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Wermelinger GF, Rubini L, da Fonseca ACC, Ouverney G, de Oliveira RPRF, de Souza AS, Forezi LSM, Limaverde-Sousa G, Pinheiro S, Robbs BK. A Novel MDM2-Binding Chalcone Induces Apoptosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1711. [PMID: 37371806 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents ~90% of all oral cancers, being the eighth most common cancer in men. The overall 5-year survival rate is only 39% for metastatic cancers, and currently used chemotherapeutics can cause important side effects. Thus, there is an urgency in developing new and effective anti-cancer agents. As both chalcones and 1,2,3-triazoles are valuable pharmacophores/privileged structures in the search for anticancer compounds, in this work, new 1,2,3-triazole-chalcone hybrids were synthesized and evaluated against oral squamous cell carcinoma. By using different in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches, we demonstrated that compound 1f has great cytotoxicity and selectivity against OSCC (higher than carboplatin and doxorubicin) and other cancer cells in addition to showing minimal toxicity in mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that induced cell death occurs by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Moreover, we found that 1f has a potential affinity for MDM2 protein, similar to the known ligand nutlin-3, and presents a better selectivity, pharmacological profile, and potential to be orally absorbed and is not a substrate of Pg-P when compared to nutlin-3. Therefore, we conclude that 1f is a good lead for a new chemotherapeutic drug against OSCC and possibly other types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Freimann Wermelinger
- Basic Science Department, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo 28625-650, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rubini
- Basic Science Department, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo 28625-650, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo 28625-650, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ouverney
- Postgraduate Program in Applied Science for Health Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael P R F de Oliveira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Acácio S de Souza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana S M Forezi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Limaverde-Sousa
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Pinheiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Kaufmann Robbs
- Basic Science Department, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo 28625-650, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Zhai F, Wang J, Yang W, Ye M, Jin X. The E3 Ligases in Cervical Cancer and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5354. [PMID: 36358773 PMCID: PMC9658772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial (EC) and cervical (CC) cancers are the most prevalent malignancies of the female reproductive system. There is a global trend towards increasing incidence and mortality, with a decreasing age trend. E3 ligases label substrates with ubiquitin to regulate their activity and stability and are involved in various cellular functions. Studies have confirmed abnormal expression or mutations of E3 ligases in EC and CC, indicating their vital roles in the occurrence and progression of EC and CC. This paper provides an overview of the E3 ligases implicated in EC and CC and discusses their underlying mechanism. In addition, this review provides research advances in the target of ubiquitination processes in EC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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3
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Brown DW, Beatty PH, Lewis JD. Molecular Targeting of the Most Functionally Complex Gene in Precision Oncology: p53. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5176. [PMID: 36358595 PMCID: PMC9654076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy is a key treatment strategy for many solid tumors, it is rarely curative, and most tumor cells eventually become resistant. Because of this, there is an unmet need to develop systemic treatments that capitalize on the unique mutational landscape of each patient's tumor. The most frequently mutated protein in cancer, p53, has a role in nearly all cancer subtypes and tumorigenesis stages and therefore is one of the most promising molecular targets for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, drugs targeting p53 have seen little clinical success despite promising preclinical data. Most of these drug compounds target specific aspects of p53 inactivation, such as through inhibiting negative regulation by the mouse double minute (MDM) family of proteins. These treatment strategies fail to address cancer cells' adaptation mechanisms and ignore the impact that p53 loss has on the entire p53 network. However, recent gene therapy successes show that targeting the p53 network and cellular dysfunction caused by p53 inactivation is now possible and may soon translate into successful clinical responses. In this review, we discuss p53 signaling complexities in cancer that have hindered the development and use of p53-targeted drugs. We also describe several current therapeutics reporting promising preclinical and clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Brown
