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Ding Y, Zhou R, Shi G, Jiang Y, Li Z, Xu X, Ma J, Huang J, Fu C, Zhou H, Wang H, Li J, Dong Z, Yu Q, Jiang K, An Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Yu L, Li Z, Zhang X, Wang J. Cadherin 17 Nanobody-Mediated Near-Infrared-II Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Surgery and Immunotoxin Delivery for Colorectal Cancer. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0041. [PMID: 38911825 PMCID: PMC11192146 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgery and targeted therapy are of equal importance for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. However, complete CRC tumor resection remains challenging, and new targeted agents are also needed for efficient CRC treatment. Cadherin 17 (CDH17) is a membrane protein that is highly expressed in CRC and, therefore, is an ideal target for imaging-guided surgery and therapeutics. This study utilizes CDH17 nanobody (E8-Nb) with the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IRDye800CW to construct a NIR-II fluorescent probe, E8-Nb-IR800CW, and a Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE)-based immunotoxin, E8-Nb-PE38, to evaluate their performance for CRC imaging, imaging-guided precise tumor excision, and antitumor effects. Our results show that E8-Nb-IR800CW efficiently recognizes CDH17 in CRC cells and tumor tissues, produces high-quality NIR-II images for CRC tumors, and enables precise tumor removal guided by NIR-II imaging. Additionally, fluorescent imaging confirms the targeting ability and specificity of the immunotoxin toward CDH17-positive tumors, providing the direct visible evidence for immunotoxin therapy. E8-Nb-PE38 immunotoxin markedly delays the growth of CRC through the induction of apoptosis and immunogenic cell death (ICD) in multiple CRC tumor models. Furthermore, E8-Nb-PE38 combined with 5-FU exerts synergistically antitumor effects and extends survival. This study highlights CDH17 as a promising target for CRC imaging, imaging-guided surgery, and drug delivery. Nanobodies targeting CDH17 hold great potential to construct NIR-II fluorescent probes for surgery navigation, and PE-based toxins fused with CDH17 nanobodies represent a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC treatment. Further investigation is warranted to validate these findings for potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Ding
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital,
Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Runhua Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Shi
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital,
Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yuke Jiang
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhifen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Pingcheng District, Datong, Shanxi Province 037009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jingnan Huang
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chunjin Fu
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hongchao Zhou
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jiexuan Li
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Dong
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qingling Yu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital,
Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital,
Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yehai An
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital,
Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Le Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital,
Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital,
Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics and Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People’s Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology,
Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,
China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy,
Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology,
the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Xu X, Ding Y, Dong Y, Yuan H, Xia P, Qu C, Ma J, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhao L, Li Z, Liang Z, Wang J. Nanobody-Engineered Biohybrid Bacteria Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers Induce Robust STING-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401905. [PMID: 38888519 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria can be utilized for cancer therapy owing to their preferential colonization at tumor sites. However, unmodified non-pathogenic bacteria carry potential risks due to their non-specific targeting effects, and their anti-tumor activity is limited when used as monotherapy. In this study, a biohybrid-engineered bacterial system comprising non-pathogenic MG1655 bacteria modified with CDH17 nanobodies on their surface and conjugated with photosensitizer croconium (CR) molecules is developed. The resultant biohybrid bacteria can efficiently home to CDH17-positive tumors, including gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, and significantly suppress tumor growth upon irradiation. More importantly, biohybrid bacteria-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) induced abundant macrophage infiltration in a syngeneic murine colorectal model. Further, that the STING pathway is activated in tumor macrophages by the released bacterial nucleic acid after PTT is revealed, leading to the production of type I interferons. The addition of CD47 nanobody but not PD-1 antibody to the PTT regimen can eradicate the tumors and extend survival. This results indicate that bacteria endowed with tumor-specific selectivity and coupled with photothermal payloads can serve as an innovative strategy for low-immunogenicity cancers. This strategy can potentially reprogram the tumor microenvironment by inducing macrophage infiltration and enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Youbin Ding
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yafang Dong
