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Kukko V, Kaipia A, Talala K, Taari K, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A, Murtola TJ. Allopurinol and prostate cancer survival in a Finnish population-based cohort. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024; 27:73-80. [PMID: 36131010 PMCID: PMC10876474 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allopurinol is gout medication that inhibits uric acid formation. Its possible anti-carcinogenic properties have been under research in past years. Studies based on Taiwanese registries showed that long term allopurinol use might reduce prostate cancer (PCa) incidence. However, our studies based on Finnish registries did not support those findings. In this study, we evaluate whether allopurinol use is associated with prostate cancer-specific survival (CSS) or overall survival (OS) in a Finnish population-based cohort. METHODS The study cohort was originally enrolled for the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (FinRSPC). We included all newly diagnosed PCa cases during 1996-2015, 9252 men in total. Information on allopurinol purchases was from the national prescription registry of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Information about deaths, treatments, and use of other medications was obtained from registries, and tumor stage and PSA at diagnosis from medical records. Follow-up started at diagnosis, and we analysed separately two endpoints: PCa-specific death and overall death. We used an extended Cox regression with adjustment for age at diagnosis, Charlson comorbidity index, FinRSPC trial arm, use of other drugs and EAU PCa risk group. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 9.86 years, 2942 deaths occurred, including 883 from PCa. There was no difference in CSS between allopurinol user and non-users, but allopurinol users had lower OS (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio 1.77; 95% CI: 1.57-2.00). However, this decrease in OS was mitigated along with increasing intensity of allopurinol use. CONCLUSIONS We found no marked difference in CSS by allopurinol use. Allopurinol users had lower OS but there were no significant differences by duration or intensity of allopurinol use. Allopurinol use may not have anticancer effects against prostate cancer; instead, it may be a surrogate for metabolic problems causing shorter OS among men with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Kukko
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Antti Kaipia
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Kimmo Taari
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teuvo L J Tammela
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu J Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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2
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Wang J, Hu Y, Liu P, Xu X. Xanthine oxidoreductase mediates genotoxic drug-induced autophagy and apoptosis resistance by uric acid accumulation and TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22723. [PMID: 36583708 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201436r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that profoundly impacts the efficacy of genotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that activates several signaling pathways involved in inducing autophagy and suppressing cell death. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a rate-limiting enzyme that converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, and xanthine to uric acid and hydrogen peroxide in the purine catabolism pathway. Recent studies showed that uric acid can bind to TAK1 and prolong its activation. We hypothesized that genotoxic drugs may induce autophagy and apoptosis resistance by activating TAK1 through XOR-generated uric acid. Here, we report that gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), two genotoxic drugs, induced autophagy in HeLa and HT-29 cells by activating TAK1 and its two downstream kinases, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK). XOR knockdown and the XOR inhibitor allopurinol blocked gemcitabine-induced TAK1, JNK, AMPK, and Unc51-like kinase 1 (ULK1)S555 phosphorylation and gemcitabine-induced autophagy. Inhibition of the ATM-Chk pathway, which inhibits genotoxic drug-induced uric acid production, blocked gemcitabine-induced autophagy by inhibiting TAK1 activation. Exogenous uric acid in its salt form, monosodium urate (MSU), induced autophagy by activating TAK1 and its downstream kinases JNK and AMPK. Gene knockdown or the inhibitors of these kinases blocked gemcitabine- and MSU-induced autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy by allopurinol, chloroquine, and 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (5Z), a TAK1-specific inhibitor, enhanced gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. Our study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of XOR in regulating genotoxic drug-induced autophagy and apoptosis and has implications for designing novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Penggang Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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3
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Mechanism of PDZK1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Complicated with Hyperuricemia. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1403454. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1403454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a kind of primary liver cancer that accounts for more than 90% of primary hepatocellular carcinomas. Hyperuricemia is closely related to the development, recurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer. Previous studies have proved that the serum uric acid level can increase the incidence rate and mortality of malignant tumors. However, the specific pathogenesis remains unstudied. Methods. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2 increased significantly after HCC cells were exposed to different concentrations of soluble uric acid (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/dl) for 24 hours. Then, in HCC shRNAs, PDZK1, or over expression PDZK1 were used. CCK8, wound healing, and Transwell assay showed that PDZK1 regulates cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Flow cytometry results revealed that PDZK1 affects cell apoptosis. Western blot results show that PDZK1 affects the STAT3/C-myc pathway. Then, in vivo tumorigenesis, allopurinol maybe an effective drug to advance: the prognosis of HCC. Results. In our study, RT-qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2 increased significantly after different concentrations of soluble uric acid in HCC. Then, PDZK1 affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of HCC through the STAT3/C-myc pathway. Conclusions. Hyperuricemia response affects the expression of PDZK1; PDZK1 affects the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis through the STAT3/C-myc pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. It is suggested that PDZK1 maybe closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of HCC and allopurinol maybe have potential anticancer effects.