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Perrin H. Beatty
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - John D. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
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4
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Antil N, Arefian M, Kandiyil MK, Awasthi K, Prasad TSK, Raju R. The Core Human MicroRNAs Regulated by Toxoplasma gondii. Microrna 2022; 11:163-174. [PMID: 35507793 DOI: 10.2174/2211536611666220428130250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite known to effectively modulate the host system for its survival. A large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) regulated by different strains of T. gondii in diverse types of host cells/tissues/organs have been reported across multiple studies. OBJECTIVE We aimed to decipher the complexity of T. gondii regulated spectrum of miRNAs to derive a set of core miRNAs central to different strains of T. gondii infection in diverse human cell lines. METHODS We first assembled miRNAs hat are regulated by T. gondii altered across the various assortment of infections and time points of T. gondii infection in multiple cell types. For these assembled datasets, we employed specific criteria to filter the core miRNAs regulated by T. gondii. Subsequently, accounting for the spectrum of miRNA-mRNA target combinations, we applied a novel confidence criterion to extract their core experimentally-validated mRNA targets in human cell systems. RESULTS This analysis resulted in the extraction of 74 core differentially regulated miRNAs and their 319 high-confidence mRNA targets. Based on these core miRNA-mRNA pairs, we derived the central biological processes perturbed by T. gondii in diverse human cell systems. Further, our analysis also resulted in the identification of novel autocrine/paracrine signalling factors that could be associated with host response modulated by T. gondii. CONCLUSION The current analysis derived a set of core miRNAs, their targets, and associated biological processes fine-tuned by T. gondii for its survival within the invaded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Antil
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Mohammad Arefian
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Mrudula Kinarulla Kandiyil
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Kriti Awasthi
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India.,Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
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Chen T, Sun T, Bian Y, Pei Y, Feng F, Chi H, Li Y, Tang X, Sang S, Du C, Chen Y, Chen Y, Sun H. The Design and Optimization of Monomeric Multitarget Peptides for the Treatment of Multifactorial Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3685-3705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, College of Regimen and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Food and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Huaian 223003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Chi
- Food and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Huaian 223003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Huaian 223005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenghu Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Du
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
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Filatov V, Kuznetsova J, Petrovskaya L, Yuzabchuk D, Tafeenko VA, Zyk NV, Beloglazkina EK. cis-Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spirooxindolo-β-Lactams by Staudinger Cycloaddition with TsCl as Activating Co-reagent. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22740-22751. [PMID: 34514245 PMCID: PMC8427784 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A convenient and versatile one-pot method for synthesis of 1,3-bis-aryl spirooxindolo-β-lactams from isatin Schiff bases and substituted phenylacetic acids using ketene-imine cycloaddition reaction with TsCl for a ketene generation has been developed. The reaction procedure does not require absolute solvents and unstable starting reagents. The studied reactions lead to cis-diastereoselective β-lactam formation for all tested phenylacetic acids except 4-MeOC6H4CH2COOH. An increase of trans-diastereomers yields with increasing temperature and solvent polarity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim
E. Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Juliana Kuznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lada Petrovskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Yuzabchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A. Tafeenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay V. Zyk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena K. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Li X, Gohain N, Chen S, Li Y, Zhao X, Li B, Tolbert WD, He W, Pazgier M, Hu H, Lu W. Design of ultrahigh-affinity and dual-specificity peptide antagonists of MDM2 and MDMX for P53 activation and tumor suppression. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2655-2669. [PMID: 34589387 PMCID: PMC8463443 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide inhibition of the interactions of the tumor suppressor protein P53 with its negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX activates P53 in vitro and in vivo, representing a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Using phage display techniques, we previously identified a potent peptide activator of P53, termed PMI (TSFAEYWNLLSP), with binding affinities for both MDM2 and MDMX in the low nanomolar concentration range. Here we report an ultrahigh affinity, dual-specificity peptide antagonist of MDM2 and MDMX obtained through systematic mutational analysis and additivity-based molecular design. Functional assays of over 100 peptide analogs of PMI using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence polarization techniques yielded a dodecameric peptide termed PMI-M3 (LTFLEYWAQLMQ) that bound to MDM2 and MDMX with Kd values in the low picomolar concentration range as verified by isothermal titration calorimetry. Co-crystal structures of MDM2 and of MDMX in complex with PMI-M3 were solved at 1.65 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively. Similar to PMI, PMI-M3 occupied the P53-binding pocket of MDM2/MDMX, which was dominated energetically by intermolecular interactions involving Phe3, Tyr6, Trp7, and Leu10. Notable differences in binding between PMI-M3 and PMI were observed at other positions such as Leu4 and Met11 with MDM2, and Leu1 and Met11 with MDMX, collectively contributing to a significantly enhanced binding affinity of PMI-M3 for both proteins. By adding lysine residues to both ends of PMI and PMI-M3 to improve their cellular uptake, we obtained modified peptides termed PMI-2K (KTSFAEYWNLLSPK) and M3-2K (KLTFLEYWAQLMQK). Compared with PMI-2K, M3-2K exhibited significantly improved antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo in a P53-dependent manner. This super-strong peptide inhibitor of the P53-MDM2/MDMX interactions may become, in its own right, a powerful lead compound for anticancer drug development, and can aid molecular design of other classes of P53 activators as well for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wangxiao He
- Department of Talent Highland, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity of School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
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Yang J, Jin A, Han J, Chen X, Zheng J, Zhang Y. MDMX Recruits UbcH5c to Facilitate MDM2 E3 Ligase Activity and Subsequent p53 Degradation In Vivo. Cancer Res 2021; 81:898-909. [PMID: 33277368 PMCID: PMC8026549 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 regulates p53 degradation by functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The role of MDMX, an MDM2 homolog that lacks E3 ligase activity, in the regulation of p53 degradation remains incompletely understood and sometime controversial. This confusion is due at least in part to studies of p53 degradation mainly carried out in in vitro settings, as elimination of either MDM2 or MDMX from mice results in p53-dependent embryonic lethality, thus obfuscating in vivo studies of the individual roles of MDM2 and MDMX in p53 degradation. To overcome this problem, we generated mice expressing an inducible p53 allele under various MDM2 and MDMX deletion and mutation statuses and studied in vivo p53 degradation. Degradation of p53 in vivo was largely prevented in mice and mouse embryonic fibroblast retaining MDM2 but lacking MDMX. Although MDM2 and MDMX interacted with p53 in the absence of each other, they bound p53 more efficiently as a heterodimer. MDMX, but not MDM2, interacted with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5c, an interaction that was essential for MDMX to enable MDM2 E3 ligase activity for p53 degradation. Grafting the C-terminal residues of MDMX to the C-terminus of MDM2 allowed MDM2 to interact with UbcH5c and enhanced MDM2-mediated p53 degradation in the absence of MDMX. Together, these data indicate that MDMX plays an essential role for p53 degradation in vivo by recruiting UbcH5c to facilitate MDM2 E3 ligase function. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides the first in vivo evidence of MDMX facilitating MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, clarifying its role in the regulation of this critical tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiwen Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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9
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Binding Ensembles of p53-MDM2 Peptide Inhibitors by Combining Bayesian Inference and Atomistic Simulations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010198. [PMID: 33401765 PMCID: PMC7795311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing peptide inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction against cancer is of wide interest. Computational modeling and virtual screening are a well established step in the rational design of small molecules. But they face challenges for binding flexible peptide molecules that fold upon binding. We look at the ability of five different peptides, three of which are intrinsically disordered, to bind to MDM2 with a new Bayesian inference approach (MELD × MD). The method is able to capture the folding upon binding mechanism and differentiate binding preferences between the five peptides. Processing the ensembles with statistical mechanics tools depicts the most likely bound conformations and hints at differences in the binding mechanism. Finally, the study shows the importance of capturing two driving forces to binding in this system: the ability of peptides to adopt bound conformations (ΔGconformation) and the interaction between interface residues (ΔGinteraction).