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Chengming Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics Guangdong Province), Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, 528308, China
- Department of Pathology & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Geriatrics and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
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3
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Han YJ, Shao CY, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Fang MZ, Gong T, Zhang YJ, Li M. Immunotherapy of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer: resistance mechanisms and treatment strategies. Postgrad Med J 2024; 100:373-381. [PMID: 38211949 DOI: 10.1093/postmj/qgad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy strategies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors have yielded good efficacy in colorectal cancer (CRC)especially in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability-high. However, microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRCs account for about 85% of CRCs and are resistant to immunotherapy. Previous studies have shown that compared with MSS CRC, high microsatellite instability CRC possesses a higher frequency of mutations and can generate more neoantigens. Therefore, improving the sensitivity of immunotherapy to MSS CRC is a hot topic which is crucial for the treatment of MSS CRC. This review aims to discuss the factors contributing to MSS CRC insensitivity to immunotherapy and explored potential solutions to overcome immunotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Han
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Chi-Yun Shao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Fang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing, University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
- Department of Biobank, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Damin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, China
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4
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Jacobsen F, Pushpadevan R, Viehweger F, Freytag M, Schlichter R, Gorbokon N, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Putri D, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Fraune C, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Sauter G, Minner S, Steurer S, Simon R, Burandt E, Dum D, Lutz F, Marx AH, Krech T, Clauditz TS. Cadherin-17 (CDH17) expression in human cancer: A tissue microarray study on 18,131 tumors. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155175. [PMID: 38452580 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cadherin-17 (CDH17) is a membranous cell adhesion protein predominantly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. CDH17 is therefore considered a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target. This study was to comprehensively determine the expression of CDH17 in cancer and to further assess the diagnostic utility of CDH17 immunohistochemistry (IHC). A tissue microarray containing 14,948 interpretable samples from 150 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by IHC. In normal tissues, a membranous CDH17 staining was predominantly seen in the epithelium of the intestine and pancreatic excretory ducts. In tumors, 53 of 150 analyzed categories showed CDH17 positivity including 26 categories with at least one strongly positive case. CDH17 positivity was most common in epithelial and neuroendocrine colorectal neoplasms (50.0%-100%), other gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas (42.7%-61.6%), mucinous ovarian cancer (61.1%), pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (28.6%), cervical adenocarcinoma (52.6%), bilio-pancreatic adenocarcinomas (40.5-69.8%), and other neuroendocrine neoplasms (5.6%-100%). OnIy 9.9% of 182 pulmonary adenocarcinomas were CDH17 positive. In colorectal adenocarcinomas, reduced CDH17 staining was linked to high pT (p = 0.0147), nodal metastasis (p = 0.0041), V1 (p = 0.0025), L1 (p = 0.0054), location in the right colon (p = 0.0033), and microsatellite instability (p < 0.0001). The CDH17 expression level was unrelated to tumor phenotype in gastric and pancreatic cancer. In summary, our comprehensive overview on CDH17 expression in human tumors identified various tumor entities that might often benefit from anti-CDH17 therapies and suggest utility of CDH17 IHC for the distinction of metastatic gastrointestinal or bilio-pancreatic adenocarcinomas (often positive) from primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas (mostly negative).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramesh Pushpadevan
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Viehweger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Morton Freytag
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Schlichter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Devita Putri
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lutz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Klein C, Brinkmann U, Reichert JM, Kontermann RE. The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:301-319. [PMID: 38448606 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. Consequently, development of these molecules has garnered substantial interest in the past decade and, as of the end of 2023, 14 bsAbs have been approved: 11 for the treatment of cancer and 3 for non-oncology indications. bsAbs are available in different formats, address different targets and mediate anticancer function via different molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of bsAbs for cancer therapy. We focus on bsAbs that are approved or in clinical development, including bsAb-mediated dual modulators of signalling pathways, tumour-targeted receptor agonists, bsAb-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell, natural killer cell and innate immune cell engagers, and bispecific checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulators. Finally, we provide an