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Pharmacological Small Molecules against Prostate Cancer by Enhancing Function of Death Receptor 5. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081029. [PMID: 36015177 PMCID: PMC9413322 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Death receptor 5 (DR5) is a membrane protein that mediates exogenous apoptosis. Based on its function, it is considered to be a target for the treatment of cancers including prostate cancer. It is encouraging to note that a number of drugs targeting DR5 are now progressing to different stages of clinical trial studies. We collected 38 active compounds that could produce anti-prostate-cancer effects by modulating DR5, 28 of which were natural compounds and 10 of which were synthetic compounds. In addition, 6 clinically used chemotherapeutic agents have also been shown to promote DR5 expression and thus exert apoptosis-inducing effects in prostate cancer cells. These compounds promote the expression of DR5, thereby enhancing its function in inducing apoptosis. When these compounds were used in combination with the natural ligand of DR5, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased. These compounds are all promising for development as anti-prostate-cancer drugs, while most of these compounds are currently being evaluated for their anti-prostate-cancer effects at the cellular level and in animal studies. A great deal of more in-depth research is needed to evaluate whether they can be developed as drugs. We collected literature reports on small molecules against prostate cancer through modulation of DR5 to understand the current dynamics in this field and to evaluate the prospects of small molecules against prostate cancer through modulation of DR5.
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5
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Chen MM, Meng LH. The double faced role of xanthine oxidoreductase in cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1623-1632. [PMID: 34811515 PMCID: PMC9253144 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a critical, rate-limiting enzyme that controls the last two steps of purine catabolism by converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. It also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the catalytic process. The enzyme is generally recognized as a drug target for the therapy of gout and hyperuricemia. The catalytic products uric acid and ROS act as antioxidants or oxidants, respectively, and are involved in pro/anti-inflammatory actions, which are associated with various disease manifestations, including metabolic syndrome, ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Recently, extensive efforts have been devoted to understanding the paradoxical roles of XOR in tumor promotion. Here, we summarize the expression of XOR in different types of cancer and decipher the dual roles of XOR in cancer by its enzymatic or nonenzymatic activity to provide an updated understanding of the mechanistic function of XOR in cancer. We also discuss the potential to modulate XOR in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-man Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ling-hua Meng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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6
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Lai SW, Hwang BF, Kuo YH, Liu CS, Liao KF. A meta-analysis of allopurinol therapy and the risk of prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28998. [PMID: 35356907 PMCID: PMC10684161 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of prostate cancer among people with gout and/or hyperuricemia who used allopurinol and who did not use allopurinol. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis to identify the cohort and case-control studies by searching PubMed and Web of Science. We used the random-effects model to calculate the pooled risk ratio with 95% confidence interval for the risk of prostate cancer associated with allopurinol treatment. Results: There were 5 cohort studies and 2 case-control studies included in the meta-analysis. All 7 eligible studies were published between 2012 and 2021. The study period ranged from 8 to 13years. The number of study subjects ranged from 25,770 to 1,623,550. The age of study subjects ranged from 20 to 99years. Overall, allopurinol treatment was not associated with the risk of prostate cancer (risk ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 0.96-1.34 and P = .13). The heterogeneity was high between studies (I2 = 93%). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis reveals that no association can be found between allopurinol treatment and the risk of prostate cancer among people with gout and/or hyperuricemia. We propose that the inhibition of xanthine oxidase and the reduction of serum uric acid via allopurinol treatment do not affect the probability of developing prostate cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings. Key Points
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Lai
