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Challagundla KB, Wise PM, Neviani P, Chava H, Murtadha M, Xu T, Kennedy R, Ivan C, Zhang X, Vannini I, Fanini F, Amadori D, Calin GA, Hadjidaniel M, Shimada H, Jong A, Seeger RC, Asgharzadeh S, Goldkorn A, Fabbri M. Exosome-mediated transfer of microRNAs within the tumor microenvironment and neuroblastoma resistance to chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv135. [PMID: 25972604 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How exosomic microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the development of drug resistance in the context of the tumor microenvironment has not been previously described in neuroblastoma (NBL). METHODS Coculture experiments were performed to assess exosomic transfer of miR-21 from NBL cells to human monocytes and miR-155 from human monocytes to NBL cells. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess miR-155 targeting of TERF1 in NBL cells. Tumor growth was measured in NBL xenografts treated with Cisplatin and peritumoral exosomic miR-155 (n = 6 mice per group) CD163, miR-155, and TERF1 levels were assessed in 20 NBL primary tissues by Human Exon Arrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Student's t test was used to evaluate the differences between treatment groups. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS miR-21 mean fold change (f.c.) was 12.08±0.30 (P < .001) in human monocytes treated with NBL derived exosomes for 48 hours, and miR-155 mean f.c. was 4.51±0.25 (P < .001) in NBL cells cocultured with human monocytes for 48 hours. TERF1 mean luciferase activity in miR-155 transfected NBL cells normalized to scrambled was 0.36 ± 0.05 (P <.001). Mean tumor volumes in Dotap-miR-155 compared with Dotap-scrambled were 322.80±120mm(3) and 76.00±39.3mm(3), P = .002 at day 24, respectively. Patients with high CD163 infiltrating NBLs had statistically significantly higher intratumoral levels of miR-155 (P = .04) and lower levels of TERF1 mRNA (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a unique role of exosomic miR-21 and miR-155 in the cross-talk between NBL cells and human monocytes in the resistance to chemotherapy, through a novel exosomic miR-21/TLR8-NF-кB/exosomic miR-155/TERF1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore B Challagundla
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Petra M Wise
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Haritha Chava
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Mariam Murtadha
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Tong Xu
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Rebekah Kennedy
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Ivan Vannini
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Francesca Fanini
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Dino Amadori
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - George A Calin
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Michael Hadjidaniel
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Ambrose Jong
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Amir Goldkorn
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA)
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
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