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Gasic I. Regulation of Tubulin Gene Expression: From Isotype Identity to Functional Specialization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898076. [PMID: 35721507 PMCID: PMC9204600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes of higher eukaryotes encode a large tubulin gene superfamily consisting of at least six α and six β-tubulin isotypes. While some α and β-tubulin isotypes are ubiquitously expressed, others are cell-type specific. The subset of α and β-tubulins that is expressed in a given cell type is defined transcriptionally. But the precise mechanisms of how cells choose which α and β isotypes to express and at what level remain poorly understood. Differential expression of tubulin isotypes is particularly prominent during development and in specialized cells, suggesting that some isotypes are better suited for certain cell type-specific functions. Recent studies begin to rationalize this phenomenon, uncovering important differences in tubulin isotype behavior and their impact on the biomechanical properties of the microtubule cytoskeleton. I summarize our understanding of the regulation of tubulin isotype expression, focusing on the role of these complex regulatory pathways in building a customized microtubule network best suited for cellular needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gasic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ronayne CT, Jonnalagadda SK, Jonnalagadda S, Nelson GL, Solano LN, Palle H, Mani C, Rumbley J, Holy J, Mereddy VR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel anticancer agent CBISC that induces DNA damage response and diminishes levels of mutant-p53. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:127-132. [PMID: 34051576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel nitrogen mustard CBISC has been synthesized and evaluated as an anticancer agent. CBISC has been shown to exhibit enhanced cell proliferation inhibition properties against mutant p53 cell lines colorectal cancer WiDr, pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1), and triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468). In vitro mechanism of action studies revealed perturbations in the p53 pathway and increased cell death as evidenced by western blotting, immunofluorescent microscopy and MTT assay. Further, in vivo studies revealed that CBISC is well tolerated in healthy mice and exhibited significant in vivo tumor growth inhibition properties in WiDr and MIAPaCa-2 xenograft models. These studies illustrate the potential utility of CBISC as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor T Ronayne
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Grady L Nelson
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Lucas N Solano
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Hithardha Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Jon Rumbley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jon Holy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
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Sekino Y, Han X, Babasaki T, Miyamoto S, Kitano H, Kobayashi G, Goto K, Inoue S, Hayashi T, Teishima J, Sakamoto N, Sentani K, Oue N, Yasui W, Matsubara A. TUBB3 Is Associated with High-Grade Histology, Poor Prognosis, p53 Expression, and Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncology 2020; 98:689-698. [PMID: 32585672 DOI: 10.1159/000506775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND βIII-Tubulin, encoded by the TUBB3 gene, is a microtubule protein. Several studies have shown that overexpression of TUBB3 is linked to poor prognosis and is involved in taxane resistance in some cancers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the expression and function of TUBB3 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS The expression of TUBB3 was determined using immuno-histochemistry in ccRCC specimens. The effects of TUBB3 knockdown on cell growth and invasion were evaluated in RCC cell lines. We analyzed the interaction between TUBB3, p53, cancer stem cell markers, and PD-L1. RESULTS In 137 cases of ccRCC, immunohistochemistry showed that 28 (20%) of the ccRCC cases were positive for TUBB3. High TUBB3 expression was significantly correlated with high nuclear grade, high T stage, and N stage. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high expression of TUBB3 was associated with poor overall survival after nephrectomy. In silico analysis also showed that high TUBB3 expression was correlated with overall survival. Knockdown of TUBB3 suppressed cell growth and invasion in 786-O and Caki-1 cells. High TUBB3 expression was associated with CD44, CD133, PD-L1, and p53 in ccRCC. We generated p53 knockout cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Western blotting revealed that p53 knockout upregulated the expression of TUBB3. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TUBB3 may play an oncogenic role and could be a potential therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sekino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan,
