in patients with LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xingwang Cheng
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Busheng Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Kaile Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yehai Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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19
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Rettew AN, Getty PJ, Greenfield EM. Receptor tyrosine kinases in osteosarcoma: not just the usual suspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:47-66. [PMID: 24924168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite aggressive surgical and chemotherapy protocols, survival rates for osteosarcoma patients have not improved over the last 30 years. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents are needed. Receptor tyrosine kinases have emerged as targets for the development of new cancer therapies since their activation leads to enhanced proliferation, survival, and metastasis. In fact, aberrant expression and activation of RTKs have been associated with the progression of many cancers. Studies from our lab using phosphoproteomic screening identified RTKs that are activated and thus may contribute to the signaling within metastatic human osteosarcoma cells. Functional genomic screening using siRNA was performed to distinguish which of the activated RTKs contribute to in vitro phenotypes associated with metastatic potential (motility, invasion, colony formation, and cell growth). The resulting RTK hits were then validated using independent validation experiments. From these results, we identified four RTKs (Axl, EphB2, FGFR2, and Ret) that have not been previously studied in osteosarcoma and provide targets for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Rettew
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,
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20
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Mine H, Sakurai T, Kashida H, Matsui S, Nishida N, Nagai T, Hagiwara S, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Association of gankyrin and stemness factor expression in human colorectal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2337-44. [PMID: 23508981 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that the adenoma-carcinoma sequence represents the process by which most colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise. Although gankyrin is overexpressed in CRC tissues, its roles in the initiation step of colorectal carcinogenesis remain largely unexplored. AIM We investigated the expression of gankyrin and stemness factors in human colorectal adenomas, precancerous lesions, as well as CRC tissues to assess its involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS Expression of several molecules including gankyrin and certain stemness factors was compared in 50 pairs of adenoma and surrounding normal mucosa using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in 30 CRC tissues using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In CRC specimens, expression of CD133, a cancer stem cell marker, was significantly correlated with gankyrin expression. Gankyrin knockdown decreased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stemness factors such as Nanog and Oct-4 in colorectal cancer cells. Expression of gankyrin and these stemness factors was significantly higher in adenomas than in the surrounding normal mucosa. Importantly, a significant correlation was observed between the expression of gankyrin, VEGF, and Nanog in colorectal adenomas. CONCLUSION In CRC development, gankyrin would control stem cell behavior by regulating the expression of stemness factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Mine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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21
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Wu ZS, Pandey V, Wu WY, Ye S, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Prognostic significance of the expression of GFRα1, GFRα3 and syndecan-3, proteins binding ARTEMIN, in mammary carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:34. [PMID: 23351331 PMCID: PMC3562211 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemin (ARTN) has been implicated in promoting oncogenicity, tumor growth and invasiveness in diverse human malignancies. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of upstream ligand binding components, potentially mediating ARTN oncogenicity, largely remain to be determined. METHODS We determined the mRNA and protein expression of three proteins demonstrated to bind ARTN, namely GFRα1, GFRα3 and syndecan-3 (SDC3), in benign breast disease and mammary carcinoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Their prognostic significance combined with ARTN expression was also investigated in mammary carcinoma. RESULTS The expression of GFRα1 and GFRα3, but not SDC3, was significantly increased in mammary carcinoma and positively associated with tumor lymph node metastases, higher clinical stage and HER-2 positivity. Moreover, both GFRα1 and GFRα3 expression were significantly associated with survival outcome of patients with mammary carcinoma by univariate and multivariate analyses, whereas expression of SDC3 was not. Co-expression of ARTN with either GFRα1 or GFRα3, but not SDC3, produced synergistic increases in the odds ratio for both relapse-free and overall survival in patients with mammary carcinoma. Furthermore, significant association of GFRα1 and GFRα3 expression with survival outcome observed herein were restricted to ER negative or HER-2 negative mammary carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The expression of GFRα1 and/or GFRα3, especially when combined with ARTN expression, may be useful predictors of disease progression and outcome in specific subtypes of mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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22
