1
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Wu M, Huang X, Wu B, Zhu M, Zhu Y, Yu L, Lan T, Liu J. The endonuclease FEN1 mediates activation of STAT3 and facilitates proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:553. [PMID: 38642158 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metastasis accounts for most deaths from breast cancer (BRCA). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of BRCA metastasis is urgently demanded. Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1), a pivotal factor in DNA metabolic pathways, contributes to tumor growth and drug resistance, however, little is known about the role of FEN1 in BRCA metastasis. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, FEN1 expression and its clinical correlation in BRCA were investigated using bioinformatics, showing being upregulated in BRCA samples and significant relationships with tumor stage, node metastasis, and prognosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of local BRCA cohort indicated that the ratio of high FEN1 expression in metastatic BRCA tissues rose over that in non-metastatic tissues. The assays of loss-of-function and gain-of-function showed that FEN1 enhanced BRCA cell proliferation, migration, invasion, xenograft growth as well as lung metastasis. It was further found that FEN1 promoted the aggressive behaviors of BRCA cells via Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. Specifically, the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic thwarted the FEN1-induced enhancement of migration and invasion, while the activator IL-6 rescued the decreased migration and invasion caused by FEN1 knockdown. Additionally, overexpression of FEN1 rescued the inhibitory effect of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor BAY117082 on phosphorylated STAT3. Simultaneously, the knockdown of FEN1 attenuated the phosphorylation of STAT3 promoted by the NF-κB activator tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a novel mechanism that NF-κB-driven FEN1 contributes to promoting BRCA growth and metastasis by STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Benmeng Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Miaolin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqin Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lan
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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2
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Wang Z, Yong C, Fu Y, Sun Y, Guo Z, Liu SB, Hu Z. Inhibition of FEN1 promotes DNA damage and enhances chemotherapeutic response in prostate cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:242. [PMID: 37452976 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) refers to epithelial malignancies occurring in prostate and is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is one of the major base excise repair enzymes and is abnormally expressed in a variety of cancers, which contributes to cancer progression. Targeting FEN1 serves as a potent strategy for cancer therapy. However, how FEN1 acts on PCa cell proliferation and its role in chemotherapeutic response remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that knockdown of FEN1 by CRISPR/Cas9 system impedes the proliferation and migration of PCa cells. FEN1 Inhibitor SC13 induced DNA damage accumulation and further resulted in apoptosis of PCa cells. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of FEN1 or inhibition of FEN1 by SC13 promoted DNA damage and enhanced docetaxel (DTX)-induced chemotherapeutic response in PCa cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the importance of FEN1 in PCa cell proliferation and implicate FEN1 as a promising target for monotherapy or combination therapeutic strategy in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenxuan Yong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yulian Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuling Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Song-Bai Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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3
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Chen S, Xie Z, Zhang W, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Wang X, Huang Y, Yi G. Double-wing switch nanodevice-mediated primer exchange reaction for the activity analysis of cancer biomarker FEN1. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Wu H, Yan Y, Yuan J, Luo M, Wang Y. miR-4324 inhibits ovarian cancer progression by targeting FEN1. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:32. [PMID: 35246224 PMCID: PMC8896303 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-00959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with a 1.9% mortality rate worldwide. The dysregulation of the FEN1 gene and miR-4324 has been associated with cancer progression. However, the relationship between miR-4324 and-FEN1 requires further investigation. Methods miR-4324 and FEN1 expressions in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines were measured via RT-qPCR. The interaction between miR-4324 and FEN1 was assessed using luciferase and RNA pull-down assays. The effects of miR-4324 and FEN1 on cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis were determined by CCK-8, BrdU, colony formation, cell adhesion, Caspase-3 and western blot assays in ovarian cancer cell lines CaOV3 and OVCAR3, respectively. Results The results showed that miR-4324 expression was significantly decreased and FEN1 expression was enhanced in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. miR-4324 inhibitor promoted cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, and prevented apoptosis. Furthermore, the downregulation of FEN1 inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth and increased apoptosis. miR-4324 inhibited FEN1 expression and repressed ovarian cancer progression. Conclusion Our study found that miR-4324 inhibited FEN1 expression, suppressed cell growth, and increased apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, we identified miR-4324 and FEN1 as potential therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-022-00959-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pinghu Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Youliang Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pinghu Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126, Xiantai Avenue, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Mengze Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126, Xiantai Avenue, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yingjian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126, Xiantai Avenue, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, P. R. China.
