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Sanvicente García A, Pedregal M, Paniagua-Herranz L, Díaz-Tejeiro C, Nieto-Jiménez C, Pérez Segura P, Munkácsy G, Győrffy B, Calvo E, Moreno V, Ocaña A. Clinical and Immunologic Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer Tumors Expressing LY6G6D. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5345. [PMID: 38791382 PMCID: PMC11121234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of targets that are expressed on the cell membrane is a main goal in cancer research. The Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Family Member G6D (LY6G6D) gene codes for a protein that is mainly present on the surface of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Therapeutic strategies against this protein like the development of T cell engagers (TCE) are currently in the early clinical stage. In the present work, we interrogated public genomic datasets including TCGA to evaluate the genomic and immunologic cell profile present in tumors with high expression of LY6G6D. We used data from TCGA, among others, and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER2.0) platform for immune cell estimations and Spearman correlation tests. LY6G6D expression was exclusively present in CRC, particularly in the microsatellite stable (MSS) subtype, and was associated with left-side tumors and the canonical genomic subgroup. Tumors with mutations of APC and p53 expressed elevated levels of LY6G6D. This protein was expressed in tumors with an inert immune microenvironment with an absence of immune cells and co-inhibitory molecules. In conclusion, we described clinical, genomic and immune-pathologic characteristics that can be used to optimize the clinical development of agents against this target. Future studies should be performed to confirm these findings and potentially explore the suggested clinical development options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Sanvicente García
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.G.); (L.P.-H.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Pedregal
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (E.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Lucía Paniagua-Herranz
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.G.); (L.P.-H.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.)
| | - Cristina Díaz-Tejeiro
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.G.); (L.P.-H.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.)
| | - Cristina Nieto-Jiménez
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.G.); (L.P.-H.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.)
| | - Pedro Pérez Segura
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gyöngyi Munkácsy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (G.M.); (B.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary; (G.M.); (B.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (E.C.); (V.M.)
- START Madrid-HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Early Phase Program, HM Sanchinarro University Hospital, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (E.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.G.); (L.P.-H.); (C.D.-T.); (C.N.-J.)
- START Madrid-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FJD) Early Phase Program, Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (E.C.); (V.M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Giordano G, Pancione M. MHC class III lymphocyte antigens 6 as endogenous immunotoxins: Unlocking immunotherapy in proficient mismatch repair colorectal cancer. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1631. [PMID: 37818781 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A majority of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC) with intact DNA mismatch repair, exhibit a paralyzed antitumor immune response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Members of MHC class III lymphocyte antigen 6G (LY6G) encode glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins anchored to the membrane. Snake venom neurotoxins and LY6G proteins share a three-finger (3F) folding domain. LY6 proteins such as LY6G6D are gaining a reputation as excellent tumor-associated antigens that can potently inhibit anti-tumor immunity in cancers with proficient mismatch repair. Thus, we called MHC class III LY6G endogenous immunotoxins. Since the discovery of LY6G6D as a tumor-associated antigen, T-cell engagers (TcEs) have been developed to simultaneously bind LY6G6D on cancer cells and CD3 on T cells, improving the treatment of metastatic solid tumors that are resistant to ICIs. We present a current understanding of how alterations in MHC class III genes inhibit antitumor immunity, and how these understandings can be turned into effective treatments for patients who are refractory to standard immunotherapy. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Giordano
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Pancione
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jiang YJ, Guo NT, Xia XP, Ji Y, Huo JG. Immunotherapy strategies and traditional Chinese medicine treatment for microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:1007-1013. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i24.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have increased year by year. In addition to traditional radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, immunotherapy also brings hope to more patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, these treatments are limited to patients with high microsatellite instability, and about 95% of mCRC patients with microsatellite stability (MSS) can not benefit from them. How to enhance the response of MSS mCRC patients to immunotherapy is the focus of current research. In recent years, it has been found that immunotherapy strategies are expected to improve the clinical efficacy for such patients, and the research reports of TCM combined with immunotherapy are increasing day by day. Therefore, this article aims to review the immunotherapy and traditional Chinese medicine treatment for MSS colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Jiang
