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Tackling Cancer Resistance by Immunotherapy: Updated Clinical Impact and Safety of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10020032. [PMID: 29370105 PMCID: PMC5836064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy has been constantly evolving with the hope of finding the most effective agents with the least toxic effects to eradicate tumors. Cancer immunotherapy is currently among the most promising options, fulfilling this hope in a wide range of tumors. Immunotherapy aims to activate immunity to fight cancer in a very specific and targeted manner; however, some abnormal immune reactions known as immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) might occur. Therefore, many researchers are aiming to define the most proper protocols for managing these complications without interfering with the anticancer effect. One of these targeted approaches is the inhibition of the interaction between the checkpoint protein, programmed death-receptor 1 (PD-1), and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), via a class of antibodies known as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. These antibodies achieved prodigious success in a wide range of malignancies, including those where optimal treatment is not yet fully identified. In this review, we have critically explored and discussed the outcome of the latest PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor studies in different malignancies compared to standard chemotherapeutic alternatives with a special focus on the clinical efficacy and safety. The approval of the clinical applications of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab in the last few years clearly highlights the hopeful future of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for cancer patients. These promising results of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have encouraged many ongoing preclinical and clinical trials to explore the extent of antitumor activity, clinical efficacy and safety as well as to extend their applications.
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Li Y, Li F, Jiang F, Lv X, Zhang R, Lu A, Zhang G. A Mini-Review for Cancer Immunotherapy: Molecular Understanding of PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway & Translational Blockade of Immune Checkpoints. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1151. [PMID: 27438833 PMCID: PMC4964524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interference of the binding of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has become a new inspiring immunotherapy for resisting cancers. To date, the FDA has approved two PD-1 monoclonal antibody drugs against cancer as well as a monoclonal antibody for PD-L1. More PD-1 and PD-L1 monoclonal antibody drugs are on their way in clinical trials. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PD-1 and PD-L1, which were approved by the FDA or are still in clinical trials. And also presented is the prospect of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade in the next generation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshu Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, Institute of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Haimen 226133, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fangfei Li
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, Institute of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Haimen 226133, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, Institute of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Haimen 226133, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Rongjiang Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, Institute of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Haimen 226133, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, Institute of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Haimen 226133, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, Institute of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Haimen 226133, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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