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Hussain S, Mursal M, Verma G, Hasan SM, Khan MF. Targeting oncogenic kinases: Insights on FDA approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176484. [PMID: 38467235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinases play pivotal roles in various biological functions, influencing cell differentiation, promoting survival, and regulating the cell cycle. The disruption of protein kinase activity is intricately linked to pathways in tumor development. This manuscript explores the transformative impact of protein kinase inhibitors on cancer therapy, particularly their efficacy in cases driven by targeted mutations. Focusing on key tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like Bcr-Abl, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR), it targets critical kinase families in cancer progression. Clinical trial details of these TKIs offer insights into their therapeutic potentials. Learning from FDA-approved kinase inhibitors, the review dissects trends in kinase drug development since imatinib's paradigm-shifting approval in 2001. TKIs have evolved into pivotal drugs, extending beyond oncology. Ongoing clinical trials explore novel kinase targets, revealing the vast potential within the human kinome. The manuscript provides a detailed analysis of advancements until 2022, discussing the roles of specific oncogenic protein kinases in cancer development and carcinogenesis. Our exploration on PubMed for relevant and significant TKIs undergoing pre-FDA approval phase III clinical trials enriches the discussion with valuable findings. While kinase inhibitors exhibit lower toxicity than traditional chemotherapy in cancer treatment, challenges like resistance and side effects emphasize the necessity of understanding resistance mechanisms, prompting the development of novel inhibitors like osimertinib targeting specific mutant proteins. The review advocates thorough research on effective combination therapies, highlighting the future development of more selective RTKIs to optimize patient-specific cancer treatment and reduce adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Mohd Mursal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Garima Verma
- RWE Specialist, HealthPlix Technologies, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560103, India
| | - Syed Misbahul Hasan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
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Liao J, Yang Z, Azarbarzin S, Cullen KJ, Dan H. Differential modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity by EGFR inhibitors: A rationale for co-targeting EGFR and PI3K in cisplatin-resistant HNSCC. Head Neck 2024; 46:1126-1135. [PMID: 38429897 PMCID: PMC11003831 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To find a new strategy to treat cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we investigated the effects of EGFR inhibitors on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and determined the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in combination with PI3K inhibitors to suppress cell proliferation in cisplatin-resistant-HNSCC. METHODS The cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cell lines were treated with four FDA approved EGFR inhibitors, which included Gefitinb or Erlotinib alone, or in combination with the pan-PI3K inhibitor, BKM120. Phosphorylation and total protein levels of cells were assessed by Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was examined by MTS assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cells were also resistant to EGFR inhibitors. However, a combination of EGFR inhibitors with PI3K inhibitor BKM120 dramatically improved the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment with EGFR inhibitors differentially affected the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, which included partial inhibition, no inhibition, and induction. A combination of EGFR inhibitors and BKM120 completely blocked phosphorylation of EGFR, Akt, and S6K (an mTOR target). CONCLUSION Our data provided a rationale for EGFR inhibitors in combination with PI3K inhibitors to treat cisplatin-resistant HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipei Liao
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zejia Yang
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shirin Azarbarzin
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J. Cullen
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hancai Dan
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Raji L, Tetteh A, Amin ARMR. Role of c-Src in Carcinogenesis and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:32. [PMID: 38201459 PMCID: PMC10778207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, known as carcinogenesis, is a complex process involving numerous genetic and molecular alterations in response to innate and environmental stimuli. The Src family kinases (SFK) are key components of signaling pathways implicated in carcinogenesis, with c-Src and its oncogenic counterpart v-Src often playing a significant role. The discovery of c-Src represents a compelling narrative highlighting groundbreaking discoveries and valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Upon oncogenic activation, c-Src activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, including the PI3K-AKT pathway, the Ras-MAPK pathway, the JAK-STAT3 pathway, and the FAK/Paxillin pathway, which are important for cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we delve into the discovery of c-Src and v-Src, the structure of c-Src, and the molecular mechanisms that activate c-Src. We also focus on the various signaling pathways that c-Src employs to promote oncogenesis and resistance to chemotherapy drugs as well as molecularly targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (L.R.); (A.T.)
