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Pepermans RA, Sharma G, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Cancer and Stromal Cells: Functions and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030672. [PMID: 33802978 PMCID: PMC8002620 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological systems. Its role in driving estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancers is well established, but it also has important roles in a number of other cancers, acting both on tumor cells directly as well as in the function of multiple cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and adipocytes, which can greatly impact carcinogenesis. One of its receptors, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), has gained much interest over the last decade in both health and disease. Increasing evidence shows that GPER contributes to clinically observed endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer while also playing a complex role in a number of other cancers. Recent discoveries regarding the targeting of GPER in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition, particularly in melanoma, have led to the initiation of the first Phase I clinical trial for the GPER-selective agonist G-1. Furthermore, its functions in metabolism and corresponding pathophysiological states, such as obesity and diabetes, are becoming more evident and suggest additional therapeutic value in targeting GPER for both cancer and other diseases. Here, we highlight the roles of GPER in several cancers, as well as in metabolism and immune regulation, and discuss the therapeutic value of targeting this estrogen receptor as a potential treatment for cancer as well as contributing metabolic and inflammatory diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Pepermans
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-272-5647
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Lim E, Beith J, Boyle F, de Boer R, Hui R, McCarthy N, Redfern A, Wade T, Woodward N. Emerging data and future directions for CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment of patients with hormone receptor positive HER2-non-amplified metastatic breast cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2018; 14 Suppl 4:12-21. [PMID: 30288929 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4/6) inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy are currently the optimal first line treatment for hormone receptor (HR) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) non-amplified metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, not all patients benefit from this treatment and all patients will inevitably progress. Identifying therapeutic strategies in this setting is therefore of immediate clinical importance. We present an overview of the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and review potential biomarkers that may guide therapy selection. We also discuss the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the context of non-HR-positive/HER2-non-amplified breast cancer and in combination with therapies other than endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elgene Lim
- St.Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jane Beith
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Frances Boyle
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Richard de Boer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Rina Hui
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- ICON Cancer Care Wesley, Auchenflower, QLD, 4066.,University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Theresa Wade
- WriteSource Medical Pty Ltd, Lane Cove, NSW, 1595, Australia
| | - Natasha Woodward
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Mater Misericordiae Ltd and Mater Research Institute Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
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