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Research, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Nguyen HT, Vu TY, Dakal TC, Dhabhai B, Nguyen XHQ, Tatipamula VB. Cleroda-4(18),13-dien-15,16-olide as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An integrated in silico and in vitro study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253572. [PMID: 34191831 PMCID: PMC8244894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, in silico predictions and molecular docking were performed on five clerodane diterpenes (1-5) from Polyalthia longifolia seeds to evaluate their potential as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors. The initial screening was conducted by target prediction using TargetNet web server application and only compounds 3 and 4 showed a potential interaction with XO. Compounds 3 and 4 were subsequently subjected to in silico analyses on XO protein structure (PDB: 1N5X) using Schrödinger Release 2020-3 followed by structural modeling & molecular simulation studies to confirm the initial prediction result and identify the binding mode of these compounds to the XO. Molecular docking results revealed that compounds 3 (-37.3 kcal/mol) and 4 (-32.0 kcal/mol) binds more stably to XO than the reference drug allopurinol (-27.0 kcal/mol). Interestingly, two residues Glu 802 and Thr 1010 were observed as the two main H-bond binding sites for both tested compounds and the allopurinol. The center scaffold of allopurinol was positioned by some π-π stacking with Phe 914 and Phe 1009, while that of compounds 3 and 4 were supported by many hydrophobic interactions mainly with Leu 648, Phe 649, Phe 1013, and Leu 1014. Additionally, the docking simulation predicted that the inhibitory effect of compounds 3 and 4 was mediated by creating H-bond with particularly Glu 802, which is a key amino acid for XO enzyme inhibition. Altogether, in vitro studies showed that compounds 3 and 4 had better inhibitory capacity against XO enzyme with IC50 values significantly (p < 0.001) lower than that of allopurinol. In short, the present study identified cleroda-4(18),13-dien-15,16-olide as novel potential XO inhibitors, which can be potentially used for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Thien-Y Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- * E-mail: (TYV); (VBT)
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhanupriya Dhabhai
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- * E-mail: (TYV); (VBT)
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8
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Hsu MY, Mina E, Roetto A, Porporato PE. Iron: An Essential Element of Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122591. [PMID: 33287315 PMCID: PMC7761773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring abilities of iron make it a versatile cofactor that is involved in a myriad of biochemical reactions vital to cellular homeostasis, including cell respiration and DNA replication. In cancer patients, systemic iron metabolism is commonly altered. Moreover, cancer cells deploy diverse mechanisms to increase iron bioavailability to fuel tumor growth. Although iron itself can readily participate in redox reactions enabling vital processes, its reactivity also gives rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, cancer cells further rely on antioxidant mechanisms to withstand such stress. The present review provides an overview of the common alterations of iron metabolism occurring in cancer and the mechanisms through which iron promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y. Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Erica Mina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
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9
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Allopurinol Suppresses Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Tumorigenesis in C57BL/KsJ-db/db Mice. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic disorders, including chronic inflammation and enhanced oxidative stress, are closely associated with the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Previous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that increased serum uric acid is associated with the risk for various types of cancer, including colon cancer. This study examined the effects of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol, widely used as a uric acid lowering medicine, on colorectal tumorigenesis in obese mice. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were injected with azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight) and then received drinking water containing allopurinol (30 mg/kg body weight) for fourteen weeks. At the time of sacrifice, allopurinol treatment significantly inhibited the development of colonic premalignant lesions. In the allopurinol-treated group, cellular proliferation in colonic mucosa was significantly suppressed, which was evaluated by the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Allopurinol also inhibited macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue and decreased the serum level of TNF-α. The values of oxidative stress markers were markedly decreased in the allopurinol-treated group compared to those in the control group. These findings suggest that allopurinol attenuated chronic inflammation and decreased oxidative stress, preventing the development of colonic pre-neoplastic lesions in obesity-associated colon tumorigenesis model.
