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Schneider NO, Gilreath K, Burkett DJ, St. Maurice M, Donaldson WA. Synthesis and Evaluation of 5-(Heteroarylmethylene)hydantoins as Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:570. [PMID: 38794140 PMCID: PMC11123921 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase which plays a center role in the phosphorylation of a wide variety of proteins, generally leading to their inactivation. As such, GSK-3 is viewed as a therapeutic target. An ever-increasing number of small organic molecule inhibitors of GSK-3 have been reported. Phenylmethylene hydantoins are known to exhibit a wide range of inhibitory activities including for GSK-3β. A family of fourteen 2-heterocycle substituted methylene hydantoins (14, 17-29) were prepared and evaluated for the inhibition of GSK-3β at 25 μM. The IC50 values of five of these compounds was determined; the two best inhibitors are 5-[(4'-chloro-2-pyridinyl)methylene]hydantoin (IC50 = 2.14 ± 0.18 μM) and 5-[(6'-bromo-2-pyridinyl)methylene]hydantoin (IC50 = 3.39 ± 0.16 μM). The computational docking of the compounds with GSK-3β (pdb 1q41) revealed poses with hydrogen bonding to the backbone at Val135. The 5-[(heteroaryl)methylene]hydantoins did not strongly inhibit other metalloenzymes, demonstrating poor inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinase-12 at 25 μM and against human carbonic anhydrase at 200 μM, and were not inhibitors for Staphylococcus aureus pyruvate carboxylase at concentrations >1000 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O. Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Kendra Gilreath
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Daniel J. Burkett
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Martin St. Maurice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - William A. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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2
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Diaz AP, Canal CAM, Valdés AJ, Delgado JEG, Varela-M RE. GSK-3 kinase a putative therapeutic target in trypanosomatid parasites. Braz J Infect Dis 2024; 28:103736. [PMID: 38467387 PMCID: PMC10955101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2024.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are an important group of parasites that predominate in tropical and subtropical areas of the planet, which cause diseases that are classified as forgotten and neglected by the world health organization. In this group of parasites, we find Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Leishmania spp, for which there is no vaccine available, and its control has focused mainly on pharmacological treatment. Due to the poverty situation where these diseases are found and the biological complexity of these parasites, there are multiple variables to control, including the diversity of species, the complexity of their life cycles, drug resistance, cytotoxicity, the limited use in pregnant women, the high costs of treatment and the little-known pharmacological mechanisms of action, among others. It is therefore necessary to find new strategies and approaches for the treatment of these parasitic diseases. Among these new approaches is the rational search for new targets based on the allosteric inhibition of protein kinases, which have been little studied in trypanosomatids. Among these kinases, we find Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3), a kinase of great pharmacological interest, which is under intense basic and clinical research by pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of cancer. This kinase, highly studied in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway signaling in humans, has an orthologous gene in these parasites (GSK-3 s), which has proven to be essential for them in response to different challenges; Therefore, it is notable to increase research in this kinase in order to achieve a broad structural and functional characterization in the different species of trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R E Varela-M
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia.
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Tang W, Chen J, Ji T, Cong X. TIGIT, a novel immune checkpoint therapy for melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:466. [PMID: 37495610 PMCID: PMC10372028 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadliest type of skin cancer. In the last 10 years, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitor has been shown to be effective against melanoma. PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors have shown varying degrees of drug resistance in the treatment of melanoma patients. Furthermore, the clinical benefits of ICBs are also accompanied by severe immune toxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new immune checkpoint inhibitors to optimize melanoma therapy and reduce cytotoxicity. T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain (TIGIT) is thought to activate inhibitory receptors in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and has become a promising target for immunotherapy. Studies have found that TIGIT can be detected in different stages of melanoma, which is closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of melanoma. This review mainly describes the immunosuppressive mechanism of TIGIT and its role in antitumor immunity of melanoma, so as to provide new ideas and schemes for the clinical treatment of melanoma with targeted TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tianlong Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China.