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10
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Caggiano C, Guida E, Todaro F, Bielli P, Mori M, Ghirga F, Quaglio D, Botta B, Moretti F, Grimaldi P, Rossi P, Jannini EA, Barchi M, Dolci S. Sempervirine inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription independently from p53 in tumor cells. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:111. [PMID: 33298840 PMCID: PMC7595235 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search of small molecules that can target MDM2/p53 pathway in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), we identified sempervirine (2,3,4,13-tetrahydro-1H-benz[g]indolo[2,3-a]quinolizin-6-ium), an alkaloid of Gelsemium sempervirens, that has been previously proposed as an inhibitor of MDM2 that targets p53-wildtype (wt) tumor cells. We found that sempervirine not only affects cell growth of p53-wt cancer cells, but it is also active in p53-mutated and p53-null cells by triggering p53-dependent and independent pathways without affecting non-transformed cells. To understand which mechanism/s could be activated both in p53-wt and -null cells, we found that sempervirine induced nucleolar remodeling and nucleolar stress by reducing protein stability of RPA194, the catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase I, that led to rRNA synthesis inhibition and to MDM2 block. As shown for other cancer cell models, MDM2 inhibition by nucleolar stress downregulated E2F1 protein levels both in p53-wt and p53-null TGCT cells with the concomitant upregulation of unphosphorylated pRb. Finally, we show that sempervirine is able to enter the nucleus and accumulates within the nucleolus where it binds rRNA without causing DNA damage. Our results identify semperivirine as a novel rRNA synthesis inhibitor and indicate this drug as a non-genotoxic anticancer small molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Caggiano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Guida
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Todaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Bielli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grimaldi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Barchi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Susanna Dolci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Structure-based designing efficient peptides based on p53 binding site residues to disrupt p53-MDM2/X interaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11449. [PMID: 32651397 PMCID: PMC7351717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDMX are known as overexpressed oncoproteins in several wild-type p53 cancer cells. The development of potent and dual antagonist peptides for p53-MDM2/X is a continuous challenge. In this study, we intended to investigate the pivotal structural points respecting the development of potent and dual inhibitors of MDM2/X. Correspondingly, MD simulation was performed on the experimentally confirmed peptides, comprising p53, pDI, pDIQ, PMI, and computationally screened mutant pDI and pDIQ. A follow-up secondary structure analysis showed the last three C-terminal residues provide the helicity reservation of peptides bound to MDM2/X. Furthermore, a delicate residue-residue examination displayed Met 11 and Ser12 in the modified peptides contribute significantly to dual inhibition of MDM2/X. Additionally, the peptides_MDM2/X complexes' ΔGbinding extracted by the umbrella sampling method were in agreement with the pattern of their experimental affinity values. It was concluded the screened pDI mutants were considered as suitable anti-MDM2/X peptides, and the data obtained could be exploited as the theoretical structure-based guide for rational peptide design. Taking account of results, the suitable C-terminal residues of p53-based peptides especially Met11, and Ser12, as well as higher umbrella sampling, generated ΔGbinding to MDM2/X would be considered as the positive structural markers of a promising anti-cancer agent.
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12
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Singh N, Li W. Absolute Binding Free Energy Calculations for Highly Flexible Protein MDM2 and Its Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134765. [PMID: 32635537 PMCID: PMC7369993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable prediction of binding affinities for ligand-receptor complex has been the primary goal of a structure-based drug design process. In this respect, alchemical methods are evolving as a popular choice to predict the binding affinities for biomolecular complexes. However, the highly flexible protein-ligand systems pose a challenge to the accuracy of binding free energy calculations mostly due to insufficient sampling. Herein, integrated computational protocol combining free energy perturbation based absolute binding free energy calculation with free energy landscape method was proposed for improved prediction of binding free energy for flexible protein-ligand complexes. The proposed method is applied to the dataset of various classes of p53-MDM2 (murine double minute 2) inhibitors. The absolute binding free energy calculations for MDMX (murine double minute X) resulted in a mean absolute error value of 0.816 kcal/mol while it is 3.08 kcal/mol for MDM2, a highly flexible protein compared to MDMX. With the integration of the free energy landscape method, the mean absolute error for MDM2 is improved to 1.95 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-2694-2336
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13
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Small-molecule MDM2/X inhibitors and PROTAC degraders for cancer therapy: advances and perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1253-1278. [PMID: 32874827 PMCID: PMC7452049 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the MDM2/X–P53 protein–protein interaction has been widely recognized as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers. Numerous small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been reported since the release of the structure of the MDM2–P53 interaction in 1996, SAR405838, NVP-CGM097, MK-8242, RG7112, RG7388, DS-3032b, and AMG232 currently undergo clinical evaluation for cancer therapy. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of MDM2 inhibitors and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degraders with a particular focus on how these inhibitors or degraders are identified from starting points, strategies employed, structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, binding modes or co-crystal structures, biochemical data, mechanistic studies, and preclinical/clinical studies. Moreover, we briefly discuss the challenges of designing MDM2/X inhibitors for cancer therapy such as dual MDM2/X inhibition, acquired resistance and toxicity of P53 activation as well as future directions.
