1
|
Wikramanayake TC, Chéret J, Sevilla A, Birch-Machin M, Paus R. Targeting mitochondria in dermatological therapy: Beyond oxidative damage and skin aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:233-259. [PMID: 35249436 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2049756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of the role of the mitochondria in oxidative damage and skin aging is a significant aspect of dermatological research. Mitochondria generate most reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, excessive ROS are cytotoxic and DNA-damaging and promote (photo-)aging. ROS also possesses key physiological and regulatory functions and mitochondrial dysfunction is prominent in several skin diseases including skin cancers. Although many standard dermatotherapeutics modulate mitochondrial function, dermatological therapy rarely targets the mitochondria. Accordingly, there is a rationale for "mitochondrial dermatology"-based approaches to be applied to therapeutic research. AREAS COVERED This paper examines the functions of mitochondria in cutaneous physiology beyond energy (ATP) and ROS production. Keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier maintenance, appendage morphogenesis and homeostasis, photoaging and skin cancer are considered. Based on related PubMed search results, the paper evaluates thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, Vitamin D3 derivatives, retinoids, cannabinoid receptor agonists, PPARγ agonists, thyrotropin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone as instructive lead compounds. Moreover, the mitochondrial protein MPZL3 as a promising new drug target for future "mitochondrial dermatology" is highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Future dermatological therapeutic research should have a mitochondrial medicine emphasis. Focusing on selected lead agents, protein targets, in silico drug design, and model diseases will fertilize a mito-centric approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu C Wikramanayake
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A.,Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - Alec Sevilla
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A
| | - Mark Birch-Machin
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, and The UK National Innovation Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simard M, Rioux G, Morin S, Martin C, Guérin SL, Flamand N, Julien P, Fradette J, Pouliot R. Investigation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biological Activity in a Tissue-Engineered Skin Model Involving Psoriatic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2391-2401.e13. [PMID: 33857488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that diets enriched with omega-3 (also know as n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids could relieve the symptoms of patients with psoriasis. However, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on the proliferation and differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes in a three-dimensional skin model. Skin models featuring healthy (healthy substitute) or psoriatic (psoriatic substitute) cells were engineered by the self-assembly method of tissue engineering using a culture medium supplemented with 10 μM ALA in comparison with the regular unsupplemented medium. ALA decreased keratinocyte proliferation and improved psoriatic substitute epidermal differentiation, as measured by decreased Ki67 staining and increased protein expression of FLG and loricrin. The added ALA was notably incorporated into the epidermal phospholipids and metabolized into long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. ALA supplementation led to increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives (15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid) as well as a decrease in levels of omega-6 (also know as n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid lipid mediators (9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and leukotriene B4). Furthermore, the signal transduction mediators extracellular signal‒regulated kinases 1 and 2 were the kinases most activated after ALA supplementation. Taken together, these results show that ALA decreases the pathologic phenotype of psoriatic substitutes by normalizing keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain L Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada; Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee AY. Skin Pigmentation Abnormalities and Their Possible Relationship with Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073727. [PMID: 33918445 PMCID: PMC8038212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment, have been identified as involved in skin aging. Although each of these skin aging-related mechanisms are interconnected, this review examined the role of each mechanism in skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to propose the possible association between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blateau P, Coyaud E, Laurent E, Béganton B, Ducros V, Chauchard G, Vendrell JA, Solassol J. TERT Promoter Mutation as an Independent Prognostic Marker for Poor Prognosis MAPK Inhibitors-Treated Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2224. [PMID: 32784823 PMCID: PMC7463448 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the development of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors has greatly improved the prognosis of BRAFV600 cutaneous melanomas, the identification of molecular indicators for mutated patients at risk of early progression remains a major issue. Using an amplicon-based next-generation-sequencing (NGS) assay that targets cancer-related genes, we investigated co-occurring alterations in 89 melanoma samples. We analyzed both their association with clinicopathological variables and clinical significance in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) according to BRAF genotyping. Among co-occurring mutations, TERT promoter was the most frequently mutated gene. Although no significant difference in PFS was observed in the presence or absence of co-occurring alterations to BRAFV600, there was a trend of longer PFS for patients harboring TERT c.-124C>T mutation. Of most interest, this mutation is an independent marker of good prognosis in subgroups of patients with poor prognosis (presence of brain metastasis and elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH). Moreover, combination of elevated LDH level, presence of brain metastasis, and TERT c.-124C>T mutation was identified as the best fit model for predicting clinical outcome. Our work revealed the potential interest of c.-124C>T status determination in order to refine the prognosis of BRAFV600 melanoma under mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Blateau
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Laboratoire Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (E.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Laboratoire Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (E.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Benoit Béganton
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Ducros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Géraldine Chauchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Julie A. Vendrell
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sreedhar A, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Singh KK. Mitochondria in skin health, aging, and disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32518230 PMCID: PMC7283348 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a high turnover organ, and its constant renewal depends on the rapid proliferation of its progenitor cells. The energy requirement for these metabolically active cells is met by mitochondrial respiration, an ATP generating process driven by a series of protein complexes collectively known as the electron transport chain (ETC) that is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide, singlet oxygen, peroxides are inevitably produced during respiration and disrupt macromolecular and cellular structures if not quenched by the antioxidant system. The oxidative damage caused by mitochondrial ROS production has been established as the molecular basis of multiple pathophysiological conditions, including aging and cancer. Not surprisingly, the mitochondria are the primary organelle affected during chronological and UV-induced skin aging, the phenotypic manifestations of which are the direct consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Also, deletions and other aberrations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are frequent in photo-aged skin and skin cancer lesions. Recent studies have revealed a more innate role of the mitochondria in maintaining skin homeostasis and pigmentation, which are affected when the essential mitochondrial functions are impaired. Some common and rare skin disorders have a mitochondrial involvement and include dermal manifestations of primary mitochondrial diseases as well as congenital skin diseases caused by damaged mitochondria. With studies increasingly supporting the close association between mitochondria and skin health, its therapeutic targeting in the skin-either via an ATP production