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Yamamoto J, Miyake K, Han Q, Tan Y, Inubushi S, Sugisawa N, Higuchi T, Tashiro Y, Nishino H, Homma Y, Matsuyama R, Chawla SP, Bouvet M, Singh SR, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Oral recombinant methioninase increases TRAIL receptor-2 expression to regress pancreatic cancer in combination with agonist tigatuzumab in an orthotopic mouse model. Cancer Lett 2020; 492:174-184. [PMID: 32739322 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methionine addiction is a fundamental and general hallmark of cancer. Gene expression analysis showed that methionine restriction (MR) of methionine-addicted cancer cells increases TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) expression. Here, we determined the effects of MR on TRAIL-R2 targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer by the TRAIL-R2 agonist tigatuzumab. Human pancreatic cancer cell lines were cultured in control or methionine-free medium. The effects of MR on TRAIL-R2 expression and sensitivity to tigatuzumab were evaluated in vitro. An orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model was established to evaluate the efficacy of MR using oral recombinant methioninase (o-rMETase), and the efficacy of tigatuzumab and their combination. MR enabled tigatuzumab-induced apoptosis, by increasing TRAIL-R2 expression in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. The protein expression level of the melanoma-associated antigen MAGED2, which reduces TRAIL-R2 expression, was decreased by MR. In the orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model, o-rMETase increased TRAIL-R2 expression level in the tumors and enabled the antitumor efficacy of tigatuzumab. MR, effected by o-rMETase, enabled the efficacy of the TRAIL-R2 agonist tigatuzumab by increasing TRAIL-R2 expression in pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that o-rMETase has clinical potential for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamamoto
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Sachiko Inubushi
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Norihiko Sugisawa
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Tashiro
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hiroto Nishino
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Homma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Mi S, Gong L, Sui Z. Friend or Foe? An Unrecognized Role of Uric Acid in Cancer Development and the Potential Anticancer Effects of Uric Acid-lowering Drugs. J Cancer 2020; 11:5236-5244. [PMID: 32742469 PMCID: PMC7378935 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, metabolic syndrome (Mets) has been a hot topic among medical scientists. Mets has an intimate relationship with the incidence and development of various cancers. As a contributory factor of Mets, hyperuricemia actually plays an inseparable role in the formation of various metabolic disorders. Although uric acid is classically considered an antioxidant with beneficial effects, mounting evidence indicates that a high serum uric acid (SUA) level may serve as a pro-oxidant to generate inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the unrecognized role of hyperuricemia in cancer development and summarize major mechanisms linking uric acid to carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we also discuss the potential mechanism of liver metastasis of cancer and list some types of uric acid-lowering agents, which may exert anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Mi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ziqi Sui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, China
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12
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El-Sheikh AA, Abdelzaher WY, Gad AA, Abdel-Gaber SA. Purine versus non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac and bone marrow toxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:249-261. [PMID: 31640406 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119883412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cancer is a fatal and serious disease. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is a commonly used anticancer drug. Cardiotoxicity and myelotoxicity are life-threatening side effects of CYC treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, allopurinol (ALL) and febuxostat (FEB), on CYC-induced cardio- and hematopoietic toxicity in rats. METHODS ALL (100 mg/kg/day) or FEB (10 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to rats in the presence and absence of CYC (200 mg/kg kg i.p. single dose) treatment. Serum creatine kinase-MB creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were estimated. Complete blood counting (CBC), cardiac and bone marrow XO activity, malondialdehyde level, and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Cardiac and bone marrow histopathological changes were also evaluated. RESULTS ALL and FEB significantly decreased CK-MB and LDH induced by CYC. Disturbed levels of XO, oxidative stress parameters, and CBC were also corrected by both XO inhibitors tested, with amelioration of cardiac histopathological changes caused by CYC. Treatment with FEB, but not ALL, prior to CYC challenges normalized bone marrow histopathological changes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that both XO inhibitors tested; ALL and FEB can ameliorate CYC-induced cardiotoxicity. However, only FEB can protect against CYC-induced myelotoxicity, whereas ALL, to the contrary, might aggravate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - W Y Abdelzaher
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - A A Gad
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - S A Abdel-Gaber