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14
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Wang YT, Cheng TL. Computational modeling of cyclic peptide inhibitor-MDM2/MDMX binding through global docking and Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:4005-4014. [PMID: 32448094 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1773317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 and MDMX are potential targets for p53-dependent cancer therapy. Peptides are key in cellular immunology and oncology, and cyclic peptides generally have higher half-life than their linear counterparts. However, prediction of cyclic peptide-protein binding is challenging with normal molecular simulation approaches because of high peptide flexibility. Here, we used global peptide docking, normal molecular dynamics, Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD), two-dimensional (2D) potential of mean force (PMF) profiles, and solvated interaction energy (SIE) techniques to investigate the interactions of MDM2/MDMX with three N-to-C-terminal cyclic peptide-based inhibitors. We determined the possible cyclic peptide-MDM2/MDMX complex structures via 2D PMF profiles and SIE calculations. Our findings increase the accuracy of peptide-protein structural prediction, which may facilitate cyclic peptide drug design. Advancements in the computational methods and computing power may further aid in addressing the challenges in cyclic peptide drug design. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeng-Tseng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Deng L, Meng T, Chen L, Wei W, Wang P. The role of ubiquitination in tumorigenesis and targeted drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:11. [PMID: 32296023 PMCID: PMC7048745 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the "quantity" and "quality" of various proteins, serving to ensure cell homeostasis and guarantee life activities. The regulation of ubiquitination is multifaceted and works not only at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels (phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, etc.) but also at the protein level (activators or repressors). When regulatory mechanisms are aberrant, the altered biological processes may subsequently induce serious human diseases, especially various types of cancer. In tumorigenesis, the altered biological processes involve tumor metabolism, the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer stem cell (CSC) stemness and so on. With regard to tumor metabolism, the ubiquitination of some key proteins such as RagA, mTOR, PTEN, AKT, c-Myc and P53 significantly regulates the activity of the mTORC1, AMPK and PTEN-AKT signaling pathways. In addition, ubiquitination in the TLR, RLR and STING-dependent signaling pathways also modulates the TME. Moreover, the ubiquitination of core stem cell regulator triplets (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2) and members of the Wnt and Hippo-YAP signaling pathways participates in the maintenance of CSC stemness. Based on the altered components, including the proteasome, E3 ligases, E1, E2 and deubiquitinases (DUBs), many molecular targeted drugs have been developed to combat cancer. Among them, small molecule inhibitors targeting the proteasome, such as bortezomib, carfilzomib, oprozomib and ixazomib, have achieved tangible success. In addition, MLN7243 and MLN4924 (targeting the E1 enzyme), Leucettamol A and CC0651 (targeting the E2 enzyme), nutlin and MI-219 (targeting the E3 enzyme), and compounds G5 and F6 (targeting DUB activity) have also shown potential in preclinical cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in understanding the substrates for ubiquitination and their special functions in tumor metabolism regulation, TME modulation and CSC stemness maintenance. Moreover, potential therapeutic targets for cancer are reviewed, as are the therapeutic effects of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Tong Meng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Laboratory Safety and Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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16
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Rasafar N, Barzegar A, Mehdizadeh Aghdam E. Design and development of high affinity dual anticancer peptide-inhibitors against p53-MDM2/X interaction. Life Sci 2020; 245:117358. [PMID: 32001262 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inhibition of P53-MDM2/X interaction is known as an effective cancer therapy strategy. In this regard, pDI peptide was introduced previously with the potential of targeting MDM2. In this research, the large-scale peptide mutation screening was used to achieve the best sequence of pDI with the highest affinity for inhibition activity against MDM2/X. MAIN METHODS Three mutant peptides of pDI as dual inhibitor peptides including single mutations of pDIm/4W, pDIm/11M and double mutations of pDIdm/4W11M were presented with the high affinities to inhibit both MDM2/X. The selected mutants were then evaluated comprehensively to confirm their ability as potent MDM2/X inhibitors, using a theoretical simulation approach. KEY FINDINGS MD simulations analyses confirmed their dual inhibition potential against both MDM2/X interactions with p53 protein. The developed pDIm and mainly pDIdm peptides showed stable conformations over the simulation time with conserved secondary structure and effective interaction with MDM2/X by physical binding such as hydrogen bonding. Besides, umbrella sampling free energy calculation indicated higher binding energy, ΔGbinding, of pDIm-MDM2/X and pDIdm-MDM2/X compared to pDI-MDM2/X. SIGNIFICANCE The optimized and improved mutant pDI, pDIdm, with more effective ΔGbinding values of -30 and -25 kcal/mol to MDMX and MDM2, respectively, is recommended as a promising anticancer agent and suitable candidate for experimental evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rasafar
- Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegar
- Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Elnaz Mehdizadeh Aghdam