boost or free radical scavenging-has gained attention from clinicians and aestheticians alike. Numerous bioactive compounds have been identified that improve mitochondrial functions and have proved effective against aged and diseased skin. In this review, we discuss the essential role of mitochondria in regulating normal and abnormal skin physiology and the possibility of targeting this organelle in various skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Integartive Center For Aging Research and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are the core upstream elements that transduce and amplify the cellular signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to intracellular effectors. GPCRs are the largest family of membrane proteins encoded in the human genome and are the targets of about one-third of prescription medicines. However, to date, no single therapeutic agent exerts its effects via perturbing heterotrimeric G protein function, despite a plethora of evidence linking G protein malfunction to human disease. Several recent studies have brought to light that the Gq family-specific inhibitor FR900359 (FR) is unexpectedly efficacious in silencing the signaling of Gq oncoproteins, mutant Gq variants that mostly exist in the active state. These data not only raise the hope that researchers working in drug discovery may be able to potentially strike Gq oncoproteins from the list of undruggable targets, but also raise questions as to how FR achieves its therapeutic effect. Here, we place emphasis on these recent studies and explain why they expand our pharmacological armamentarium for targeting Gq protein oncogenes as well as broaden our mechanistic understanding of Gq protein oncogene function. We also highlight how this novel insight impacts the significance and utility of using G(q) proteins as targets in drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Kostenis
- Section of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Eva Marie Pfeil
- Section of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Suvi Annala
- Section of Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Piaggio F, Tozzo V, Bernardi C, Croce M, Puzone R, Viaggi S, Patrone S, Barla A, Coviello D, Jager MJ, van der Velden PA, Zeschnigk M, Cangelosi D, Eva A, Pfeffer U, Amaro A. Secondary Somatic Mutations in G-Protein-Related Pathways and Mutation Signatures in Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111688. [PMID: 31671564 PMCID: PMC6896012 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM), a rare cancer of the eye, is characterized by initiating mutations in the genes G-protein subunit alpha Q (GNAQ), G-protein subunit alpha 11 (GNA11), cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2), and phospholipase C beta 4 (PLCB4) and by metastasis-promoting mutations in the genes splicing factor 3B1 (SF3B1), serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2), and BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1). Here, we tested the hypothesis that additional mutations, though occurring in only a few cases ("secondary drivers"), might influence tumor development. METHODS We analyzed all the 4125 mutations detected in exome sequencing datasets, comprising a total of 139 Ums, and tested the enrichment of secondary drivers in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that also contained the initiating mutations. We searched for additional mutations in the putative secondary driver gene protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B) and we developed new mutational signatures that explain the mutational pattern observed in UM. RESULTS Secondary drivers were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways that also contained GNAQ and GNA11, such as the calcium-signaling pathway. Many of the secondary drivers were known cancer driver genes and were strongly associated with metastasis and survival. We identified additional mutations in PTK2B. Sparse dictionary learning allowed for the identification of mutational signatures specific for UM. CONCLUSIONS A considerable part of rare mutations that occur in addition to known driver mutations are likely to affect tumor development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piaggio
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | | | - Cinzia Bernardi
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Michela Croce
- Biotherapy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Puzone
- Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Viaggi
- DISTAV, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Martine J Jager
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter A van der Velden
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Zeschnigk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinics Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Davide Cangelosi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Adriana Amaro
- Tumor Epigenetics; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Appenzeller S, Gesierich A, Thiem A, Hufnagel A, Jessen C, Kneitz H, Regensburger M, Schmidt C, Zirkenbach V, Bischler T, Schilling B, Siedel C, Goebeler ME, Houben R, Schrama D, Gehrig A, Rost S, Maurus K, Bargou R, Rosenwald A, Schartl M, Goebeler M, Meierjohann S. The identification of patient-specific mutations reveals dual pathway activation in most patients with melanoma and activated receptor tyrosine kinases in BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas. Cancer 2018; 125:586-600. [PMID: 30561760 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge of cancer genomes has triggered the development of specific targeted inhibitors, thus providing a valuable therapeutic pool. METHODS In this report, the authors analyze the presence of targetable alterations in 136 tumor samples from 92 patients with melanoma using a comprehensive approach based on targeted DNA sequencing and supported by RNA and protein analysis. Three topics of high clinical relevance are addressed: the identification of rare, activating alterations; the detection of patient-specific, co-occurring single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in parallel pathways; and the presence of cancer-relevant germline mutations. RESULTS The analysis of patient-matched blood and tumor samples was done with a custom-designed gene panel that was enriched for genes from clinically targetable pathways. To detect alterations with high therapeutic relevance for patients with unknown driver mutations, genes that are untypical for melanoma also were included. Among all patients, CNVs were identified in one-third of samples and contained amplifications of druggable kinases, such as CDK4, ERBB2, and KIT. Considering SNVs and CNVs, 60% of patients with metastases exhibited co-occurring activations of at least 2 pathways, thus providing a rationale for individualized combination therapies. Unexpectedly, 9% of patients carry potentially protumorigenic germline mutations frequently affecting receptor tyrosine kinases. Remarkably two-thirds of BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas harbor activating mutations or CNVs in receptor tyrosine kinases. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the integrated analysis of SNVs, CNVs, and germline mutations reveals new druggable targets for combination tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Appenzeller
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anja Gesierich
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Thiem
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hufnagel
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Jessen
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Kneitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Regensburger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schmidt
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Zirkenbach
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bischler
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Siedel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Gehrig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Rost
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Maurus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Schartl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Texas A&M Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology and Skin Cancer Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krisp C, Parker R, Pascovici D, Hayward NK, Wilmott JS, Thompson JF, Mann GJ, Long GV, Scolyer RA, Molloy MP. Proteomic phenotyping of metastatic melanoma reveals putative signatures of MEK inhibitor response and prognosis. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:713-723. [PMID: 30116025 PMCID: PMC6173697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotyping of melanomas is used to identify patients for treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors, but clinical responses are highly variable. This study investigated the utility of protein expression phenotyping to provide an integrated assessment of gene expression programs in BRAF/NRAS melanoma which would be useful for prognosis and may predict response to MEK inhibition. METHODS Mass spectrometry profiling of early passage cell lines established from Stage III cutaneous melanomas was conducted. Basal protein expression was correlated with in vitro response to the MEK inhibitor, selumetinib. Protein expression in a cohort of 32 drug naïve BRAF/NRAS metastatic melanoma specimens was examined. The prognostic utility of a subset of these proteins and mRNA transcripts from a separate cohort was determined. RESULTS Unsupervised analysis of basal cell line protein abundances delineated response to selumetinib, but BRAF/NRAS genotype did not. Resistance was associated with functions including cell motility, cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Several of these response biomarkers were observed in lymph node biospecimens and correlated with melanoma-specific survival. Loss of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression was a strong prognosticator of diminished survival in BRAF/NRAS mutant melanoma. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the utility of proteomic phenotyping to identify both putative biomarkers of response to MEK inhibition and prognostication associated with metastatic melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krisp