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Ludwig ML, Michmerhuizen NL, Wang J, Birkeland AC, Majchrowski BK, Nimmagadda S, Zhai J, Bhangale A, Kulkarni A, Jiang H, Swiecicki PL, Brenner JC. Multi-kinase compensation rescues EGFR knockout in a cell line model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105822. [PMID: 37844343 PMCID: PMC11209876 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a debilitating disease with poor survival rates. While the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibody Cetuximab is approved for treatment, responses are limited and the molecular mechanisms driving resistance remain incompletely understood. METHODS To better understand how cells survive without EGFR activity, we developed an EGFR knockout derivative of the UM-SCC-92 cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We then characterized changes to the transcriptome with RNAseq and changes in response to kinase inhibitors with resazurin cell viability assays. Finally, we tested if inhibitors with activity in the EGFR knockout model also had synergistic activity in combination with EGFR inhibitors in either wild type UM-SCC-92 cells or a known Cetuximab-resistant model. RESULTS Functional and molecular analysis showed that knockout cells had decreased cell proliferation, upregulation of FGFR1 expression, and an enhanced mesenchymal phenotype. In fact, expression of common EMT genes including VIM, SNAIL1, ZEB1 and TWIST1 were all upregulated in the EGFR knockout. Surprisingly, EGFR knockout cells were resistant to FGFR inhibitor monotherapies, but sensitive to combinations of FGFR and either XIAP or IGF-1R inhibitors. Accordingly, both wild type UM-SCC-92 and Cetuximab-resistant UM-SCC-104 cells with were sensitive to combined inhibition of EGFR, FGFR and either XIAP or IGF-1R. CONCLUSIONS These data offer insights into EGFR inhibitor resistance and show that resistance to EGFR knockout likely occurs through a complex network of kinases. Future studies of cetuximab-resistant HNSCC tumors are warranted to determine if this EMT phenotype and/or multi-kinase resistance is observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Nicole L Michmerhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Behirda K Majchrowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Sai Nimmagadda
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Apurva Bhangale
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hui Jiang
- Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Paul L Swiecicki
- Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Rogel Cancer Center University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Alves LB, Moura AC, Amorim Dos Santos J, Borges GA, Guerra ENS. Pharmacological PI3K inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105558. [PMID: 36681288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Considering the role of PI3K and its downstream effectors in cell proliferation, invasion, and survival, it is reasonable to expect that treatment with PI3K inhibitors could control HNSCC onset and progression. Thus, the research question for our review was whether pharmacological inhibition of PI3K affects HNSCC progression. METHODS In vitro and in vivo studies were selected from six databases. We collected data regarding cell viability, apoptosis, and the regulation of protein expression levels from in vitro studies. For the in vivo studies, we analyzed the reduction in tumor size or gene and protein expression. RESULTS The included studies showed reduced cell proliferation and apoptosis after treatment with PI3K inhibitors. PI3K inhibitors in combination with other drugs had an enhanced anticancer effects compared to those of single-drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS The results support the potential of PI3K inhibitors as candidates for clinical trials in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Alves
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - A C Moura
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - J Amorim Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - G A Borges
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - E N S Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
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Mohaghegh S, Tarighatnia A, Omidi Y, Barar J, Aghanejad A, Adibkia K. Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles for MRI-guided Co-delivery of Erlotinib and L-Asparaginase to Ovarian Cancer. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:394-408. [PMID: 35748819 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2094487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM(S) The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications has been wildly opted due to their unique properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of aptamer-armed MNPs in ovarian cancer treatment and as T2 weighted MRI contrast agent. METHODS Here, we designed MNPs loaded with erlotinib (ERL/SPION-Val-PEG) and conjugated them with anti-mucin16 (MUC16) aptamer to introduce new image-guided nanoparticles (NPs) for targeted drug delivery as well as non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Also, the combination of our nanosystem (NS) along with L-Asparaginase (L-ASPN) led to synergistic effects in terms of reducing cell viability in ovarian cancer cells, which could suggest a novel combination therapy. RESULTS The mean size of our NS was about 63.4 ± 3.4 nm evaluated by DLS analysis and its morphology was confirmed using TEM. Moreover, the functional groups, as well as magnetic properties of our NS, were examined by FT-IR and VSM tests, respectively. The loading efficacy of erlotinib on MNPs was about 80% and its release reached 70.85% over 7 days in the pH value of 5.4. The MR images and flow cytometry results revealed that the cellular uptake of ERL/SPION-Val-PEG-MUC16 NPs in cells with MUC16 overexpression was considerably higher than unarmed NPs. In addition, T2-weight MR images of ovarian cancer-bearing mice indicated significant signal intensity changes at the tumor site 4 h after intravenous injection compared to the non-target MNPs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest ERL/SPION-Val-PEG NPs as an image-guided co-drug delivery system for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Mohaghegh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Tarighatnia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Michmerhuizen NL, Ludwig ML, Birkeland AC, Nimmagadda S, Zhai J, Wang J, Jewell BM, Genouw D, Remer L, Kim D, Foltin SK, Bhangale A, Kulkarni A, Bradford CR, Swiecicki PL, Carey TE, Jiang H, Brenner JC. Small molecule profiling to define synergistic EGFR inhibitor combinations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2022; 44:1192-1205. [PMID: 35224804 PMCID: PMC8986607 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a debilitating disease with poor survival. Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibody cetuximab improves survival in some settings, responses are limited suggesting that alternative approaches are needed. METHODS We performed a high throughput drug screen to identify EGFR inhibitor-based synergistic combinations of clinically advanced inhibitors in models resistant to EGFR inhibitor monotherapies, and then performed downstream validation experiments on prioritized synergistic combinations. RESULTS From our screen, we re-discovered known synergistic EGFR inhibitor combinations with FGFR or IGF-1R inhibitors that were broadly effective and also discovered novel synergistic combinations with XIAP inhibitor and DNMT inhibitors that were effective in only a subset of models. CONCLUSIONS Conceptually, our data identify novel synergistic combinations that warrant evaluation in future studies, and suggest that some combinations, although highly synergistic, will require parallel companion diagnostic development to be effectively advanced in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Michmerhuizen
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Megan L. Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Andrew C. Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Sai Nimmagadda
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jingyi Zhai
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Brittany M. Jewell
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Dylan Genouw
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Lindsay Remer
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Susan K. Foltin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Apurva Bhangale
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Carol R. Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Paul L. Swiecicki
- Department of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas E. Carey
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - J. Chad Brenner
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Rogel Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Xing J, Yang J, Gu Y, Yi J. Research update on the anticancer effects of buparlisib. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:266. [PMID: 33717263 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Buparlisib is a highly efficient and selective PI3K inhibitor and a member of the 2,6-dimorpholinopyrimidine-derived family of compounds. It selectively inhibits four isomers of PI3K, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ, by competitively binding the lipid kinase domain on adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and serves an important role in inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis and blocking angiogenesis, predominantly by antagonizing the PI3K/AKT pathway. Buparlisib has been confirmed to have a clinical effect in patients with solid tumors and hematological malignancies. A global, phase II clinical trial with buparlisib and paclitaxel in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has now been completed, with a manageable safety profile. Buparlisib currently has fast-track status with the United States Food and Drug Administration. The present review examined the biochemical structure, pharmacokinetic characteristics, preclinical data and ongoing clinical studies of buparlisib. The various mechanisms of influence of buparlisib in tumors, particularly in preclinical research, were summarized, providing a theoretical basis and direction for basic research on and clinical treatment with buparlisib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yingjiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Yi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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L. Michmerhuizen N, Wang J, Brenner J. Integrated Molecular Profiling as an Approach to Identify PI3K Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of drug resistance pathways and approaches to target these pathways remains a significant and important challenge in cancer biology. Here, we address this challenge in the context of ongoing efforts to advance phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for the treatment of PI3K-aberrant cancers. While PI3K inhibitors have had tremendous success in some diseases, such as breast cancer, early clinical trials in other malignancies, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), have not had the same level of success. Since HNSCC and other cancers display relatively high PI3K pathway alteration rates (>45%), these underwhelming results suggest that additional or unexpected factors may contribute to the lower response rates. Here, we highlight some of the emerging functional genomic and sequencing approaches being used to identify predictive biomarkers of PI3K inhibitor response using both cancer cell lines and clinical trial specimens. Importantly, these approaches have uncovered both innate genetic and adaptive mechanisms driving PI3K inhibitor resistance. In this chapter, we describe recent technological advances that have revolutionized our understanding of PI3K inhibitor resistance pathways in HNSCC and highlight how these and other approaches lay the groundwork to make significant strides in our understanding of molecular pharmacology in the cancer field.
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Wilson GD, Wilson TG, Hanna A, Dabjan M, Buelow K, Torma J, Marples B, Galoforo S. Dacomitinib and gedatolisib in combination with fractionated radiation in head and neck cancer. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 26:15-23. [PMID: 33251343 PMCID: PMC7677653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated radiation with dual EGFR and PI3K targeting in head and neck cancer. Dacomitinib, showed an inverse correlation between growth inhibition and EGFR expression. Gedatolisib was effective in each cell line. Neither drug caused radiosensitization in vitro. Gedatolisib was relatively ineffective in vivo in combination with dacomitinib and/or radiation. Dacomitinib was highly effective alone and in combination with radiation and/or gedatolisib. Immunoblotting studies in vivo mirrored the effects seen with growth delay.
