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Willsmore ZN, Harris RJ, Crescioli S, Hussein K, Kakkassery H, Thapa D, Cheung A, Chauhan J, Bax HJ, Chenoweth A, Laddach R, Osborn G, McCraw A, Hoffmann RM, Nakamura M, Geh JL, MacKenzie-Ross A, Healy C, Tsoka S, Spicer JF, Papa S, Barber L, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. B Cells in Patients With Melanoma: Implications for Treatment With Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622442. [PMID: 33569063 PMCID: PMC7868381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of the humoral immune response to melanoma are now widely recognized, with reports of positive prognostic value ascribed to tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-B) and increasing evidence of B cells as key predictors of patient response to treatment. There are disparate views as to the pro- and anti-tumor roles of B cells. B cells appear to play an integral role in forming tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) which can further modulate T cell activation. Expressed antibodies may distinctly influence tumor regulation in the tumor microenvironment, with some isotypes associated with strong anti-tumor immune response and others with progressive disease. Recently, B cells have been evaluated in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), targeting T cell effector functions, have revolutionized the management of melanoma for many patients; however, there remains a need to accurately predict treatment responders. Increasing evidence suggests that B cells may not be simple bystanders to CPI immunotherapy. Mature and differentiated B cell phenotypes are key positive correlates of CPI response. Recent evidence also points to an enrichment in activatory B cell phenotypes, and the contribution of B cells to TLS formation may facilitate induction of T cell phenotypes required for response to CPI. Contrastingly, specific B cell subsets often correlate with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in CPI. With increased appreciation of the multifaceted role of B cell immunity, novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers can be explored and translated into the clinic to optimize CPI immunotherapy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena N Willsmore
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Harris
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khuluud Hussein
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Kakkassery
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepika Thapa
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jitesh Chauhan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Bax
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Chenoweth
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Laddach
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Osborn
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexa McCraw
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricarda M Hoffmann
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mano Nakamura
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L Geh
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair MacKenzie-Ross
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Papa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,ImmunoEngineering, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Barber
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang L, Kandadi H, Yang H, Cham J, He T, Oh DY, Sheikh NA, Fong L. Long-term Sculpting of the B-cell Repertoire following Cancer Immunotherapy in Patients Treated with Sipuleucel-T. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1496-1507. [PMID: 32967912 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cellular immunotherapy, administered as three infusions, for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Sipuleucel-T induces T- and B-cell responses to prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), correlating to improved survival. The long-term impact of sipuleucel-T on tumor antigen-specific immunologic memory remains unknown, in particular, B-cell responses, as measured by antigen-specific antibody responses and B-cell receptor (BCR) sequences. To evaluate whether sipuleucel-T could induce long-term immunologic memory, we examined circulating B-cell responses before and after sipuleucel-T treatment in two groups of patients with mCRPC: those who had previously received sipuleucel-T (treated; median, 8.9 years since the previous treatment) versus those who had not (naïve). Before re-treatment, previously treated patients exhibited persistent antibody responses as well as more focused and convergent BCR repertoires with distinct V(D)J gene usage compared with naïve patients. After re-treatment, previously treated patients maintained high-frequency clones and developed more convergent BCRs at earlier time points unlike naïve patients. With the first sipuleucel-T infusion specifically, previously treated patients had less shuffling within the 100 most abundant baseline clones. In contrast, naïve patients exhibited great BCR turnover with a continued influx of new B-cell clones. Social network analysis showed that previously treated patients had more highly organized B-cell repertoires, consistent with greater clonal maturation. Higher treatment-induced BCR clonality correlated with longer survival for naïve patients. These results demonstrated the capacity of sipuleucel-T to induce long-term immune memory and lasting changes to the B-cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Hai Yang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Cham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Internal Medicine, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, California
| | - Tao He
- Department of Mathematics, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - David Y Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Lawrence Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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