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Allopurinol and the risk of prostate cancer in a Finnish population-based cohort. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019; 22:483-490. [DOI: 10.1038/s41391-019-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Yang HC, Nguyen PAA, Islam M, Huang CW, Poly TN, Iqbal U, Li YCJ. Gout drugs use and risk of cancer: A case-control study. Joint Bone Spine 2018; 85:747-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Coburn BW, Michaud K, Bergman DA, Mikuls TR. Allopurinol Dose Escalation and Mortality Among Patients With Gout: A National Propensity-Matched Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018. [PMID: 29513934 DOI: 10.1002/art.40486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Observational data suggest that hyperuricemia and gout are associated with increased mortality, while allopurinol use is associated with reduced mortality. In addition, the protective effect of allopurinol may be dose dependent. The aim of the current study was to determine whether allopurinol dose escalation is associated with cause-specific mortality in patients with gout. METHODS In this 10-year observational, active-comparator study of US Veterans with gout who initiated treatment with allopurinol, propensity score matching, Cox proportional hazards models, and competing risks regression analyses were used to assess differences in cause-specific mortality between patients whose allopurinol dose was escalated (dose escalators) and those whose allopurinol dose was not escalated or was reduced (non-escalators) over a 2-year period. RESULTS Among the 6,428 dose escalators and 6,428 matched non-escalators, there were 2,867 deaths during the observation period (40.4 deaths per 1,000 person-years). Dose escalators experienced an increase in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.01-1.17), with the effect sizes being similar for incidence of cardiovascular-related deaths (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.97-1.21) and cancer-related deaths (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.88-1.27), although neither reached statistical significance. Dose escalation to achieve the goal of lowering the serum urate (SU) level to <6.0 mg/dl was infrequent. At 2 years, 10% of dose escalators were receiving a final daily dose of >300 mg and 31% had achieved the SU goal. In a sensitivity analysis limited to dose escalators achieving the SU goal, there was a nonsignificant reduction of 7% in the hazard of cardiovascular-related mortality (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.76-1.14). CONCLUSION This is the largest study to date to investigate the effects of allopurinol use on mortality and is the first to use a rigorous active-comparator design. Dose escalation was associated with a small (<10%) increase in all-cause mortality, thus showing that a strategy of allopurinol dose escalation, which in current real-life practice is characterized by limited dose increases, is unlikely to improve the survival of patients with gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Coburn
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Kaleb Michaud
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, and National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas
| | | | - Ted R Mikuls
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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Tang D, Zhang J, Zhou R, Xie YN, Hou X, Xu K, Wu P. Phosphorescent inner filter effect-based sensing of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitors with Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8477-8482. [PMID: 29694472 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Large bandgap semiconductor ZnS QDs (Mn-doped) were explored for inner filter effect-based sensing of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitors, due to the maximum spectral overlap between the absorption of uric acid (the enzymatic product of xanthine oxidase) and the excitation of Mn-doped ZnS QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Rongxin Zhou
- Biliary Surgical Department
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Ya-Ni Xie
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- Analytical & Testing Center
| | - Kailai Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- Analytical & Testing Center
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Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are critical regulators of cell death and survival pathways. Mice lacking cIAP1 and either cIAP2 or XIAP die in utero, and myeloid lineage-specific deletion of all IAPs causes sterile inflammation, but their role in the skin is unknown. We generated epidermal-specific IAP-deficient mice and found that combined genetic deletion of cIAP1 (epidermal knockout [EKO]) in keratinocytes and ubiquitous cIAP2 deletion (cIap1EKO/EKO.cIap2-/-) caused profound skin inflammation and keratinocyte death, lethal by postpartum day 10. To investigate their role in skin homeostasis, we injected an IAP antagonist compound subcutaneously into wild-type and knockout mice. This induced a toxic epidermal necrolysis-like local inflammation, which mirrored the phenotype seen in cIap1EKO/EKO.cIap2-/- mice. Loss of one Ripk1 allele limited lesion formation and significantly extended the lifespan of cIap1EKO/EKO.cIap2-/- mice. cIAP activities are important for recruitment of LUBAC to signaling complexes, and loss of LUBAC component SHARPIN, induces dermatitis in mice. Consistent with this relationship between cIAPs and LUBAC, Ripk1 heterozygosity also protected against development of dermatitis in Sharpin-deficient mice. This work therefore refines our molecular understanding of inflammatory signaling in the skin and defines potential targets for treating skin inflammation.