outlook into next-generation bsAbs in earlier stages of development, including trispecifics, bsAb prodrugs, bsAbs that induce degradation of tumour targets and bsAbs acting as cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Kolmar H. Better safe than sorry: dual targeting antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2024; 0:hsz-2023-0329. [PMID: 38297991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment and experience a steady increase from preclinical and clinical pipelines to market share. While the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies is frequently limited by low response rates, treatment resistance and various other factors, multispecific antibodies open up new prospects by addressing tumor complexity as well as immune response actuation potently improving safety and efficacy. Novel antibody approaches involve simultaneous binding of two antigens on one cell implying increased specificity and reduced tumor escape for dual tumor-associated antigen targeting and enhanced and durable cytotoxic effects for dual immune cell-related antigen targeting. This article reviews antibody and cell-based therapeutics for oncology with intrinsic dual targeting of either tumor cells or immune cells. As revealed in various preclinical studies and clinical trials, dual targeting molecules are promising candidates constituting the next generation of antibody drugs for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Tian W, Zhao J, Wang W. Targeting CDH17 with Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected T Cells in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Lung 2023; 201:489-497. [PMID: 37823901 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-023-00648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy stands as a precise and targeted approach in the treatment of malignancies. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of targeting Cadherin 17 (CDH17) with CDH17 CAR-T cells as a therapeutic modality for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). METHODS CDH17 expression levels were assessed in human SCLC tumor tissues and cell lines using qPCR and Western blot. Subsequently, we established CDH17 CAR-T cells and assessed their cytotoxicity by co-culturing them with various SCLC cell lines at different effector-to-target (E:T) ratios, complemented by ELISA assays. To ascertain the specificity of CDH17 CAR-T cells, we conducted experiments on SCLC cells with and without CDH17 expression (shRNAs). Furthermore, we employed an SCLC xenograft model to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of CDH17 CAR-T cells. RESULTS Our results revealed a significant upregulation of CDH17 in both SCLC tissues and cell lines. CDH17 CAR-T cells exhibited robust cytotoxic activity against SCLC cells in vitro, while demonstrating no cytotoxicity towards CDH17-deficient SCLC cells and HEK293 cells that lack CDH17 expression. Importantly, the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CDH17 CAR-T cells correlated with their cytotoxic potency. Additionally, treatment with CDH17 CAR-T cells significantly decelerated the growth rate of SCLC-derived xenograft tumors in vivo. Remarkably, no significant difference in body weight was observed between the control group and the group treated with CDH17 CAR-T cells. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical data open further venues for the clinical use of CDH17 CAR-T cells as an immunotherapeutic strategy for SCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Second Department of Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, NO.16 Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Medical Oncology, Cangzhou Central Hospital Hejian Branch, NO.32 Jingkai South Street, Hejian, 062450, Hebei, China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of HuanXing ChaoYang District Beijing, NO.1 Lvjiaying Nanlijia, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
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8
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He X, Su Y, Liu P, Chen C, Chen C, Guan H, Lv X, Guo W. Machine learning-based immune prognostic model and ceRNA network construction for lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:7379-7392. [PMID: 36939925 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant tumor with a high lethality rate. Immunotherapy has become a breakthrough in cancer treatment and improves patient survival and prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to find new immune-related markers. However, the current research on immune-related markers in LUAD is not sufficient. Therefore, there is a need to find new immune-related biomarkers to help treat LUAD patients. METHODS In this study, a bioinformatics approach combined with a machine learning approach screened reliable immune-related markers to construct a prognostic model to predict the overall survival (OS) of LUAD patients, thus promoting the clinical application of immunotherapy in LUAD. The experimental data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, including 535 LUAD and 59 healthy control samples. Firstly, the Hub gene was screened using a bioinformatics approach combined with the Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination algorithm; then, a multifactorial Cox regression analysis by constructing an immune prognostic model for LUAD and a nomogram to predict the OS rate of LUAD patients. Finally, the regulatory mechanism of Hub genes in LUAD was analyzed by ceRNA. RESULTS Five genes, ADM2, CDH17, DKK1, PTX3, and AC145343.1, were screened as potential immune-related genes in LUAD. Among them, ADM2 and AC145343.1 had a good prognosis in LUAD patients (HR < 1) and were novel markers. The remaining three genes screened were associated with poor prognosis in LUAD patients (HR > 1). In addition, the experimental results showed that patients in the low-risk group had better OS rates than those in the high-risk group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In this paper, we propose an immune prognostic model to predict OS rate in LUAD patients and show the correlation between five immune genes and the level of immune-related cell infiltration. It provides new markers and additional ideas for immunotherapy in patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian He