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University Medical Center Hamburg, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Parker
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Juin C, Oliveira Junior RGD, Fleury A, Oudinet C, Pytowski L, Bérard JB, Nicolau E, Thiéry V, Lanneluc I, Beaugeard L, Prunier G, Almeida JRGDS, Picot L. Zeaxanthin from Porphyridium purpureum induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells expressing the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation and sensitizes them to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Ibarrola-Villava M, Fleitas T, Llorca-Cardeñosa MJ, Mongort C, Alonso E, Navarro S, Burgues O, Vivancos A, Cejalvo JM, Perez-Fidalgo JA, Roselló S, Ribas G, Cervantes A. Determination of somatic oncogenic mutations linked to target-based therapies using MassARRAY technology. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22543-55. [PMID: 26968814 PMCID: PMC5008380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutation analysis represents a useful tool in selecting personalized therapy. The aim of our study was to determine the presence of common genetic events affecting actionable oncogenes using a MassARRAY technology in patients with advanced solid tumors who were potential candidates for target-based therapies. The analysis of 238 mutations across 19 oncogenes was performed in 197 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of different tumors using the OncoCarta Panel v1.0 (Sequenom Hamburg, Germany). Of the 197 specimens, 97 (49.2%) presented at least one mutation. Forty-nine different oncogenic mutations in 16 genes were detected. Mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA were detected in 40/97 (41.2%) and 30/97 (30.9%) patients respectively. Thirty-one patients (32.0%) had mutations in two genes, 20 of them (64.5%) initially diagnosed with colorectal cancer. The co-occurrence of mutation involved mainly KRAS, PIK3CA, KIT and RET. Mutation profiles were validated using a customized panel and the Junior Next-Generation Sequencing technology (GS-Junior 454, Roche). Twenty-eight patients participated in early clinical trials or received specific treatments according to the molecular characterization (28.0%). MassARRAY technology is a rapid and effective method for identifying key cancer-driving mutations across a large number of samples, which allows for a more appropriate selection for personalized therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tania Fleitas
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Mongort
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisa Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Octavio Burgues
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Cejalvo
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Susana Roselló
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Clinic University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Cervantes
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stark MS, Bonazzi VF. Gene Expression Array Analysis to Identify Candidate Tumor Suppressor Genes in Melanoma. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28770491 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex multifactorial disease; therefore, a combination of various approaches is necessary to girt all aspects of its biology and identify the many different genes and factors involved in its etiology.Epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) has been shown to play a central role in melanomagenesis. Here, we describe a new pipeline based on an integrative and comparative analysis of several array platform, post-demethylation treatment expression data, methylation array, and constitutive mRNA expression analysis to identify novel TSGs frequently methylated in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Stark
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Vanessa F Bonazzi
- Endometrial Cancer Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Comparative study on driver mutations in primary and metastatic melanomas at a single Japanese institute: A clue for intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 85:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
15
|
Fleitas T, Ibarrola-Villava M, Ribas G, Cervantes A. MassARRAY determination of somatic oncogenic mutations in solid tumors: Moving forward to personalized medicine. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 49:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
16
|
Cree IA. Progress and potential of RAS mutation detection for diagnostics and companion diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1067-1072. [PMID: 27494709 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1221345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The importance of RAS mutation in carcinogenesis is established, and knowledge of an individual cancer's mutation status is important for optimal treatment. Areas covered: This paper is restricted to RAS testing in cancer, and highlights papers relevant to current practice. Expert commentary: Multiple laboratory methods are available for RAS gene analysis. PCR is commonly used to determine RAS status, providing a robust and inexpensive technology for clinical use. Next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms are changing the way in which mutation status is determined, though they require considerable expertise. Pre-analytical issues affect both methods and should be considered. The interpretation and reporting of results is not simple, particularly for NGS. External quality assurance is a pre-requisite for success, and is mandated by most laboratory accreditation schemes. The use of RAS testing is now extending beyond biopsy material to include the detection of mutations in circulating cell-free DNA and tumour cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Cree
- a Department of Pathology , University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , Coventry , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jones AM, Ferguson P, Gardner J, Rooker S, Sutton T, Ahn A, Chatterjee A, Bickley VM, Sarwar M, Emanuel P, Kenwright D, Shepherd PR, Eccles MR. NRAS and EPHB6 mutation rates differ in metastatic melanomas of patients in the North Island versus South Island of New Zealand. Oncotarget 2016; 7:41017-41030. [PMID: 27191502 PMCID: PMC5173039 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer type, is responsible for 75% of skin cancer related deaths worldwide. Given that New Zealand (NZ) has the world's highest melanoma incidence, we sought to determine the frequency of mutations in NZ melanomas in recurrently mutated genes. NZ melanomas were from localities distributed between North (35°S-42°S) and South Islands (41°S-47°S). A total of 529 melanomas were analyzed for BRAF exon 15 mutations by Sanger sequencing, and also by Sequenom MelaCarta MassARRAY. While, a relatively low incidence of BRAFV600E mutations (23.4%) was observed overall in NZ melanomas, the incidence of NRAS mutations in South Island melanomas was high compared to North Island melanomas (38.3% vs. 21.9%, P=0.0005), and to The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) (38.3% vs. 22%, P=0.0004). In contrast, the incidence of EPHB6G404S mutations was 0% in South Island melanomas, and was 7.8% in North Island (P=0.0002). Overall, these data suggest that melanomas from geographically different regions in NZ have markedly different mutation frequencies, in particular in the NRAS and EPHB6 genes, when compared to TCGA or other populations. These data have implications for the causation and treatment of malignant melanoma in NZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Jones
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter Ferguson
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jacqui Gardner
- Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Serena Rooker
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim Sutton
- Pathlab Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Antonio Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivienne M. Bickley