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Long-term allopurinol use decreases the risk of prostate cancer in patients with gout: a population-based study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:328-333. [PMID: 28398294 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations indicated an increased risk of developing prostate cancer in gout patients. Chronic inflammation is postulated to be one crucial mechanism for prostate carcinogenesis. Allopurinol, a widely used antigout agent, possesses potent anti-inflammation capacity. We elucidated whether allopurinol decreases the risk of prostate cancer in gout patients. METHODS We analyzed data retrieved from Taiwan National Health Insurance Database between January 2000 and December 2012. Patients diagnosed with gout during the study period with no history of prostate cancer and who had never used allopurinol were selected. Four allopurinol use cohorts (that is, allopurinol use (>365 days), allopurinol use (181-365 days), allopurinol use (91-180 days) and allopurinol use (31-90 days)) and one cohort without using allopurinol (that is, allopurinol use (No)) were included. The study end point was the diagnosis of new-onset prostate cancer. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and propensity score-adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between the risk of prostate cancer and allopurinol treatment in gout patients after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 25 770 gout patients (aged between 40 and 100 years) were included. Multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed that the risk of developing prostate cancer in the allopurinol use (>365 days) cohort was significantly lower than the allopurinol use (No) cohort (adjusted hazard ratio (HR)=0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.45-0.9, P=0.011). After propensity score adjustment, the trend remained the same (adjusted HR=0.66, 95% CI=0.46-0.93, P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Long-term (more than 1 year) allopurinol use may associate with a decreased risk of prostate cancer in gout patients.
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Li Y, Cao TT, Guo S, Zhong Q, Li CH, Li Y, Dong L, Zheng S, Wang G, Yin SF. Discovery of Novel Allopurinol Derivatives with Anticancer Activity and Attenuated Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060771. [PMID: 27331805 PMCID: PMC5538589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives related to allopurinol has been synthesized and evaluated for its cytotoxicity against a panel of three cancer cell lines as well as its xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities. Among them, compound 4 showed potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 25.5 and 35.2 μM against human hepatoma carcinoma cell lines, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7221, respectively. The anticancer activity of 4 was comparable to that of Tanespimycin (17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxy geldanamycin, 17-AAG) that inhibited the growth of BEL-7402 and SMMC-7221 cells at IC50 values of 12.4 and 9.85 μM, respectively. However, unlike allopurinol, which is also a strong inhibitor of XOD, compound 4 is a much weaker XOD inhibitor, suggesting that the anticancer activities of the allopurinol derivatives may not be associated with XOD inhibition. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of 4 toward normal cells is significantly lower than that of 17-AAG, making 4 a promising lead compound for further optimization of structure-activity relationships that may lead to anticancer agents of clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Cao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Qiu Zhong
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Cai-Hu Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Lin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Shilong Zheng
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Shu-Fan Yin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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Ferrando B, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Sebastia V, Viosca E, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. [Allopurinol and its role in the treatment of sarcopenia]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2014; 49:292-8. [PMID: 25131431 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid and plays an important role in purine catabolism. The purine analogue, allopurinol, is a well-known inhibitor of XO widely used in the clinical management of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia. More recent data indicate that allopurinol reduces oxidative stress and improves vascular function in several cardiometabolic diseases, prolongs exercise time in angina, and improves the efficiency of cardiac contractility in heart failure. XO also plays an important role in free radical generation during skeletal muscle contraction and thus, it has been related to the muscle damage associated to exhaustive exercise. Several research groups have shown the protective effect of allopurinol in the prevention of this type of damage. Based on this background, a critical overview is presented on the possible role of allopurinol in the treatment of sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes, such as physical disability, poor quality of life and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferrando
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España
| | - Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España
| | - Vicente Sebastia
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Enrique Viosca
- Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España
| | - Jose Viña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, España.