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Ying Su
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Haoqin Guan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
| | - Wenjia Guo
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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9
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Wong KK. Integrated transcriptomics and proteomics data analysis identifies CDH17 as a key cell surface target in colorectal cancer. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 105:107897. [PMID: 37247573 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy development against colorectal cancer (CRC) is hindered by the lack of cell surface target highly expressed in cancer cells but with restricted presence in normal tissues to minimize off-tumor toxicities. In this in silico analysis, a longlist of genes (n = 13,488) expressed in CRCs according to the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database were evaluated to shortlist for potential surface targets based on the following prerequisites: (i) Absent from the brain and lung tissues to minimize the likelihood of neurologic and pulmonary toxicities; (ii) Restricted expression profile in other normal human tissues; (iii) Genes that potentially encode cell surface proteins and; (iv) At least moderately expressed in CRC cases. Fifteen potential targets were shortlisted and subsequently ranked according to the combination of their transcript and protein expression levels in CRCs derived from multiple datasets (i.e. DepMap, TCGA, CPTAC-2, and HPA CRCs). The top-ranked target with the highest and homogenous expression in CRCs was cadherin 17 (CDH17). Downstream analysis of CRC transcriptomics and proteomics datasets showed that CDH17 was significantly correlated with carcinoembryonic antigen expression. Moreover, CDH17 expression was significantly lower in CRC cases with high microsatellite instability, as well as negatively associated with immune response gene sets and the expression of MHC class I and II molecules. CDH17 represents an optimal target for therapeutic development against CRCs, and this study provides a novel framework to identify key cell surface targets for therapeutic development against other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
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10
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Pimentel JM, Zhou JY, Wu GS. The Role of TRAIL in Apoptosis and Immunosurveillance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2752. [PMID: 37345089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that selectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells without harming normal cells, making it an attractive agent for cancer therapy. TRAIL induces apoptosis by binding to and activating its death receptors DR4 and DR5. Several TRAIL-based treatments have been developed, including recombinant forms of TRAIL and its death receptor agonist antibodies, but the efficacy of TRAIL-based therapies in clinical trials is modest. In addition to inducing cancer cell apoptosis, TRAIL is expressed in immune cells and plays a critical role in tumor surveillance. Emerging evidence indicates that the TRAIL pathway may interact with immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), to modulate PD-L1-based tumor immunotherapies. Therefore, understanding the interaction between TRAIL and the immune checkpoint PD-L1 will lead to the development of new strategies to improve TRAIL- and PD-L1-based therapies. This review discusses recent findings on TRAIL-based therapy, resistance, and its involvement in tumor immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Pimentel
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jun-Ying Zhou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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11
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Karasic TB, Eads JR, Goyal L. Precision Medicine and Immunotherapy Have Arrived for Cholangiocarcinoma: An Overview of Recent Approvals and Ongoing Clinical Trials. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200573. [PMID: 37053534 PMCID: PMC10309532 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Karasic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer R. Eads
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lipika Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Stanford Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA
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12
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Yang H, Li H, Yang F, Tao Z, Shi Q, She T, Feng Y, Li Z, Chen J, Zhong Y, Su T, Zeng W, Zhang Y, Wang S, Li L, Long T, Long D, Cheng J, Zhu H, Lu X. Molecular superglue-mediated higher-order assembly of TRAIL variants with superior apoptosis induction and antitumor activity. Biomaterials 2023; 295:121994. [PMID: 36775789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Prompting higher-order death receptor (DR) clustering by increasing the valency of DR agonist is efficient to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. As an attractive DR agonist with superior biosafety, the trimeric tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) exerts limited antitumor effect in patients, which is predominantly attributed to its low DR clustering ability and short serum half-life. Previous antibody scaffolds-based engineering strategies to increase the valency and/or prolong the serum half-life of TRAIL improve apoptosis induction, however, often produce large proteins with poor tumor penetration. Covalent protein ligation mediated by small molecular superglues such as SpyTag/SpyCatcher might be a novel strategy to assemble higher-order TRAIL