- Anatomical and Molecular Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Makhdoom Sarwar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Emanuel
- Anatomic Pathology Services, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Diane Kenwright
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter R. Shepherd
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Molecular medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A Transcriptionally Inactive ATF2 Variant Drives Melanomagenesis. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1884-92. [PMID: 27210757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal cutaneous malignancies, characterized by chemoresistance and a striking propensity to metastasize. The transcription factor ATF2 elicits oncogenic activities in melanoma, and its inhibition attenuates melanoma development. Here, we show that expression of a transcriptionally inactive form of Atf2 (Atf2(Δ8,9)) promotes development of melanoma in mouse models. Atf2(Δ8,9)-driven tumors show enhanced pigmentation, immune infiltration, and metastatic propensity. Similar to mouse Atf2(Δ8,9), we have identified a transcriptionally inactive human ATF2 splice variant 5 (ATF2(SV5)) that enhances the growth and migration capacity of cultured melanoma cells and immortalized melanocytes. ATF2(SV5) expression is elevated in human melanoma specimens and is associated with poor prognosis. These findings point to an oncogenic function for ATF2 in melanoma development that appears to be independent of its transcriptional activity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kakavand H, Wilmott JS, Long GV, Scolyer RA. Targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic melanoma patients: a guide and update for pathologists. Pathology 2016; 48:194-202. [PMID: 27020392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The previously dismal prospects for patients with advanced stage metastatic melanoma have greatly improved in recent years. Enhanced understanding of both the pathogenesis of melanoma and its molecular drivers, as well as the importance and regulation of anti-tumour immune responses, have provided new therapeutic opportunities for melanoma patients. There are two major distinct categories of systemic treatments with activity for patients with metastatic melanoma: (1) targeted therapies, which act to inhibit the oncogenes that drive the aberrant growth and dissemination of the tumour; and (2) immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies, which act to enhance anti-tumour immune responses by blocking negative regulators of immunity. Pathologists play a critical and expanding role in the selection of the most appropriate treatment for individual metastatic melanoma patients in the modern era of personalised/precision medicine. The molecular pathology testing of melanoma tumour tissue for the presence of targetable oncogenic mutations is already part of routine practice in many institutions. In addition, other potential oncogenic therapeutic targets continue to be identified and pathology testing techniques must readily adapt to this rapidly changing field. Recent research findings suggest that pathological assessment of tumour associated immune cells and immunosuppressive ligand expression of the tumour are likely to be important in identifying patients most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Similarly, pathological and molecular observations of on-treatment tumour tissue biopsies taken from patients on targeted therapies have provided new insights into the mechanisms of action of targeted molecular therapies, have contributed to the identification of resistance mechanisms to these novel therapies and may be of higher value for selecting patients most likely to benefit from therapies. These data have already provided a rational biological basis for the exciting prospect of combining them to further improve survival rates and this is currently being investigated in clinical trials. Ultimately it may be the responsibility of the pathologist to identify which therapy or combination of therapies is most likely to benefit individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojabr Kakavand
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The molecular profile of metastatic melanoma in Australia. Pathology 2016; 48:188-93. [PMID: 27020391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy directed at driver oncogenic mutations offers an effective treatment option for select patients with metastatic melanoma. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of clinically significant somatic mutations, specifically BRAF, NRAS and KIT, in a large cohort of Australian patients with metastatic melanoma. We performed a cross-sectional cohort study of consecutive patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IIIc unresectable or stage IV melanoma managed at Melanoma Institute Australia, and affiliated sites, that underwent molecular testing between 22 June 2009 and 19 July 2013. Additionally, we examined the change in BRAF testing methodology and patient population over time, and how this influenced the prevalence of mutations. A total of 767 molecular tests were conducted for 733 patients. BRAF V600 mutation testing was performed for 713 patients (97.2%), with an overall mutation prevalence of 37.7% (269/713); 74.3% (200/269) were the V600E genotype and 22.3% (60/269) V600K. The BRAF mutation prevalence and proportion of BRAF V600E and V600K genotypes varied across the study period, as did testing methodology and the median age of the cohorts. Of 222 patients who underwent NRAS testing, 58 (26.1%) had a mutation identified. The overall prevalence of KIT mutations was 3.7% (11/296). In Australia the prevalence of BRAF mutations is lower than initially reported, although this remains the most common mutation identified in metastatic melanoma and an important therapeutic target. NRAS mutations are more prevalent than initially described; however, other mutations reported in melanoma, including KIT, are rare in an unselected population of patients.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The rapid advances in the molecular biology and genetics have improved the understanding of molecular pathogenesis of v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit (KIT), and neuroblastoma v-Ras oncogene homolog (NRAS) mutant melanomas with the subsequent development of targeted therapeutic agents. However, only limited data are available for melanoma harboring other somatic than BRAF, KIT, and NRAS mutations. Mutations in guanine nucleotide-binding protein Q polypeptide (GNAQ) and guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-11 (GNA11), alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, constitutively activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in uveal melanoma. However, there are no reports of GNA11 mutations in cutaneous melanomas. A 48-year-old woman was diagnosed with cutaneous nodular melanoma on the left scalp. Mutation analysis of the tumor revealed a GNA11 Q209L mutation. There was no evidence of uveal melanoma or malignant blue nevus in ophthalmologic exam, imaging studies, and pathology review. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to demonstrate cutaneous origin melanoma harboring a GNA11 Q209L mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna P Patel
- From the Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Precise Classification of Cervical Carcinomas Combined with Somatic Mutation Profiling Contributes to Predicting Disease Outcome. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197069 PMCID: PMC4510875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC), and adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) are the most common histological subtypes of cervical cancer. Differences in the somatic mutation profiles of these subtypes have been suggested. We investigated the prevalence of somatic hot-spot mutations in three well-defined cohorts of SCC, AC, and ASC and determined the additional value of mutation profiling in predicting disease outcome relative to well-established prognostic parameters. Materials and Methods Clinicopathological data were collected for 301 cervical tumors classified as SCC (n=166), AC (n=55), or ASC (n=80). Mass spectrometry was used to analyze 171 somatic hot-spot mutations in 13 relevant genes. Results In 103 (34%) tumors, 123 mutations were detected (36% in SCC, 38% in AC, and 28% in ASC), mostly in PIK3CA (20%) and KRAS (7%). PIK3CA mutations occurred more frequently in SCC than AC (25% vs. 11%, P=0.025), whereas KRAS mutations occurred more frequently in AC than SCC (24% vs. 3%, P<0.001) and ASC (24% vs. 3%, P<0.001). A positive mutation status correlated with worse disease-free survival (HR 1.57, P=0.043). In multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, parametrial infiltration, and lymph node metastasis, but not the presence of a somatic mutation, were independent predictors of survival. Conclusion Potentially targetable somatic mutations occurred in 34% of cervical tumors with different distributions among histological subtypes. Precise classification of cervical carcinomas in combination with mutation profiling is valuable for predicting disease outcome and may guide the development and selection of tumor-specific treatment approaches.