| | - Xiangrui Han
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Babasaki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miyamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Go Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Inoue
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Teishima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akio Matsubara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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White-Gilbertson S, Voelkel-Johnson C. Giants and monsters: Unexpected characters in the story of cancer recurrence. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 148:201-232. [PMID: 32723564 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC) constitute a dangerous subpopulation of cancer cells and are a driving force in cancer recurrence. These unique cells arise from diploid tumor cells in response to stress encountered in the tumor microenvironment or during cancer therapy. PGCC are greatly dedifferentiated, acquire pluripotency, and are able to replicate through a form of asymmetric division called neosis, which results in new populations that are themselves able to differentiate into new cell types or to re-establish tumors. Progeny tend to be more genetically unstable than the founding population due to the dysregulation required to transition through a PGCC state. Therefore, cancers that escape stressors through this mechanism tend to re-emerge with a more aggressive phenotype that is therapy resistant. This review focuses on the clinical significance of PGCC, the need for standardized nomenclature and molecular markers, as well as possible avenues to develop therapies aimed at PGCC and the process of neosis. The biology underlying the development of PGCC including cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation, stress responses, dedifferentiation, stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai White-Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Maruyama Y, Arahara K, Kinoshita E, Arai K. AP-1-mediated expression of brain-specific class IVa β-tubulin in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1609-15. [PMID: 25649943 PMCID: PMC4300376 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of brain-specific
phenotypes increased in all trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced neural
differentiation of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Among these phenotypes, expression
of class IVa β-tubulin isotype (TUBB4a) was particularly enhanced in neural
differentiation. Transient transfection assays employing a reporter construct found that
ATRA-mediated regulatory region of the TUBB4a gene lay in the region from −83 nt to +137
nt relative to the +1 transcription start site. Site-directed mutagenesis in the AP-1
binding site at −29/−17 suggested that the AP-1 binding site was a critical region for
ATRA-mediated TUBB4a expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggested
participation of JunD and activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) in TUBB4a expression.
Additionally, exogenous induction of the dominant-negative (dn) type of JunD canceled
ATRA-induced upregulation of TUBB4a, and the dn type of ATF2 suppressed even the basal
activity. Further immunoblot study revealed an ATRA-mediated increase in JunD protein,
while a significant amount of ATF2 protein was constantly produced. These results suggest
that differentiation-mediated activation of JunD results in enhanced TUBB4a
expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Maruyama
- Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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PAVLIKOVA NELA, BARTONOVA IRENA, DINCAKOVA LUCIA, HALADA PETR, KOVAR JAN. Differentially expressed proteins in human breast cancer cells sensitive and resistant to paclitaxel. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:822-30. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Alotaibi MR, Asnake B, Di X, Beckman MJ, Durrant D, Simoni D, Baruchello R, Lee RM, Schwartz EL, Gewirtz DA. Stilbene 5c, a microtubule poison with vascular disrupting properties that induces multiple modes of growth arrest and cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1688-98. [PMID: 24144631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The stilbene derivative, cis-3,4',5-trimethoxy-3'-aminostilbene (stilbene 5c), is a potentially potent antitumor agent that acts via binding to the colchicine-binding site in tubulin. The current studies were designed to investigate the effectiveness of stilbene 5c against the HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line and B16/F10 melanoma cells as well as human endothelial cell tube formation and tumor perfusion. Stilbene 5c produced a time-dependent decrease in cell viability in both cell lines and the capacity of the cells to proliferate was not restored upon removal of the drug. Treatment with stilbene 5c also promoted both senescence and autophagy in both cell lines. TUNEL and annexin 5 staining indicated that apoptosis also occurs in stilbene 5c-treated HCT-116 