variants. Upon fusion to TRAIL promotor, SpyTag/SpyCatcher molecular superglue preferentially ligated two trimeric TRAIL to produce a hexameric TRAIL variant, HexaTR, exhibiting a significantly increased apoptosis induction. In addition, an albumin-binding HexaTR, ABD-HexaTR, with a prolonged serum half-life by binding to endogenous albumin was also produced using the same strategy. Compared to the trimeric TRAIL, the hexameric HexaTR and ABD-HexaTR showed 20-50 times greater in vivo antitumor effect, resulting in eradication of several types of large (150-300 mm3) tumor xenografts. Combination with bortezomib carried by liposome further improved the antitumor effects of the hexavalent HexaTR and ABD-HexaTR in refractory cancer. Our results indicate that the superglue-mediated higher-order assembly is promising to improve the DR clustering and proapoptotic signaling of TRAIL, showing great advantages in constructing the next generation of DR agonists for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Heng Li
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fen Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ze Tao
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiuxiao Shi
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianshan She
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhao Li
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Chen
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tao Su
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wengjuan Zeng
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lan Li
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingting Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Dan Long
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- NHC Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Pathology in Clinical Application, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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13
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Tournier B, Aucagne R, Truntzer C, Fournier C, Ghiringhelli F, Chapusot C, Martin L, Bouvier AM, Manfredi S, Jooste V, Callanan MB, Lepage C. Integrative Clinical and DNA Methylation Analyses in a Population-Based Cohort Identifies CDH17 and LRP2 as Risk Recurrence Factors in Stage II Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010158. [PMID: 36612154 PMCID: PMC9817957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stage II colon cancer (CC), although diagnosed early, accounts for 16% of CC deaths. Predictors of recurrence risk could mitigate this but are currently lacking. By using a DNA methylation-based clinical screening in real-world (n = 383) and in TCGA-derived cohorts of stage II CC (n = 134), we have devised a novel 40 CpG site-based classifier that can segregate stage II CC into four previously undescribed disease sub-classes that are characterised by distinct molecular features, including activation of MYC/E2F-dependant proliferation signatures. By multivariate analyses, hypermethylation of 2 CpG sites at genes CDH17 and LRP2, respectively, was found to independently confer either significantly increased (CDH17; p-value, 0.0203) or reduced (LRP2; p-value, 0.0047) risk of CC recurrence. Functional enrichment and immune cell infiltration analyses, on RNAseq data from the TCGA cohort, revealed cases with hypermethylation at CDH17 to be enriched for KRAS, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammatory functions (via IL2/STAT5), associated with infiltration by 'exhausted' T cells. By contrast, LRP2 hypermethylated cases showed enrichment for mTORC1, DNA repair pathways and activated B cell signatures. These findings will be of value for improving personalised care paths and treatment in stage II CC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tournier
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Pathology, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Romain Aucagne
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Unit for Innovation in Genetics and Epigenetics in Oncology (IGEO) and CRIGEN (Crispr Functional Genomics), Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- Genetics and Immunology Medical Institute (GIMI), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Unit for Innovation in Genetics and Epigenetics in Oncology (IGEO) and CRIGEN (Crispr Functional Genomics), Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc (CGFL), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Cyril Fournier
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Unit for Innovation in Genetics and Epigenetics in Oncology (IGEO) and CRIGEN (Crispr Functional Genomics), Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- Genetics and Immunology Medical Institute (GIMI), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Unit for Innovation in Genetics and Epigenetics in Oncology (IGEO) and CRIGEN (Crispr Functional Genomics), Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- Genetics and Immunology Medical Institute (GIMI), 21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc (CGFL), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Chapusot
- Department of Pathology, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Martin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Pathology, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anne Marie Bouvier
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Manfredi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Jooste
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mary B. Callanan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Unit for Innovation in Genetics and Epigenetics in Oncology (IGEO) and CRIGEN (Crispr Functional Genomics), Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- Genetics and Immunology Medical Institute (GIMI), 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Côme Lepage
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1231, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Dijon University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.L.)