Collapse
|
23
|
Carlino MS, Fung C, Shahheydari H, Todd JR, Boyd SC, Irvine M, Nagrial AM, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF, Long GV, Rizos H. Preexisting MEK1P124 mutations diminish response to BRAF inhibitors in metastatic melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:98-105. [PMID: 25370473 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MEK1 mutations in melanoma can confer resistance to BRAF inhibitors, although preexisting MEK1(P124) mutations do not preclude clinical responses. We sought to determine whether recurrent, preexisting MEK1(P124) mutations affected clinical outcome in BRAF inhibitor-treated patients with melanoma. METHODS Data from four published datasets were analyzed to determine whether preexisting MEK1(P124) mutations affect radiologic response or progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with BRAF(V600)-mutant metastatic melanoma treated with vemurafenib or dabrafenib. The effects of MEK1(P124) mutations on MAPK pathway activity and response to BRAF inhibition were also investigated in a series of cell models. RESULTS In a pooled analysis of 123 patients, the presence of a pretreatment MEK1(P124) mutation (N = 12, 10%) was associated with a poorer RECIST response (33% vs. 72% in MEK1(P124Q/S) vs. MEK1(P124) wild-type, P = 0.018), and a shorter PFS (median 3.1 vs. 4.8 months, P = 0.004). Furthermore, MEK1(P124Q/S) mutations were shown to have independent kinase activity and introduction of these mutations into a BRAF-mutant melanoma cell line diminished inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by dabrafenib and enhanced clonogenic survival in the presence of dabrafenib compared with cells ectopically expressing wild-type MEK1. Consistent with these data, two BRAF-mutant cell lines with endogenous MEK1(P124) mutations showed intermediate sensitivity to dabrafenib, but were highly sensitive to downstream inhibition of MEK or ERK. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data indicate that preexisting MEK1(P124) mutations are associated with a reduced response to BRAF inhibitor therapy and identify a subset of patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma likely to benefit from combination therapies involving MEK or ERK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo S Carlino
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, New South Wales, Australia. Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carina Fung
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamideh Shahheydari
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason R Todd
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanah C Boyd
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mal Irvine
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adnan M Nagrial
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feichtinger RG, Sperl W, Bauer JW, Kofler B. Mitochondrial dysfunction: a neglected component of skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:607-14. [PMID: 24980550 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant mitochondrial structure and function influence tissue homeostasis and thereby contribute to multiple human disorders and ageing. Ten per cent of patients with primary mitochondrial disorders present skin manifestations that can be categorized into hair abnormalities, rashes, pigmentation abnormalities and acrocyanosis. Less attention has been paid to the fact that several disorders of the skin are linked to alterations of mitochondrial energy metabolism. This review article summarizes the contribution of mitochondrial pathology to both common and rare skin diseases. We explore the intriguing observation that a wide array of skin disorders presents with primary or secondary mitochondrial pathology and that a variety of molecular defects can cause dysfunctional mitochondria. Among them are mutations in mitochondrial- and nuclear DNA-encoded subunits and assembly factors of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes; mutations in intermediate filament proteins involved in linking, moving and shaping of mitochondria; and disorders of mitochondrial DNA metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and heme synthesis. Thus, we assume that mitochondrial involvement is the rule rather than the exception in skin diseases. We conclude the article by discussing how improving mitochondrial function can be beneficial for aged skin and can be used as an adjunct therapy for certain skin disorders. Consideration of mitochondrial energy metabolism in the skin creates a new perspective for both dermatologists and experts in metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René G Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim CY, Kim DW, Kim K, Curry J, Torres-Cabala C, Patel S. GNAQ mutation in a patient with metastatic mucosal melanoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:516. [PMID: 25030020 PMCID: PMC4223398 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal melanomas represent about 1% of all melanoma cases and classically have a worse prognosis than cutaneous melanomas. Due to the rarity of mucosal melanomas, only limited clinical studies with metastatic mucosal melanoma are available. Mucosal melanomas most commonly contain mutations in the gene CKIT, and treatments have been investigated using targeted therapy for this gene. Mutations in mucosal melanoma are less common than in cutaneous or uveal melanomas and occur in descending order of frequency as: CKIT (20%), NRAS (5%) or BRAF (3%). Mutations in G-alpha proteins, which are associated with activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, have not been reported in mucosal melanomas. These G-alpha protein mutations occur in the genes GNAQ and GNA11 and are seen at a high frequency in uveal melanomas, those melanomas that begin in the eye. CASE PRESENTATION A 59-year old Caucasian male was diagnosed with a mucosal melanoma after evaluation for what was thought to be a hemorrhoid. Molecular analysis of the tumor revealed a GNAQ mutation. Ophthalmologic exam did not disclose a uveal melanoma. CONCLUSION Here we report, to our knowledge, the first known case of GNAQ mutation in a patient with metastatic mucosal melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Curry
- Department of Dermatopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Torres-Cabala
- Department of Dermatopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sapna Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lau C, Killian KJ, Samuels Y, Rudloff U. ERBB4 mutation analysis: emerging molecular target for melanoma treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:461-80. [PMID: 24258993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent sequencing efforts in melanoma have elucidated many previously unknown molecular pathways and biological mechanisms involved in melanoma development and progression and have yielded a number of promising targets for molecular therapy. As sequencing technologies have become more sophisticated and have revealed an ever-increasing complexity of the genetic landscape of melanoma, it has become clear that sequencing methods applied to clinical specimens have to reliably capture not only recurrent "hotspot" mutations like BRAFV600 and NRASQ61 or "mini-hotspot" mutations like exon 11 and 13 c-KIT but also heterogeneous somatic mutations dispersed across multiple functionally conserved regions of genes or entire genes. One such example in melanoma is the ERBB4 receptor, or HER4, a member of the Erb receptor family, which has recently been shown to be a major oncogenic "driver" in melanoma. Mutated ERBB4 signaling activates both aberrant ERBB4 and PI3K-AKT signal