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Banerjee A, Wu ZS, Qian PX, Kang J, Liu DX, Zhu T, Lobie PE. ARTEMIN promotes de novo angiogenesis in ER negative mammary carcinoma through activation of TWIST1-VEGF-A signalling. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185544 PMCID: PMC3503764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic factor ARTEMIN (ARTN) has been reported to possess a role in mammary carcinoma progression and metastasis. Herein, we report that ARTN modulates endothelial cell behaviour and promotes angiogenesis in ER-mammary carcinoma (ER-MC). Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) do not express ARTN but respond to exogenously added, and paracrine ARTN secreted by ER-MC cells. ARTN promoted endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and 3D matrigel tube formation. Angiogenic behaviour promoted by ARTN secreted by ER-MC cells was mediated by AKT with resultant increased TWIST1 and subsequently VEGF-A expression. In a patient cohort of ER-MC, ARTN positively correlated with VEGF-A expression as measured by Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. In xenograft experiments, ER-MC cells with forced expression of ARTN produced tumors with increased VEGF-A expression and increased microvessel density (CD31 and CD34) compared to tumors formed by control cells. Functional inhibition of ARTN by siRNA decreased the angiogenic effects of ER-MC cells. Bevacizumab (a humanized monoclonal anti-VEGF-A antibody) partially inhibited the ARTN mediated angiogenic effects of ER-MC cells and combined inhibition of ARTN and VEGF-A by the same resulted in further significant decrease in the angiogenic effects of ER-MC cells. Thus, ARTN stimulates de novo tumor angiogenesis mediated in part by VEGF-A. ARTN therefore co-ordinately regulates multiple aspects of tumor growth and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bevacizumab
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Twist-Related Protein 1/genetics
- Twist-Related Protein 1/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Banerjee
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Xu Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Kang
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (PEL); (TZ)
| | - Peter E. Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (PEL); (TZ)
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Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases promote the in vitro phenotype of metastatic human osteosarcoma cell lines. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e34. [PMID: 23552467 PMCID: PMC3511679 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate for osteosarcoma patients with localized disease is 70% and only 25% for patients with metastases. Therefore, novel therapeutic and prognostic tools are needed. In this study, extensive screening and validation strategies identified Axl, EphB2, FGFR2, IGF-1R and Ret as specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are activated and promote the in vitro phenotype of two genetically different metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines. Initial phosphoproteomic screening identified twelve RTKs that were phosphorylated in 143B and/or LM7 metastatic human osteosarcoma cells. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen demonstrated that siRNA pools targeting ten of the twelve RTKS inhibited the in vitro phenotype of one or both cell lines. To validate the results, we individually tested the four siRNA duplexes that comprised each of the effective siRNA pools from the initial screen. The pattern of phenotype inhibition replicated the pattern of mRNA knockdown by the individual duplexes for seven of the ten RTKs, indicating the effects are consistent with on-target silencing. Five of those seven RTKs were further validated using independent approaches including neutralizing antibodies (IGF-1R), antisense-mediated knockdown (EphB2, FGFR2, and Ret) or small molecule inhibitors (Axl), indicating that those specific RTKs promote the in vitro behavior of metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines and are potential therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Axl is frequently activated in osteosarcoma patient biopsy samples, further supporting our screening and validation methods to identify RTKs that may be valuable targets for novel therapies for osteosarcoma patients.
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Banerjee A, Qian P, Wu ZS, Ren X, Steiner M, Bougen NM, Liu S, Liu DX, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Artemin stimulates radio- and chemo-resistance by promoting TWIST1-BCL-2-dependent cancer stem cell-like behavior in mammary carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42502-15. [PMID: 23095743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) has been reported to promote a TWIST1-dependent epithelial to mesenchymal transition of estrogen receptor negative mammary carcinoma (ER-MC) cells associated with metastasis and poor survival outcome. We therefore examined a potential role of ARTN in the promotion of the cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotype in mammary carcinoma cells. Acquired resistance of ER-MC cells to either ionizing radiation (IR) or paclitaxel was accompanied by increased ARTN expression. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of ARTN in either IR- or paclitaxel-resistant ER-MC cells restored cell sensitivity to IR or paclitaxel. Expression of ARTN was enriched in ER-MC cells grown in mammospheric compared with monolayer culture and was also enriched along with BMI1, TWIST1, and DVL1 in mammospheric and ALDH1+ populations. ARTN promoted mammospheric growth and self-renewal of ER-MC cells and increased the ALDH1+ population, whereas siRNA-mediated depletion of ARTN diminished these CSC-like cell behaviors. Furthermore, increased ARTN expression was significantly correlated with ALDH1 expression in a cohort of ER-MC patients. Forced expression of ARTN also dramatically enhanced tumor initiating capacity of ER-MC cells in xenograft models at low inoculum. ARTN promotion of the CSC-like cell phenotype was mediated by TWIST1 regulation of BCL-2 expression. ARTN also enhanced mammosphere formation and the ALDH1+ population in estrogen receptor-positive mammary carcinoma (ER+MC) cells. Increased expression of ARTN and the functional consequences thereof may be one common adaptive mechanism used by mammary carcinoma cells to promote cell survival and renewal in hostile tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Banerjee