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Lefort N, Brown A, Lloyd V, Ouellette R, Touaibia M, Culf AS, Cuperlovic-Culf M. 1H NMR metabolomics analysis of the effect of dichloroacetate and allopurinol on breast cancers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 93:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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Minakawa T, Toume K, Arai MA, Koyano T, Kowithayakorn T, Ishibashi M. Prenylflavonoids isolated from Artocarpus champeden with TRAIL-resistance overcoming activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:299-304. [PMID: 24074554 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In a screening program for bioactive natural products which can overcome Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-resistance, three prenylflavonoids, named pannokin A-C, were isolated from a MeOH extract of Artocarpus champeden (Moraceae) roots, together with three known prenylflavonoids. The structures of pannokin A-C were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. These of the prenylflavonoids in combination with TRAIL, showed cytotoxic activity in sensitizing TRAIL-resistant human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. Of these compounds, heterophyllin increased caspase 3/7 activity when combined with TRAIL in AGS cells, and enhanced the expression of DR4 and DR5 mRNA. Moreover, heterophyllin up-regulated mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) which was reported to be an important regulator of DR5 expression. Thus, heterophyllin was presumed to cause a CHOP-dependent up-regulation of DR5 expression resulting in apoptosis in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Abstract
Cancer risk reduction using pharmacological means is an attractive modern preventive approach that supplements the classical behavioural prevention recommendations. Medications that are commonly used by large populations to treat a variety of common, non-cancer-related, medical situations are an attractive candidate pool. This Review discusses three pharmacological agents with the most evidence for their potential as cancer chemopreventive agents: anti-hypercholesterolaemia medications (statins), an antidiabetic agent (metformin) and antiosteoporosis drugs (bisphosphonates). Data are accumulating to support a significant negative association of certain statins with cancer occurrence or survival in several major tumour sites (mostly gastrointestinal tumours and breast cancer), with an augmented combined effect with aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Metformin, but not other hypoglycaemic drugs, also seems to have some antitumour growth activity, but the amount of evidence in human studies, mainly in breast cancer, is still limited. Experimental and observational data have identified bisphosphonates as a pharmacological group that could have significant impact on incidence and mortality of more than one subsite of malignancy. At the current level of evidence these potential chemopreventive drugs should be considered in high-risk situations or using the personalized approach of maximizing individual benefits and minimizing the potential for adverse effects with the aid of pharmacogenetic indicators.