transduction, mediates sensitivity to small-molecule inhibition with the dual-tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib, and has recently also been implied in oncogenic glutamatergic signaling in melanoma. Mutations involving the ERBB4 gene act as "gain-of-function" mutations and predominantly involve the extracellular domains of the receptor. Additional sequencing efforts have recently identified recurrent mutations ("mini-hotspots") or mutation clusters which affect the regulation of, e.g., ligand binding, arrangement of extracellular domain alignment, or intramolecular tether formation.In this chapter, we describe the methods used to determine the mutation status of all exons of the ERBB4 gene in clinical specimens obtained from patients afflicted by metastatic melanoma. Upon slight modifications, this protocol can also be used for mutational analysis of other oncogenes affected by "non-hotspot" mutations dispersed across multiple exons. This sequencing technique has successfully been applied within a clinical trial selecting patients with ERBB4-mutant melanoma for lapatinib treatment. With the increasing emergence of low-frequency oncogenes affected by heterogeneous activating mutations located in different exons and regions this method will provide a mean to translate the promise of recently obtained genetic knowledge into clinical genotype-directed targeted therapy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lau
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ng YK, Lee JY, Supko KM, Khan A, Torres SM, Berwick M, Ho J, Kirkwood JM, Siegfried JM, Stabile LP. Pan-erbB inhibition potentiates BRAF inhibitors for melanoma treatment. Melanoma Res 2014; 24:207-18. [PMID: 24709886 PMCID: PMC4394744 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is currently used for treating patients with BRAF V600E mutant melanoma. However, the responses to vemurafenib are generally partial and of relatively short duration. Recent evidence suggests that activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/erbB signaling pathway may be responsible for the development of BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma patients. In this study, we characterized the erbB family of receptors and ligands in melanoma cell lines and examined whether targeting both BRAF and erbB provided enhanced antitumor activity in BRAF mutant melanoma. Variable levels of erbB2, erbB3, and truncated erbB4 were expressed in both BRAF wildtype and mutant melanoma cells with no significant differences between wildtype and mutant lines. EGFR was rarely expressed. Neuregulin 3 and neuregulin 4 were the major erbB ligands released by melanoma cells. Multi-erbB targeting with the irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor canertinib exerted a more effective growth inhibitory effect in both BRAF wildtype and mutant melanoma cells compared with the single-erbB or dual-erbB targeting inhibitors, gefitinib, erlotinib, and lapatinib. Canertinib inhibited both EGF-induced and neuregulin 1-induced erbB downstream signaling in both mutant and wildtype cell lines. However, canertinib induced apoptosis and sub-G1 arrest only in mutant cells. Canertinib statistically increased the antiproliferative effects of vemurafenib in the BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines while little or no enhanced effect was observed with the combination treatment in the wildtype cell lines. A combined inhibition strategy targeting BRAF together with multiple erbB family kinases is potentially beneficial for treating BRAF V600E mutant melanoma. Wildtype BRAF melanoma may also benefit from a multi-erbB kinase inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Keng Ng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jia-Ying Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn M. Supko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Salina M. Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jonhan Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jill M. Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura P. Stabile
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Parker R, Clifton-Bligh R, Molloy MP. Phosphoproteomics of MAPK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Cells and a Role for the Lethal Synergism of Dual BRAF and CK2 Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1894-906. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
29
|
Feldman DR, Iyer G, Van Alstine L, Patil S, Al-Ahmadie H, Reuter VE, Bosl GJ, Chaganti RS, Solit DB. Presence of somatic mutations within PIK3CA, AKT, RAS, and FGFR3 but not BRAF in cisplatin-resistant germ cell tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3712-20. [PMID: 24812411 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A previous study noted frequent B-RAF mutations among European patients with cisplatin-resistant but not cisplatin-sensitive germ cell tumors (GCT). We sought to validate this finding by assessing for these mutations among patients with GCT at our center. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adolescent and adult patients with GCT who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy and had tumor tissue available were eligible for participation. Response to cisplatin was reviewed to determine sensitivity and resistance. Tumor DNA was extracted and subjected to Sequenom analysis to detect hotspot alterations in FGFR3, AKT1, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, and BRAF with Sanger sequencing for confirmation. Nine GCT cell lines with varying degrees of cisplatin sensitivity and resistance were also assayed by Sequenom. RESULTS Seventy (24 cisplatin-sensitive; 46 cisplatin-resistant) of 75 patients had tumors with sufficient quality DNA to perform Sequenom. Nineteen mutations were detected among 16 (23%) patients but no BRAF mutations were identified. Similarly, none of the cell lines harbored BRAF mutations. FGFR3 was the most frequent mutation, identified in 13% of both sensitive and resistant samples. All other mutations were exclusive to resistant cases (3 KRAS, 3 AKT1, 3 PIK3CA, and 1 HRAS). CONCLUSIONS BRAF mutations are rare in American patients with GCT, including those with cisplatin resistance. However, other potentially targetable mutations occur in more than 25% of cisplatin-resistant patients. FGFR3, AKT1, and PIK3CA mutations are all reported for the first time in GCT. Whereas FGFR3 mutations occurred with equal frequency in both sensitive and resistant GCTs, mutations in AKT1 and PIK3CA were observed exclusively in cisplatin-resistant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Feldman
- Authors' Affiliations: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; and
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Authors' Affiliations: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program; Departments of Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; and
| | - Lindsay Van Alstine
- Authors' Affiliations: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - George J Bosl
- Authors' Affiliations: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; and
| | - Raju S Chaganti
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York City, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Authors' Affiliations: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program; Departments of Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shtivelman E, Davies MA, Hwu P, Yang J, Lotem M, Oren M, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE. Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1701-52. [PMID: 24743024 PMCID: PMC4039128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michal Lotem