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5
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Lv P, Man S, Xie L, Ma L, Gao W. Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy in platinum resistance lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188577. [PMID: 34098035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platinum compounds (cisplatin and carboplatin) represent the most active anticancer agents in clinical use both of lung cancer in mono-and combination therapies. However, platinum resistance limits its clinical application. It is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of platinum resistance, identify predictive markers, and develop newer, more effective and less toxic agents to treat platinum resistance in lung cancer. Here, it summarizes the main molecular mechanisms associated with platinum resistance in lung cancer and the development of new approaches to tackle this clinically relevant problem. Moreover, it could lead to the development of more effective treatment for refractory lung cancer in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Lu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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6
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A bibliometric analysis of researches on flap endonuclease 1 from 2005 to 2019. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:374. [PMID: 33827468 PMCID: PMC8028219 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a structure-specific nuclease that plays a role in a variety of DNA metabolism processes. FEN1 is important for maintaining genomic stability and regulating cell growth and development. It is associated with the occurrence and development of several diseases, especially cancers. There is a lack of systematic bibliometric analyses focusing on research trends and knowledge structures related to FEN1. Purpose To analyze hotspots, the current state and research frontiers performed for FEN1 over the past 15 years. Methods Publications were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, analyzing publication dates ranging from 2005 to 2019. VOSviewer1.6.15 and Citespace5.7 R1 were used to perform a bibliometric analysis in terms of countries, institutions, authors, journals and research areas related to FEN1. A total of 421 publications were included in this analysis. Results Our findings indicated that FEN1 has received more attention and interest from researchers in the past 15 years. Institutes in the United States, specifically the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope published the most research related to FEN1. Shen BH, Zheng L and Bambara Ra were the most active researchers investigating this endonuclease and most of this research was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. The main scientific areas of FEN1 were related to biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, genetics and oncology. Research hotspots included biological activities, DNA metabolism mechanisms, protein-protein interactions and gene mutations. Research frontiers included oxidative stress, phosphorylation and tumor progression and treatment. Conclusion This bibliometric study may aid researchers in the understanding of the knowledge base and research frontiers associated with FEN1. In addition, emerging hotspots for research can be used as the subjects of future studies.
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7
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Xu L, Shen JM, Qu JL, Song N, Che XF, Hou KZ, Shi J, Zhao L, Shi S, Liu YP, Qu XJ, Teng YE. FEN1 is a prognostic biomarker for ER+ breast cancer and associated with tamoxifen resistance through the ERα/cyclin D1/Rb axis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:258. [PMID: 33708885 PMCID: PMC7940940 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen is an important choice in endocrine therapy for patients with oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, and disease progression-associated resistance to tamoxifen therapy is still challenging. Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) is used as a prognostic biomarker and is considered to participate in proliferation, migration, and drug resistance in multiple cancers, especially breast cancer, but the prognostic function of FEN1 in ER+ breast cancer, and whether FEN1 is related to tamoxifen resistance or not, remain to be explored. Methods On-line database Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter, GEO datasets, and immunohistochemistry were used to analyse the prognostic value of FEN1 in ER+ breast cancer from mRNA and protein levels. Cell viability assay and colony formation assays showed the response of tamoxifen in MCF-7 and T47D cells. Microarray data with FEN1 siRNA versus control group in MCF-7 cells were analysed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The protein levels downstream of FEN1 were detected by western blot assay. Results ER+ breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen for adjuvant endocrine therapy with poor prognosis showed a high expression of FEN1. MCF-7 and T47D appeared resistant to tamoxifen after FEN1 over-expression and increased sensitivity to tamoxifen after FEN1 knockdown. Importantly, FEN1 over-expression could activate tamoxifen resistance through the ERα/cyclin D1/Rb axis. Conclusions As a biomarker of tamoxifen effectiveness, FEN1 participates in tamoxifen resistance through ERα/cyclin D1/Rb axis. In the future, reversing tamoxifen resistance by knocking-down FEN1 or by way of action as a small molecular inhibitor of FEN1 warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ji-Ming Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Lei Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke-Zuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sha Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue-E Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Huang YW, Lin CY, Tsai HC, Fong YC, Han CK, Huang YL, Wu WT, Cheng SP, Chang HC, Liao KW, Wang SW, Tang CH. Amphiregulin promotes cisplatin chemoresistance by upregulating ABCB1 expression in human chondrosarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9475-9488. [PMID: 32428872 PMCID: PMC7288968 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are well known for their resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, including cisplatin, which is commonly used in chondrosarcomas. Amphiregulin (AR), a ligand of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays an important role in drug resistance. We therefore sought to determine the role of AR in cisplatin chemoresistance. We found that AR inhibits cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis and promotes ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) expression, while knockdown of ABCB1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reverses these effects. High phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) phosphorylation levels were observed in cisplatin-resistant cells. Pretreating chondrosarcoma cells with PI3K, Akt and NF-κB inhibitors or transfecting the cells with p85, Akt and p65 siRNAs potentiated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. In a mouse xenograft model, knockdown of AR expression in chondrosarcoma cells increased the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and also decreased tumor volume and weight. These results indicate that AR upregulates ABCB1 expression through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway and thus contributes to cisplatin resistance in chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tung Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chiun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKey Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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