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nai-Ting Guo
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue-Ping Xia
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Ji
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie-Ge Huo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, China
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Liu HT, Chen SY, Peng LL, Zhong L, Zhou L, Liao SQ, Chen ZJ, Wang QL, He S, Zhou ZH. Spatially resolved transcriptomics revealed local invasion-related genes in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1089090. [PMID: 36816947 PMCID: PMC9928961 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1089090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Local invasion is the first step of metastasis, the main cause of colorectal cancer (CRC)-related death. Recent studies have revealed extensive intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity. Here, we focused on revealing local invasion-related genes in CRC. Methods We used spatial transcriptomic techniques to study the process of local invasion in four CRC tissues. First, we compared the pre-cancerous, cancer center, and invasive margin in one section (S115) and used pseudo-time analysis to reveal the differentiation trajectories from cancer center to invasive margin. Next, we performed immunohistochemical staining for RPL5, STC1, AKR1B1, CD47, and HLA-A on CRC samples. Moreover, we knocked down AKR1B1 in CRC cell lines and performed CCK-8, wound healing, and transwell assays to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Results We demonstrated that 13 genes were overexpressed in invasive clusters, among which the expression of CSTB and TM4SF1 was correlated with poor PFS in CRC patients. The ribosome pathway was increased, while the antigen processing and presentation pathway was decreased along CRC progression. RPL5 was upregulated, while HLA-A was downregulated along cancer invasion in CRC samples. Pseudo-time analysis revealed that STC1, AKR1B1, SIRPA, C4orf3, EDNRA, CES1, PRRX1, EMP1, PPIB, PLTP, SULF2, and EGFL6 were unpregulated along the trajectories. Immunohistochemic3al staining showed the expression of STC1, AKR1B1, and CD47 was increased along cancer invasion in CRC samples. Knockdown of AKR1B1 inhibited CRC cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion. Conclusions We revealed the spatial heterogeneity within CRC tissues and uncovered some novel genes that were associated with CRC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Long Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Qi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Ji Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Zhi-Hang Zhou, ; Song He,
| | - Zhi-Hang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Zhi-Hang Zhou, ; Song He,
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Corrales L, Hipp S, Martin K, Sabarth N, Tirapu I, Fuchs K, Thaler B, Walterskirchen C, Bauer K, Fabits M, Bergmann M, Binder C, Chetta PML, Vogt AB, Adam PJ. LY6G6D is a selectively expressed colorectal cancer antigen that can be used for targeting a therapeutic T-cell response by a T-cell engager. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008764. [PMID: 36159851 PMCID: PMC9493073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and demands more effective treatments. We sought to identify tumor selective CRC antigens and their therapeutic potential for cytotoxic T-cell targeting by transcriptomic and immunohistochemical analysis. LY6G6D was identified as a tumor selectively expressed CRC antigen, mainly in the microsatellite stable (MSS) subtype. A specific anti LY6G6D/CD3 T cell engager (TcE) was generated and demonstrated potent tumor cell killing and T cell activation in vitro. Ex vivo treatment of primary patient-derived CRC tumor slice cultures with the LY6G6D/CD3 TcE led to IFNγ secretion in LY6G6D positive tumor samples. In vivo, LY6G6D/CD3 TcE monotherapy demonstrated tumor regressions in pre-clinical mouse models of engrafted human CRC tumor cells and PBMCs. Lastly, 2D and 3D cocultures of LY6G6D positive and negative cells were used to explore the bystander killing of LY6G6D negative cells after specific activation of T cells by LY6G6D positive cells. LY6G6D/CD3 TcE treatment was shown to lyse target negative cells in the vicinity of target positive cells through a combined effect of IFNγ, TNFα and Fas/FasL. In summary, LY6G6D was identified as a selectively expressed CRC antigen that can be utilized to potently re-direct and activate cytotoxic T-cells to lyse LY6G6D expressing CRC using a TcE. This effect can be spread to target negative neighboring tumor cells, potentially leading to improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Corrales
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Leticia Corrales,
| | - Susanne Hipp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Katharina Martin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Sabarth
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV) GmbH & Co KG., Biotherapeutics Discovery, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iñigo Tirapu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Fuchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, GmbH & Co KG, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Biberach, Germany
| | - Barbara Thaler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Walterskirchen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Bauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Fabits
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Binder
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paolo ML. Chetta
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG., Oncology Translational Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne B. Vogt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul J. Adam
- Boehringer Ingelheim Regional Center Vienna (RCV), GmbH & Co KG., Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
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