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14
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Ma J, Xu X, Fu C, Xia P, Tian M, Zheng L, Chen K, Liu X, Li Y, Yu L, Zhu Q, Yu Y, Fan R, Jiang H, Li Z, Yang C, Xu C, Long Y, Wang J, Li Z. CDH17 nanobodies facilitate rapid imaging of gastric cancer and efficient delivery of immunotoxin. Biomater Res 2022; 26:64. [PMID: 36435809 PMCID: PMC9701387 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is highly desirable to develop new therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer given the low survival rate despite improvement in the past decades. Cadherin 17 (CDH17) is a membrane protein highly expressed in cancers of digestive system. Nanobody represents a novel antibody format for cancer targeted imaging and drug delivery. Nanobody targeting CHD17 as an imaging probe and a delivery vehicle of toxin remains to be explored for its theragnostic potential in gastric cancer. METHODS Naïve nanobody phage library was screened against CDH17 Domain 1-3 and identified nanobodies were extensively characterized with various assays. Nanobodies labeled with imaging probe were tested in vitro and in vivo for gastric cancer detection. A CDH17 Nanobody fused with toxin PE38 was evaluated for gastric cancer inhibition in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Two nanobodies (A1 and E8) against human CDH17 with high affinity and high specificity were successfully obtained. These nanobodies could specifically bind to CDH17 protein and CDH17-positive gastric cancer cells. E8 nanobody as a lead was extensively determined for tumor imaging and drug delivery. It could efficiently co-localize with CDH17-positive gastric cancer cells in zebrafish embryos and rapidly visualize the tumor mass in mice within 3 h when conjugated with imaging dyes. E8 nanobody fused with toxin PE38 showed excellent anti-tumor effect and remarkably improved the mice survival in cell-derived (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. The immunotoxin also enhanced the anti-tumor effect of clinical drug 5-Fluorouracil. CONCLUSIONS The study presents a novel imaging and drug delivery strategy by targeting CDH17. CDH17 nanobody-based immunotoxin is potentially a promising therapeutic modality for clinical translation against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Ma
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chunjin Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ming Tian
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Liuhai Zheng
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Li
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Le Yu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qinchang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Deapartment of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 14157, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhifen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Xing Yun Street, Pingcheng District, Datong, 037009, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ying Long
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China. .,Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China.