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Lin KW, Chen YT, Yang SC, Wei BL, Hung CF, Lin CN. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory lanostanoids from Ganoderma tsugae. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yan J, Zhang G, Hu Y, Ma Y. Effect of luteolin on xanthine oxidase: inhibition kinetics and interaction mechanism merging with docking simulation. Food Chem 2013; 141:3766-73. [PMID: 23993547 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) catalyses hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid in human metabolism. Overproduction of uric acid will lead to hyperuricemia and finally cause gout and other diseases. Luteolin is one of the major components of celery and green peppers, its inhibitory activity on XO and their interaction mechanism were evaluated by multispectroscopic methods, coupled with molecular simulation. It was found that luteolin reversibly inhibited XO in a competitive manner with inhibition constant (Ki) value of (2.38±0.05)×10(-6) mol l(-1). Luteolin could bind to XO at a single binding site and the binding was driven mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Analysis of synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra demonstrated that the microenvironment and secondary structure of XO were altered upon interaction with luteolin. The molecular docking results revealed luteolin actually interacted with the primary amino acid residues located within the active site pocket of XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China
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26
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Taniguchi H, Horinaka M, Yoshida T, Yano K, Goda AE, Yasuda S, Wakada M, Sakai T. Targeting the Glyoxalase Pathway Enhances TRAIL Efficacy in Cancer Cells by Downregulating the Expression of Antiapoptotic Molecules. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2294-300. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Kong R, Jia G, Cheng ZX, Wang YW, Mu M, Wang SJ, Pan SH, Gao Y, Jiang HC, Dong DL, Sun B. Dihydroartemisinin enhances Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via ROS-mediated up-regulation of death receptor 5. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37222. [PMID: 22666346 PMCID: PMC3364248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, has recently shown antitumor activity in various cancer cells. Apo2 ligand or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is regarded as a promising anticancer agent, but chemoresistance affects its efficacy as a treatment strategy. Apoptosis induced by the combination of DHA and Apo2L/TRAIL has not been well documented, and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we report that DHA enhances the efficacy of Apo2L/TRAIL for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. We found that combined therapy using DHA and Apo2L/TRAIL significantly enhanced apoptosis in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells compared with single-agent treatment in vitro. The effect of DHA was mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species, the induction of death receptor 5 (DR5) and the modulation of apoptosis-related proteins. However, N-acetyl cysteine significantly reduced the enhanced apoptosis observed with the combination of DHA and Apo2L/TRAIL. In addition, knockdown of DR5 by small interfering RNA also significantly reduced the amount of apoptosis induced by DHA and Apo2L/TRAIL. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that DHA enhances Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated up-regulation of DR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-xin Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Mu
- Department of Biology, School of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shuang-jia Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-ha Pan
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-chi Jiang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - De-li Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Valley CC, Lewis AK, Mudaliar DJ, Perlmutter JD, Braun AR, Karim CB, Thomas DD, Brody JR, Sachs JN. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces death receptor 5 networks that are highly organized. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21265-78. [PMID: 22496450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.306480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a death-inducing cytokine with anti-tumor potential, initiates apoptosis by re-organizing TRAIL receptors into large clusters, although the structure of these clusters and the mechanism by which they assemble are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5) forms receptor dimers in a ligand-dependent manner at endogenous receptor levels, and these receptor dimers exist within high molecular weight networks. Using mutational analysis, FRET, fluorescence microscopy, synthetic biochemistry, and molecular modeling, we find that receptor dimerization relies upon covalent and noncovalent interactions between membrane-proximal residues. Additionally, by using FRET, we show that the oligomeric structure of two functional isoforms of DR5 is indistinguishable. The resulting model of DR5 activation should revise the accepted architecture of the functioning units of DR5 and the structurally homologous TNF receptor superfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Valley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Yoshida T, Horinaka M, Sakai T. "Combination-oriented molecular-targeting prevention" of cancer: a model involving the combination of TRAIL and a DR5 inducer. Environ Health Prev Med 2010; 15:203-10. [PMID: 21432546 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-009-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors carry a high risk of death, and the prevention of malignant tumors is a crucial issue in preventive medicine. To this end, many chemopreventive agents have been tested, but the effects of single agents have been found to be insufficient to justify clinical trials. We have therefore hypothesized that combinations of different chemopreventive agents may synergistically enhance the preventive effect of chemopreventive agents used singly. To provide the treating physician with some guideline by which to choose the most effective agents to be combined, we propose a strategy which we have termed the "combination-oriented molecular-targeting prevention" of cancer. As the molecular target of our model, we focused on tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which specifically causes apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. Many of these agents were found to up-regulate the expression of death receptor 5, a TRAIL receptor. They were also found to synergistically induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells when combined with TRAIL. Here, we strongly advocate that the strategy of "combination-oriented molecular-targeting prevention" of cancer will be a practical approach for chemoprevention against human malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Yoshida
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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30
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On-chip assay for determining the inhibitory effects and modes of action of drugs against xanthine oxidase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Hydroxychavicol: a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle. J Nat Med 2009; 63:355-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-009-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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