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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17
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Deng X, Li S, Kong F, Ruan H, Xu X, Zhang X, Wu Z, Zhang L, Xu Y, Yuan H, Peng H, Yang D, Guan M. Long noncoding RNA PiHL regulates p53 protein stability through GRWD1/RPL11/MDM2 axis in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:265-280. [PMID: 31903119 PMCID: PMC6929633 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). We elucidated its role and clinical significance in CRC carcinogenesis. Methods: LncRNA candidates were identified using TCGA database. LncRNA expression profiles were studied by qRT-PCR and microarray in paired tumor and normal tissues. The independence of the signature in survival prediction was evaluated by multivariable Cox regression analysis. The mechanisms of lncRNA function and regulation in CRC were examined using molecular biological methods. Results: We identified a novel long noncoding gene (PiHL, P53 inHibiting LncRNA) from 8q24.21 as a p53 negative regulator. PiHL is drastically upregulated in CRC and is an independent predictor of CRC poor prognosis. Further in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated that PiHL was crucial in maintaining cell proliferation and inducing 5-FU chemoresistance through a p53-dependent manner. Mechanistically, PiHL acts to promote p53 ubiquitination by sequestering RPL11 from MDM2, through enhancing GRWD1 and RPL11 complex formation. We further show that p53 can directly bind to PiHL promoter and regulating its expression. Conclusion: Our study illustrates how cancer cells hijack the PiHL-p53 axis to promote CRC progression and chemoresistance. PiHL plays an oncogenic role in CRC carcinogenesis and is an independent prognostic factor as well as a potential therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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18
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Filatov V, Kukushkin M, Kuznetsova J, Skvortsov D, Tafeenko V, Zyk N, Majouga A, Beloglazkina E. Synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-spiro[azetidine-2,3′-indoline]-2′,4-dionesviathe Staudinger reaction:cis- ortrans-diastereoselectivity with different addition modes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14122-14133. [PMID: 35498462 PMCID: PMC9051608 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02374d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A new synthetic approach for realizing biologically relevant bis-aryl spiro[azetidine-2,3′-indoline]-2′,4-diones was developed based on Staudinger ketene–imine cycloaddition through the one-pot reaction of substituted acetic acids and Schiff bases in the presence of oxalyl chloride and an organic base. A series of [azetidine-2,3′-indoline]-2′,4-diones were synthesized using this method. For comparison, the same compounds were obtained using a known technique, where ketene is generated from pre-synthesized acyl chloride. It was shown that the use of oxalyl chloride for ketene generation in the one-pot reaction at room temperature allows for the reversal of the diastereoselectivity of spiro-lactam formation, unlike previously described procedures. Two experimental techniques of the ketene–imine Staudinger reaction allowed different diastereomers of spiro-indolinone-β-lactams to be obtained.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Filatov
- Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Maksim Kukushkin
- Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | | | - Dmitry Skvortsov
- Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Viktor Tafeenko
- Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Nikolay Zyk
- Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”
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19
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Frosi Y, Inoue K, Ramlan SR, Lane DP, Watanabe T, Brown CJ. Simultaneous measurement of p53:Mdm2 and p53:Mdm4 protein-protein interactions in whole cells using fluorescence labelled foci. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17933. [PMID: 31784573 PMCID: PMC6884555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we describe the development of a Fluorescent Protein-Protein Interaction-visualization (FLUOPPI) to enable the simultaneous measurement of both Mdm2:p53 and Mdm4:p53 interactions in order to assess the relative efficiencies of mimetic molecules of the p53 peptide helix against both PPIs. Mdm2 and Mdm4 overexpression frequently leads to the inactivation of non-mutated p53 in human cancers, via inhibition of its transcriptional activity, enhancing its degradation by the proteasome or by preventing its nuclear import. Development of inhibitors to disrupt the binding of one or both of these protein interactions have been the subject of intensive pharmaceutical development for anti-cancer therapies. Using the bimodal FLUOPPI system we have characterised compounds that were either monospecific for Mdm2 or bispecific for both Mdm2 and Mdm4. We have also demonstrated that the FLUOPPI assay can reliably differentiate between specific and non-specific disruption of these protein complexes via accurate assessment and normalization to the cell population under measurement. We envision that this methodology will increase the efficiency of identifying compounds that are either specific against a single PPI from a closely related family of interactions or compounds that interact across multiple related PPI pairs, depending on which is more desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Frosi
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - K Inoue
- R&D Division, Medical & Biological Laboratories, Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan
| | - Siti Radhiah Ramlan
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - D P Lane
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - T Watanabe
- R&D Division, Medical & Biological Laboratories, Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan.