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Concordant BRAFV600E mutation status in primary melanomas and associated naevi: implications for mutation testing of primary melanomas. Pathology 2014; 46:193-8. [DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
32
|
Designing a high-throughput somatic mutation profiling panel specifically for gynaecological cancers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93451. [PMID: 24671188 PMCID: PMC3966900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations play a major role in tumour initiation and progression. The mutation status of a tumour may predict prognosis and guide targeted therapies. The majority of techniques to study oncogenic mutations require high quality and quantity DNA or are analytically challenging. Mass-spectrometry based mutation analysis however is a relatively simple and high-throughput method suitable for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour material. Targeted gene panels using this technique have been developed for several types of cancer. These current cancer hotspot panels are not focussed on the genes that are most relevant in gynaecological cancers. In this study, we report the design and validation of a novel, mass-spectrometry based panel specifically for gynaecological malignancies and present the frequencies of detected mutations. Using frequency data from the online Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer, we selected 171 somatic hotspot mutations in the 13 most important genes for gynaecological cancers, being BRAF, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, FBXW7, FGFR2, FGFR3, FOXL2, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, PPP2R1A and PTEN. A total of 546 tumours (205 cervical, 227 endometrial, 89 ovarian, and 25 vulvar carcinomas) were used to test and validate our panel, and to study the prevalence and spectrum of somatic mutations in these types of cancer. The results were validated by testing duplicate samples and by allele-specific qPCR. The panel presented here using mass-spectrometry shows to be reproducible and high-throughput, and is usefull in FFPE material of low quality and quantity. It provides new possibilities for studying large numbers of gynaecological tumour samples in daily practice, and could be useful in guided therapy selection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Young RJ, Waldeck K, Martin C, Foo JH, Cameron DP, Kirby L, Do H, Mitchell C, Cullinane C, Liu W, Fox SB, Dutton-Regester K, Hayward NK, Jene N, Dobrovic A, Pearson RB, Christensen JG, Randolph S, McArthur GA, Sheppard KE. Loss of CDKN2A expression is a frequent event in primary invasive melanoma and correlates with sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 in melanoma cell lines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:590-600. [PMID: 24495407 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the potential for the p16-cyclin D-CDK4/6-retinoblastoma protein pathway to be exploited as a therapeutic target in melanoma. In a cohort of 143 patients with primary invasive melanoma, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect gene copy number variations (CNVs) in CDK4, CCND1, and CDKN2A and immunohistochemistry to determine protein expression. CNVs were common in melanoma, with gain of CDK4 or CCND1 in 37 and 18% of cases, respectively, and hemizygous or homozygous loss of CDKN2A in 56%. Three-quarters of all patients demonstrated a CNV in at least one of the three genes. The combination of CCND1 gain with either a gain of CDK4 and/or loss of CDKN2A was associated with poorer melanoma-specific survival. In 47 melanoma cell lines homozygous loss, methylation or mutation of CDKN2A gene or loss of protein (p16(INK) (4A) ) predicted sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991, while RB1 loss predicted resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Young
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dutton-Regester K, Kakavand H, Aoude LG, Stark MS, Gartside MG, Johansson P, O'Connor L, Lanagan C, Tembe V, Pupo GM, Haydu LE, Schmidt CW, Mann GJ, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Hayward NK. Melanomas of unknown primary have a mutation profile consistent with cutaneous sun-exposed melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:852-60. [PMID: 23890154 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) is an uncommon phenomenon whereby patients present with metastatic disease without an evident primary site. To determine their likely site of origin, we combined exome sequencing from 33 MUPs to assess the total rate of somatic mutations and degree of UV mutagenesis. An independent cohort of 91 archival MUPs was also screened for 46 hot spot mutations highly prevalent in melanoma including BRAF, NRAS, KIT, GNAQ, and GNA11. Results showed that the majority of MUPs exhibited high somatic mutation rates, high ratios of C>T/G>A transitions, and a high rate of BRAF (45 of 101, 45%) and NRAS (32 of 101, 32%) mutations, collectively indicating a mutation profile consistent with cutaneous sun-exposed melanomas. These data suggest that a significant proportion of MUPs arise from regressed or unrecognized primary cutaneous melanomas or arise de novo in lymph nodes from nevus cells that have migrated from the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Dutton-Regester
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mar VJ, Wong SQ, Li J, Scolyer RA, McLean C, Papenfuss AT, Tothill RW, Kakavand H, Mann GJ, Thompson JF, Behren A, Cebon JS, Wolfe R, Kelly JW, Dobrovic A, McArthur GA. BRAF/NRAS wild-type melanomas have a high mutation load correlating with histologic and molecular signatures of UV damage. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4589-98. [PMID: 23833303 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mutation load in melanoma is generally high compared with other tumor types due to extensive UV damage. Translation of exome sequencing data into clinically relevant information is therefore challenging. This study sought to characterize mutations identified in primary cutaneous melanomas and correlate these with clinicopathologic features. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA was extracted from 34 fresh-frozen primary cutaneous melanomas and matched peripheral blood. Tumor histopathology was reviewed by two dermatopathologists. Exome sequencing was conducted and mutation rates were correlated with age, sex, tumor site, and histopathologic variables. Differences in mutations between categories of solar elastosis, pigmentation, and BRAF/NRAS mutational status were investigated. RESULTS The average mutation rate was 12 per megabase, similar to published results in metastases. The average mutation rate in severely sun damaged (SSD) skin was 21 per Mb compared with 3.8 per Mb in non-SSD skin (P=0.001). BRAF/NRAS wild-type (WT) tumors had a higher average mutation rate compared with BRAF/NRAS-mutant tumors (27 vs. 5.6 mutations per Mb; P=0.0001). Tandem CC>TT/GG>AA mutations comprised 70% of all dinucleotide substitutions and were more common in tumors arising in SSD skin (P=0.0008) and in BRAF/NRAS WT tumors (P=0.0007). Targetable and potentially targetable mutations in WT tumors, including NF1, KIT, and NOTCH1, were spread over various signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Melanomas arising in SSD skin have higher mutation loads and contain a spectrum of molecular subtypes compared with BRAF- and NRAS-mutant tumors indicating multigene screening approaches and combination therapies may be required for management of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Mar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Oncogenic Signaling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rare BRAF mutations in melanoma patients: implications for molecular testing in clinical practice. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2164-71. [PMID: 23579220 PMCID: PMC3670489 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The detection of V600E BRAF mutation in melanoma is fundamental since here BRAF inhibitors represent an effective treatment. Non-V600E BRAF mutations that may also respond are not detected by certain screening methods. Thus, knowledge about detection of these mutations is needed. Methods: A total of 276 tumour samples from 174 melanoma patients were investigated for BRAF mutations by pyrosequencing. Rare mutations were confirmed by capillary sequencing and compared with findings from COBAS test and immunohistochemistry using a novel BRAF antibody. Melanoma type, localisation, and survival were summarised. Results: BRAF mutations were found in 43% of patients (124 tumours in 75 patients). Among those, 14 patients (18.7%) exhibited rare mutations. The V600EK601del and V600DK601del mutations have never been described before in melanoma. Furthermore, V600K, V600E2, and V600D, V600G, V600R, and L597S mutations were detected. Mutations were not detected by COBAS test in 7 out of these 14 patients and immunohistochemistry only reliably detected patients with the V600E2 and V600EK601del mutation. Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis of rare BRAF mutations is crucial. We show that pyrosequencing is accurate, highly sensitive, reliable, and time saving to detect rare BRAF mutations. Missing these rare variant mutations would exclude a subset of patients from available effective BRAF-targeting therapy.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Zhou QM, Li W, Guan YX, Zhang X, Chen XC, Ding Y, Wen XZ, Peng RQ, Yan SM, Zhang XS. The absence of the ERBB4 hotspot mutations in melanomas in patients from southern China. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 32:410-4. [PMID: 23237222 PMCID: PMC3845607 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
V-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (ERBB4) has been reported to be somatically mutated in 19% of melanoma cases. To investigate the prevalence of ERBB4 mutations in melanoma patients from southern China, we analyzed 117 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded melanoma samples archived in the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) platform was used to screen for mutations. No ERBB4 hotspot mutations were detected. Our results indicate that ERBB4 mutations may play a limited role in melanomas in China; therefore, targeting the ERBB4 mutation in melanoma patients from southern China may not be a promising strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Malignant melanoma and its stromal nonimmune microecosystem. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:584219. [PMID: 22811710 PMCID: PMC3395267 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, rapid advances were reached in the understanding of a series of biologic signals influencing cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) cells. CMM is in close contact with a peculiar dermal extracellular matrix (ECM). Stromal cells store and release various structural ECM components. The impact on CMM growth and progression is mediated through strong and long-lasting effects of ECM products. This paper summarizes some peculiar aspects of the peri-CMM stroma showing intracytoplasmic loads in Factor XIIIa, CD34, versican, and α (IV) collagen chains. The restricted peri-CMM skin territory exhibiting such changes corresponds to the area showing neoangiogenesis and extravascular unicellular metastatic spread. The latter inconspicuous migratory CMM cells possibly correspond to CMM stem cells or to CMM cells with aberrant HOX gene expression. Their presence is associated with an increased risk for metastases in the regional sentinel lymph nodes. In conclusion, the CMM-stroma connection appears crucial to the growth regulation, invasiveness and initial metastatic spread of CMM cells. Although much remains to be learned in this field, the active intervention of the peri-CMM stroma is likely involved in the inconspicuous early metastatic migration of CMM cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Melanoma is often considered one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancers. It is a disease that, due to the presence of melanin pigment, was accurately diagnosed earlier than most other malignancies and that has been subjected to countless therapeutic strategies. Aside from early surgical resection, no therapeutic modality has been found to afford a high likelihood of curative outcome. However, discoveries reported in recent years have revealed a near avalanche of breakthroughs in the melanoma field-breakthroughs that span fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of the disease all the way to new therapeutic strategies that produce unquestionable clinical benefit. These discoveries have been born from the successful fruits of numerous researchers working in many-sometimes-related, although also distinct-biomedical disciplines. Discoveries of frequent mutations involving BRAF(V600E), developmental and oncogenic roles for the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) pathway, clinical efficacy of BRAF-targeted small molecules, and emerging mechanisms underlying resistance to targeted therapeutics represent just a sample of the findings that have created a striking inflection in the quest for clinically meaningful progress in the melanoma field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hensin Tsao
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David E. Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dutton-Regester K, Hayward NK. Whole genome and exome sequencing of melanoma: a step toward personalized targeted therapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 65:399-435. [PMID: 22959033 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397927-8.00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma has historically been refractive to traditional therapeutic approaches. As such, the development of novel drug strategies has been needed to improve rates of overall survival in patients with melanoma, particularly those with late stage or disseminated disease. Recent success with molecularly based targeted drugs, such as Vemurafenib in BRAF-mutant melanomas, has now made "personalized medicine" a reality within some oncology clinics. In this sense, tailored drugs can be administered to patients according to their tumor "mutation profiles." The success of these drug strategies, in part, can be attributed to the identification of the genetic mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of metastatic melanoma. Recently, the advances in sequencing technology have allowed for comprehensive mutation analysis of tumors and have led to the identification of a number of genes involved in the etiology of metastatic melanoma. As the methodology and costs associated with next-generation sequencing continue to improve, this technology will be rapidly adopted into routine clinical oncology practices and will significantly impact on personalized therapy. This review summarizes current and emerging molecular targets in metastatic melanoma, discusses the potential application of next-generation sequencing within the paradigm of personalized medicine, and describes the current limitations for the adoption of this technology within the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Dutton-Regester
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Oncogenomics Laboratory, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|