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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15
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Wang BT, Kothambawala T, Wang L, Matthew TJ, Calhoun SE, Saini AK, Kotturi MF, Hernandez G, Humke EW, Peterson MS, Sinclair AM, Keyt BA. Multimeric Anti-DR5 IgM Agonist Antibody IGM-8444 Is a Potent Inducer of Cancer Cell Apoptosis and Synergizes with Chemotherapy and BCL-2 Inhibitor ABT-199. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2483-2494. [PMID: 34711645 PMCID: PMC9398157 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Death receptor 5 (DR5) is an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its broad upregulated expression in multiple cancers and ability to directly induce apoptosis. Though anti-DR5 IgG antibodies have been evaluated in clinical trials, limited efficacy has been attributed to insufficient receptor crosslinking. IGM-8444 is an engineered, multivalent agonistic IgM antibody with 10 binding sites to DR5 that induces cancer cell apoptosis through efficient DR5 multimerization. IGM-8444 bound to DR5 with high avidity and was substantially more potent than an IgG with the same binding domains. IGM-8444 induced cytotoxicity in a broad panel of solid and hematologic cancer cell lines but did not kill primary human hepatocytes in vitro, a potential toxicity of DR5 agonists. In multiple xenograft tumor models, IGM-8444 monotherapy inhibited tumor growth, with strong and sustained tumor regression observed in a gastric PDX model. When combined with chemotherapy or the BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199, IGM-8444 exhibited synergistic in vitro tumor cytotoxicity and enhanced in vivo efficacy, without augmenting in vitro hepatotoxicity. These results support the clinical development of IGM-8444 in solid and hematologic malignancies as a monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy or BCL-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Wang
- IGM Biosciences Inc., Mountain View, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce A Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc., Mountain View, California.
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16
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Fan A, Wang B, Wang X, Nie Y, Fan D, Zhao X, Lu Y. Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: current achievements and future perspective. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3837-3849. [PMID: 34671202 PMCID: PMC8495390 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following dramatic success in many types of advanced solid tumors, interest in immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasingly growing. Given the compelling long-term durable remission, two programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-blocking antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab (with or without Ipilimumab), have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) that is mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H). Practice-changing results of several randomized controlled trials to move immunotherapy into the first-line treatment for MSI-H metastasis cancer and earlier stage were reported successively in the past 2 years. Besides, new intriguing advances to expand the efficacy of immunotherapy to mCRC that is mismatch-repair-proficient and low microsatellite instability (pMMR-MSI-L) demonstrated the potential benefits for the vast majority of mCRC cases. Great attention is also paid to the advances in cancer vaccines and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). In this review, we summarize the above progresses, and also highlight the current predictive biomarkers of responsiveness in immunotherapy with broad clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Boda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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17
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Nie S, Wang Z, Moscoso-Castro M, D'Souza P, Lei C, Xu J, Gu J. Biology drives the discovery of bispecific antibodies as innovative therapeutics. Antib Ther 2020; 3:18-62. [PMID: 33928225 PMCID: PMC7990219 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bispecific antibody (bsAb) is able to bind two different targets or two distinct epitopes on the same target. Broadly speaking, bsAbs can include any single molecule entity containing dual specificities with at least one being antigen-binding antibody domain. Besides additive effect or synergistic effect, the most fascinating applications of bsAbs are to enable novel and often therapeutically important concepts otherwise impossible by using monoclonal antibodies alone or their combination. This so-called obligate bsAbs could open up completely new avenue for developing novel therapeutics. With evolving understanding of structural architecture of various natural or engineered antigen-binding immunoglobulin domains and the connection of different domains of an immunoglobulin molecule, and with greatly improved understanding of molecular mechanisms of many biological processes, the landscape of therapeutic bsAbs has significantly changed in recent years. As of September 2019, over 110 bsAbs are under active clinical development, and near 180 in preclinical development. In this review article, we introduce a system that classifies bsAb formats into 30 categories based on their antigen-binding domains and the presence or absence of Fc domain. We further review the biology applications of approximately 290 bsAbs currently in preclinical and clinical development, with the attempt to illustrate the principle of selecting a bispecific format to meet biology needs and selecting a bispecific molecule as a clinical development candidate by 6 critical criteria. Given the novel mechanisms of many bsAbs, the potential unknown safety risk and risk/benefit should be evaluated carefully during preclinical and clinical development stages. Nevertheless we are optimistic that next decade will witness clinical success of bsAbs or multispecific antibodies employing some novel mechanisms of action and deliver the promise as next wave of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Nie
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | | | - Paul D'Souza
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Can Lei
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Jianqing Xu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | - Jijie Gu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
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