Background and purpose There has been little success targeting individual genes in combination with radiation in head and neck cancer. In this study we investigated whether targeting two key pathways simultaneously might be more effective. Materials and methods We studied the effect of combining dacomitinib (pan-HER, irreversible inhibitor) and gedatolisib (dual PI3K/MTOR inhibitor) with radiation in well characterized, low passage xenograft models of HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. Results Dacomitinib showed differential growth inhibition in vitro that correlated to EGFR expression whilst gedatolisib was effective in both cell lines. Neither agent radiosensitized the cell lines in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated that dacomitinib was an effective agent alone and in combination with radiation whilst the addition of gedatolisib did not enhance the effect of these two modalities despite inhibiting phosphorylation of key genes in the PI3K/MTOR pathway. Conclusions Our results showed that combining two drugs with radiation provided no added benefit compared to the single most active drug. Dacomitinib deserves more investigation as a radiation sensitizing agent in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Thomas G Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Alaa Hanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Mohamad Dabjan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Katie Buelow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - John Torma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Galoforo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
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CDK 4/6 Inhibition Overcomes Acquired and Inherent Resistance to PI3Kα Inhibition in Pre-Clinical Models of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103214. [PMID: 33036331 PMCID: PMC7601167 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating alterations in PIK3CA, the gene coding for the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), are prevalent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and thought to be one of the main drivers of these tumors. However, early clinical trials on PI3K inhibitors (PI3Ki) have been disappointing due to the limited durability of the activity of these drugs. To investigate the resistance mechanisms to PI3Ki and attempt to overcome them, we conducted a molecular-based study using both HNSCC cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We sought to simulate and dissect the molecular pathways that come into play in PIK3CA-altered HNSCC treated with isoform-specific PI3Ki (BYL719, GDC0032). In vitro assays of cell viability and protein expression indicate that activation of the mTOR and cyclin D1 pathways is associated with resistance to PI3Ki. Specifically, in BYL719-resistant cells, BYL719 treatment did not induce pS6 and pRB inhibition as detected in BYL719-sensitive cells. By combining PI3Ki with either mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) or cyclin D1 kinase (CDK) 4/6 specific inhibitors (RAD001 and abemaciclib, respectively), we were able to overcome the acquired resistance. Furthermore, we found that PI3Ki and CDK 4/6 inhibitors have a synergistic anti-tumor effect when combined in human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative/PIK3CA-WT tumors. These findings provide a rationale for combining PI3Ki and CDK 4/6 inhibitors to enhance anti-tumor efficacy in HNSCC patients.
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Glorieux M, Dok R, Nuyts S. The influence of PI3K inhibition on the radiotherapy response of head and neck cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16208. [PMID: 33004905 PMCID: PMC7529775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has a central role in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway can decrease the efficiency of radiotherapy via the promotion of cell survival and DNA repair. Here, the influence of PI3K pathway inhibition on radiotherapy response was investigated. Two PI3K inhibitors were investigated and both BKM120 and GDC0980 effectively inhibited cellular and clonogenic growth in 6 HNSCC cells, both HPV-positive as well as HPV-negative. Despite targeted inhibition of the pathway and slight increase in DNA damage, PI3K inhibition did not show significant radiosensitization. Currently only one clinical trial is assessing the effectiveness of combining BKM120 with RT in HNSCC (NCT02113878) of which the results are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Glorieux
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rüveyda Dok
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, UZ Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Anisuzzaman ASM, Haque A, Wang D, Rahman MA, Zhang C, Chen Z, Chen ZG, Shin DM, Amin AR. Correction: In Vitro and In Vivo Synergistic Antitumor Activity of the Combination of BKM120 and Erlotinib in Head and Neck Cancer: Mechanism of Apoptosis and Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1955. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Truong DH, Le VKH, Pham TT, Dao AH, Pham TPD, Tran TH. Delivery of erlotinib for enhanced cancer treatment: An update review on particulate systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A Phase 1b Study of Cetuximab and BYL719 (Alpelisib) Concurrent with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Stage III-IVB Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 106:564-570. [PMID: 31678634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway is common in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). BYL719 is an α-specific PI3K inhibitor that is synergistic and efficacious when combined with cetuximab, a Food and Drug Administration-approved radiosensitizing agent in the treatment of HNSCC. The agent independently has been shown to enhance radiosensitivity. This study evaluates the addition of BYL719 to cetuximab and radiation in the treatment of locally advanced HNSCC. METHODS AND MATERIALS This is a single-institution, phase 1 study. Patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer seventh edition stage III to IVB HNSCC received standard cetuximab (400 mg/m2 intravenous loading dose) before intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) followed by 250 mg/m2 weekly infusions during IMRT. BYL719 was given orally during IMRT in 3 dose levels: (1) 200 mg/d, (2) 250 mg/d, or (3) 300 mg/d in a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. RESULTS Eleven patients were evaluable. Dose level 2 was the maximum tolerated dose for BYL719. Two patients on dose level 3 had dose-limiting toxicities of oral mucositis that required a dose reduction of BYL719. One patient on dose level 2 had a dose-limiting toxicity of nausea that led to withdrawal of on-study treatment. Related grade 3 or higher adverse events consisted of decreased lymphocyte count, oral mucositis, dysphagia, hyperglycemia, maculopapular rash, and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome. All 11 patients had a complete response on posttreatment imaging, and 10 remain disease free. Of the 8 patients with mutational analysis, 1 had an activating PIK3CA mutation associated with a rapid response on serial intratreatment magnetic resonance imaging scans. CONCLUSIONS The recommended phase 2 dose of BYL719 is 250 mg/d in combination with cetuximab and IMRT in patients with locally advanced HNSCC. Further evaluation of the addition of BYL719 to the platinum-sparing regimen of cetuximab and IMRT in the treatment of locally advanced HNSCC is warranted.