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Luo Y, Tsuchiya KD, Il Park D, Fausel R, Kanngurn S, Welcsh P, Dzieciatkowski S, Wang J, Grady WM. RET is a potential tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:2037-47. [PMID: 22751117 PMCID: PMC3465636 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises as the consequence of mutations and epigenetic alterations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Through a genome-wide screen for methylated genes in colon neoplasms, we identified aberrantly methylated RET in colorectal cancer. RET, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase and a receptor for the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands, was one of the first oncogenes to be identified, and has been shown to be an oncogene in thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma. However, unexpectedly, we found RET is methylated in 27% of colon adenomas and in 63% of colorectal cancers, and now provide evidence that RET has tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer. The aberrant methylation of RET correlates with decreased RET expression, whereas the restoration of RET in colorectal cancer cell lines results in apoptosis. Furthermore, in support of a tumor suppressor function of RET, mutant RET has also been found in primary colorectal cancer. We now show that these mutations inactivate RET, which is consistent with RET being a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. These findings suggest that the aberrant methylation of RET and the mutational inactivation of RET promote colorectal cancer formation, and that RET can serve as a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. Moreover, the increased frequency of methylated RET in colon cancers compared with adenomas suggests RET inactivation is involved in the progression of colon adenomas to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Banerjee A, Wu ZS, Qian P, Kang J, Pandey V, Liu DX, Zhu T, Lobie PE. ARTEMIN synergizes with TWIST1 to promote metastasis and poor survival outcome in patients with ER negative mammary carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R112. [PMID: 22060274 PMCID: PMC3326554 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction ARTEMIN (ARTN) is an estrogen regulated growth factor, the expression of which promotes resistance to antiestrogen therapies and predicts poorer survival outcome of patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive mammary carcinoma (ER+MC) treated with tamoxifen. ARTN is also expressed in ER negative mammary carcinoma (ER-MC). Herein, we determined the role of ARTN in ER-MC and defined the mechanism of action producing poor patient prognosis. Methods We modulated the expression of ARTN in two ER- (mesenchymal/claudin-low) mammary carcinoma cell lines (BT549 and MDA-MB-231) by forced expression or small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated depletion. The effects of modulation of ARTN expression were examined by various in vitro measures of oncogenicity, including the expression of TWIST1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. In vitro results were correlated to xenograft studies in immunodeficient mice. Co-expression of ARTN and TWIST1 and their association to poor survival outcome were examined in a cohort of patients with ER-MC. Pathway analysis was performed by pharmacological inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT-Ser 473) or modulation of TWIST1 expression. Results ARTN expression resulted in ER-MC cells with enhanced mesenchymal characteristics, including increased invasion and a gene expression profile consistent with enhanced mesenchymal phenotype. ARTN stimulated ER-MC cell anchorage independent and 3D matrigel growth, endothelial cell adhesion and transmigration of ER-MC cells through an endothelial cell barrier. Forced expression of ARTN produced a larger, locally invasive tumour mass with tumour emboli that produced distant metastasis. ARTN regulated TWIST1 expression in ER-MC cells and ARTN expression was significantly correlated to TWIST1 expression in a panel of mammary carcinoma cell lines and in a cohort of patients with ER-MC. Low expression of both ARTN and TWIST1 predicted 100% relapse free and overall survival in patients with ER-MC, whereas high expression of both ARTN and TWIST1 was associated with a poor survival outcome. ARTN stimulated an increase in TWIST1 expression via increased AKT activity. siRNA mediated depletion of TWIST1 abrogated ARTN stimulated cellular behaviour associated with metastasis, and forced expression of TWIST1 abrogated the functional effects of ARTN depletion. Conclusions ARTN and TWIST1 synergize to produce a worse outcome in ER-MC and combined inhibition of ARTN and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) may therefore provide a novel therapeutic strategy in this subtype of mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Banerjee
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Avenue, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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Xun G, Guo F, Li Z, Zhou Q. [Research advances of artemin]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 14:790-800. [PMID: 22008109 PMCID: PMC5999941 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangsu Xun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
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Morandi A, Plaza-Menacho I, Isacke CM. RET in breast cancer: functional and therapeutic implications. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:149-57. [PMID: 21251878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that the receptor tyrosine kinase RET is overexpressed in a subset of ER-positive breast cancers and that crosstalk between RET and ER is important in responses to endocrine therapy. The development of small molecular inhibitors that target RET allows the opportunity to consider combination therapies as a strategy to improve response to treatment and to prevent and combat endocrine resistance. This review discusses: (i) the current knowledge about RET, its co-receptors and ligands in breast cancer; (ii) the breast cancer clinical trials involving agents that target RET; and (iii) the challenges that remain in terms of specificity of available inhibitors and in understanding the complex molecular mechanisms that underlie the resistance to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morandi
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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