| | - Xiufeng Cong
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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Li Q, Zhang L, You W, Xu J, Dai J, Hua D, Zhang R, Yao F, Zhou S, Huang W, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Baheti T, Qian X, Pu L, Xu J, Xia Y, Zhang C, Tang J, Wang X. PRDM1/BLIMP1 induces cancer immune evasion by modulating the USP22-SPI1-PD-L1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7677. [PMID: 36509766 PMCID: PMC9744896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blockade have achieved some efficacy but only in a fraction of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) binds to its receptor PD1 on T cells to dampen antigen-tumor immune responses. However, the mechanisms underlying PD-L1 regulation are not fully elucidated. Herein, we identify that tumoral Prdm1 overexpression inhibits cell growth in immune-deficient mouse models. Further, tumoral Prdm1 overexpression upregulates PD-L1 levels, dampening anti-tumor immunity in vivo, and neutralizes the anti-tumor efficacy of Prdm1 overexpression in immune-competent mouse models. Mechanistically, PRDM1 enhances USP22 transcription, thus reducing SPI1 protein degradation through deubiquitination, which enhances PD-L1 transcription. Functionally, PD-1 mAb treatment reinforces the efficacy of Prdm1-overexpressing HCC immune-competent mouse models. Collectively, we demonstrate that the PRDM1-USP22-SPI1 axis regulates PD-L1 levels, resulting in infiltrated CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Furthermore, PRDM1 overexpression combined with PD-(L)1 mAb treatment provides a therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Liren Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Wenhua You
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jiali Xu
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jingjing Dai
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Dongxu Hua
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Feifan Yao
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Suiqing Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Wei Huang
- grid.411610.30000 0004 1764 2878Department of General Surgery, The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Ili, China
| | - Yongjiu Dai
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.411610.30000 0004 1764 2878Department of General Surgery, The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Ili, China
| | - Tasiken Baheti
- grid.411610.30000 0004 1764 2878Department of General Surgery, The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Ili, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qian
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Liyong Pu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jing Xu
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Chuanyong Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jinhai Tang
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province China
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Shaw G, Cavalcante L, Giles FJ, Taylor A. Elraglusib (9-ING-41), a selective small-molecule inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, reduces expression of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 and enhances CD8+ T cell cytolytic killing of melanoma cells. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:134. [PMID: 36104795 PMCID: PMC9472445 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase with multiple roles in tumour growth, cell invasion and metastasis. We have previously established GSK-3 as an upstream regulator of PD-1 gene expression in CD8 + T cells and demonstrated that GSK-3 inhibition is as effective as anti-PD-1 mAb blockade in controlling tumour growth. Elraglusib (9-ING-41) is a specific small-molecule inhibitor of GSK-3β with clinical activity in patients with advanced cancers, including a patient with refractory melanoma whose response provided the rationale for the current study. Methods The B16 melanoma mouse model was used to observe the effect of elraglusib on tumour growth either as a single agent or in combination (simultaneously and sequentially) with anti-PD-1 mAb treatment. B16 tumour cells were implanted in either the flank, brain or both locations, and Kaplan–Meier plots were used to depict survival and significance determined using log rank tests. Expression of the immune checkpoint molecules, TIGIT, LAG-3 and PD-1, was evaluated using flow cytometry alongside expression of the chemokine receptor, CXCR3. Further evaluation of PD-1 expression was determined through RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Results We demonstrated that elraglusib has a suppressive effect against melanoma as a single agent and enhanced anti-PD-1 therapy. There was a synergistic effect when elraglusib was used in combination with anti-PD-1 mAb, and an even greater effect when used as sequential therapy. Suppression of tumour growth was associated with a reduced expression of immune checkpoint molecules, PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 with upregulation of CXCR3 expression. Conclusions These data highlight the potential of elraglusib as an immune-modulatory agent and demonstrate the benefit of a sequential approach with immune checkpoint inhibition followed by GSK-3β inhibition in melanoma and provide a rationale for clinical investigation of elraglusib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules, including those targeting PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3. This has several potential implications for current immunotherapy regimes, including possibly reducing the intensity of anti-PD-1 mAb treatment needed for response in patients receiving elraglusib, especially given the benign adverse event profile of elraglusib observed to date. Based on these data, a clinical study of elraglusib, an anti-PD-1 mAb and chemotherapy is ongoing (NCT NCT05239182). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13045-022-01352-x.
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Pathobiology and Therapeutic Relevance of GSK-3 in Chronic Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111812. [PMID: 35681507 PMCID: PMC9180032 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes. GSK-3 comprises two isoforms (α and β) which were originally discovered in 1980 as enzymes involved in glucose metabolism via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Differently from other proteins kinases, GSK-3 isoforms are constitutively active in resting cells, and their modulation mainly involves inhibition through upstream regulatory networks. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 isoforms were implicated as key players in cancer cell pathobiology. Active GSK-3 facilitates the destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins which include β-catenin and Master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism (c-Myc). Therefore, GSK-3 was initially considered to be a tumor suppressor. Consistently, GSK-3 is often inactivated in cancer cells through dysregulated upstream signaling pathways. However, over the past 10–15 years, a growing number of studies highlighted that in some cancer settings GSK-3 isoforms inhibit tumor suppressing pathways and therefore act as tumor promoters. In this article, we will discuss the multiple and often enigmatic roles played by GSK-3 isoforms in some chronic hematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas) which are among the most common blood cancer cell types. We will also summarize possible novel strategies targeting GSK-3 for innovative therapies of these disorders.
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Inhibition of FSTL3 abates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma via the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22528-22543. [PMID: 34555811 PMCID: PMC8507290 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a lethal malignancy of the genitourinary system. Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3), which mediates cell differentiation and growth, acts as a biomarker of tumors and participates in cancer development and progression. Presently, the FSTL3’s functions in RCC were investigated. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), Western Blot, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to verify FSTL3 expression in RCC tissues and cell lines. BrdU assay and CCK8 experiment were made to monitor cell proliferation. Transwell was implemented to examine the invasion of the cells. Flow cytometry analyzed cell apoptosis, and Western Blot evaluated the protein levels of E-cadherin, Twist, and Slug. In the meantime, the protein profiles of the GSK-3β, β-catenin, and TGF-β signaling pathways were ascertained. Moreover, the Xenograft tumor model was constructed in nude mice for measuring tumor growth in vivo. The statistics showed that FSTL3 presented an overexpression in RCC, and patients with a lower expression of FSTL3 manifested a better prognosis. Down-regulated FSTL3 hampered the proliferation, invasion, EMT, and tumor growth of RCC cells and caused cell apoptosis. On the contrary, FSTL3 overexpression enhanced the malignant behaviors of RCC cells. Furthermore, FSTL3 knockdown bolstered GSK-3β, suppressed β-catenin, and reduced BMP1-SMAD pathway activation. Inhibited β-catenin substantially mitigated FSTL3-mediated promoting functions in RCC. In short, FSTL3 functions as an oncogene in RCC by modulating the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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