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Kwon Y, Kim M, Jung HS, Kim Y, Jeoung D. Targeting Autophagy for Overcoming Resistance to Anti-EGFR Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091374. [PMID: 31527477 PMCID: PMC6769649 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays critical roles in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and anti-cancer drug resistance. Overexpression and somatic mutations of EGFR result in enhanced cancer cell survival. Therefore, EGFR can be a target for the development of anti-cancer therapy. Patients with cancers, including non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), have been shown to response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anti-EGFR antibodies. However, resistance to these anti-EGFR treatments has developed. Autophagy has emerged as a potential mechanism involved in the acquired resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Anti-EGFR treatments can induce autophagy and result in resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Autophagy is a programmed catabolic process stimulated by various stimuli. It promotes cellular survival under these stress conditions. Under normal conditions, EGFR-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling inhibits autophagy while EGFR/rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling promotes autophagy. Thus, targeting autophagy may overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Inhibitors targeting autophagy and EGFR signaling have been under development. In this review, we discuss crosstalk between EGFR signaling and autophagy. We also assess whether autophagy inhibition, along with anti-EGFR treatments, might represent a promising approach to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatments in various cancers. In addition, we discuss new developments concerning anti-autophagy therapeutics for overcoming resistance to anti-EGFR treatments in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 24251, Korea.
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea.
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Michmerhuizen NL, Leonard E, Matovina C, Harris M, Herbst G, Kulkarni A, Zhai J, Jiang H, Carey TE, Brenner JC. Rationale for Using Irreversible Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Combination with Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitors for Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:528-536. [PMID: 30858165 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common and debilitating form of cancer characterized by poor patient outcomes and low survival rates. In HNSCC, genetic aberrations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway genes are common, and small molecules targeting these pathways have shown modest effects as monotherapies in patients. Whereas emerging preclinical data support the combined use of PI3K and EGFR inhibitors in HNSCC, in-human studies have displayed limited clinical success so far. Here, we examined the responses of a large panel of patient-derived HNSCC cell lines to various combinations of PI3K and EGFR inhibitors, including EGFR agents with varying specificity and mechanistic characteristics. We confirmed the efficacy of PI3K and EGFR combination therapies, observing synergy with α isoform-selective PI3K inhibitor HS-173 and irreversible EGFR/ERBB2 dual inhibitor afatinib in most models tested. Surprisingly, however, our results demonstrated only modest improvement in response to HS-173 with reversible EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. This difference in efficacy was not explained by differences in ERBB target selectivity between afatinib and gefitinib; despite effectively disrupting ERBB2 phosphorylation, the addition of ERBB2 inhibitor CP-724714 failed to enhance the effect of HS-173 gefitinib dual therapy. Accordingly, although irreversible ERBB inhibitors showed strong synergistic activity with HS-173 in our models, none of the reversible ERBB inhibitors were synergistic in our study. Therefore, our results suggest that the ERBB inhibitor mechanism of action may be critical for enhanced synergy with PI3K inhibitors in HNSCC patients and motivate further preclinical studies for ERBB and PI3K combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Michmerhuizen
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth Leonard
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chloe Matovina
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Micah Harris
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabrielle Herbst
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jingyi Zhai
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hui Jiang
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Departments of Pharmacology (N.L.M., T.E.C., J.C.B.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (N.L.M., E.L., C.M., M.H., G.H., A.K., T.E.C., J.C.B.), and Rogel Cancer Center (T.E.C., J.C.B.), University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health (J.Z., H.J.), Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Novel pan PI3K inhibitor-induced apoptosis in APL cells correlates with suppression of telomerase: An emerging mechanism of action of BKM120. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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