cells, but not in B16/F10 melanoma cells. DAPI staining revealed morphological changes in the cell nuclei (binucleated and micronucleated cells) indicative of mitotic catastrophe in HCT-116 cells but not in the B16/F10 melanoma cells. p53-null HCT-116 cells demonstrated a similar growth arrest/cell death response to stilbene as p53-wild type HCT-116 cells. Stilbene 5c also completely inhibited human endothelial cell tube formation on Matrigel, consistent with potential anti-angiogenic actions. Using a new method developed for monitoring the pharmacodynamic effects of stilbene 5c in vivo, we found that a single injection of stilbene 5c reduced tumor perfusion by 65% at 4h, returning to baseline by 24h, while subsequent daily injections of stilbene 5c produced progressively larger reductions and smaller rebounds. This work indicates that stilbene 5c could potentially be effective against melanoma and colon cancer through the promotion of multiple modes of growth arrest and cell death coupled with anti-angiogenic and antivascular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alotaibi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Majhen D, Brozovic A, Buger T, Gabrilovac J, Osmak M, Ambriović-Ristov A. Vincristine-resistant human laryngeal carcinoma cells demonstrate increased Rous sarcoma virus promoter activity. Life Sci 2010; 87:468-74. [PMID: 20837033 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kaipparettu BA, Malik S, Konduri SD, Liu W, Rokavec M, van der Kuip H, Hoppe R, Hammerich-Hille S, Fritz P, Schroth W, Abele I, Das GM, Oesterreich S, Brauch H. Estrogen-mediated downregulation of CD24 in breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:66-72. [PMID: 18404683 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported on the relevance of the prevalence of CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cells in primary breast tumors. To study regulation of CD24, we queried a number of publicly available expression array studies in breast cancer cells and found that CD24 was downregulated upon estrogen treatment. We confirmed this estrogen-mediated repression of CD24 mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR in MCF7, T47D and ZR75-1 cells. Repression was also seen at the protein level as measured by flow cytometry. CD24 was not downregulated in the ER alpha negative MDA-MB-231 cells suggesting that ER alpha was necessary. This was further confirmed by ER alpha silencing in MCF7 cells resulting in increased CD24 levels and by reintroduction of ER alpha into C4-12 cells resulting in decreased CD24 levels. Estrogen treatment did not alter half-life of CD24 mRNA and new protein synthesis was not essential for repression, suggesting a primary transcriptional effect. Histone deacetylase inhibition by Trichostatin A completely abolished the repression, but decrease of the ER alpha corepressors NCoR, LCoR, RIP140, silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors, SAFB1 and SAFB2 by siRNA or overexpression of SAFB2, NCoR and silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors had no effect. In silico promoter analyses led to the identification of two estrogen responsive elements in the CD24 promoter, one of which was able to bind ER alpha as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Together, our results show that CD24 is repressed by estrogen and that this repression is a direct transcriptional effect depending on ER alpha and histone deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Abraham Kaipparettu
- Division of Molecular Mechanisms of Origin and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3 is a potent inducer of apoptosis in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells with wild-type p53 and overexpression of MDM2. Leukemia 2008; 22:730-9. [PMID: 18273046 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), overexpression of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein by leukemic cells is typically associated with a wild-type (wt)-p53 phenotype and chemoresistance. A recently developed small-molecule antagonist of MDM2, nutlin-3, inhibits the MDM2-p53 interaction, resulting in induction of p53 activity and apoptosis. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of nutlin-3 on ALL cells with different p53 status and MDM2 expression, using 18 cell lines and 30 primary leukemia samples. We found that both ALL cell lines and primary ALL samples with wt-p53 are sensitive to nutlin-3. No cytotoxic effect of nutlin-3 was detected in ALL cells with either p53-mutant or -null phenotype. In wt-p53 ALL cells, there was a significant positive correlation between MDM2 expression levels and sensitivity to nutlin-3. Nutlin-3-induced cell death was mediated by p53-induced activation of proapoptotic proteins and by p53-induced repression of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin. As p53 function is inhibited by MDM2 in chemoresistant, MDM2-overexpressing ALL cells, potent killing of these cells by nutlin-3 suggests that this agent may be a novel therapeutic for refractory ALL.
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