| | - C J Brown
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
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20
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Chai K, Ning X, Nguyễn TTT, Zhong B, Morinaga T, Li Z, Shingyoji M, Tada Y, Tatsumi K, Shimada H, Hiroshima K, Yamaguchi N, Tagawa M. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors augment endogenous wild-type p53 expression but down-regulate the adenovirally-induced expression by inhibiting a proteasome activity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26130-26143. [PMID: 29899847 PMCID: PMC5995238 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors suppressed MDM4 functions which mediated p53 ubiquitination, and blocked a chaperon function which influenced expression of the client proteins. We examined cytotoxic effects of the inhibitors, 17-allylamino-17-demetheoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-DMAG), on mesothelioma and investigated combinatory effects of the inhibitors and adenoviruses expressing the wild-type p53 gene (Ad-p53). A majority of mesothelioma lacks p14 and p16 expression, which leads to defective p53 pathway despite bearing the wild-type p53 genotype. The HSP90 inhibitors up-regulated endogenous wild-type p53 expression and induced cell death. Furthermore, the inhibitors increased the endogenous p53 levels that were induced by cisplatin. Nevertheless, the HSP90 inhibitors suppressed Ad-p53-induced exogenous p53 expression primarily at a posttranscriptional level and inhibited the Ad-p53-mediated cell death. HSP90 inhibitors suppressed ubiquitination processes which were involved in p53 degradation, but a proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, prevented the HSP90 inhibitors-induced p53 down-regulation. In contrast, an inhibitor for HSP70 with a chaperon function, pifithrin-μ, did not produce the p53 down-regulation. The HSP90 inhibitors did not suppress expression of Ad receptor molecules but rather increased expression of green fluorescence protein transduced by the same Ad vector. These data collectively indicated that an HSP90 inhibitor possessed a divalent action on p53 expression, as an activator for endogenous wild-type p53 through inhibited ubiquitination and a negative regulator of exogenously over-expressed p53 through the proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Chai
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Xuerao Ning
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Thảo Thi Thanh Nguyễn
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Boya Zhong
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takao Morinaga
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Zhihan Li
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masato Shingyoji
- Division of Respirology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yuji Tada
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiroshima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo 276-8524, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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21
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Medina-Medina I, Martínez-Sánchez M, Hernández-Monge J, Fahraeus R, Muller P, Olivares-Illana V. p53 promotes its own polyubiquitination by enhancing the HDM2 and HDMX interaction. Protein Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524278 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HDM2 and HDMX are two homologs essential for controlling p53 tumor suppressor activity under normal conditions. Both proteins bind different sites on the p53 N-terminus, and while HDM2 has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity towards p53, HDMX does not. Nevertheless, HDMX is required for p53 polyubiquitination and degradation, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Alone, HDMX and HDM2 interact via their respective C-terminal RING domains but here we show that the presence of p53 induces an N-terminal interface under normal cellular conditions. This results in an increase in HDM2-mediated p53 polyubiquitination and degradation. The HDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 binds the N-terminal p53 binding pocket and is sufficient to induce the HDM2-HDMX interaction, suggesting that the mechanism depends on allosteric changes that control the multiprotein complex formation. These results demonstrate an allosteric interchange between three different proteins (HDMX-HDM2-p53) and help to explain the molecular mechanisms of HDM2-inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixaura Medina-Medina
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cáncer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290, SLP, México
| | - Mayra Martínez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cáncer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290, SLP, México
| | - Jesús Hernández-Monge
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cáncer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290, SLP, México
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, INSERM UMRS1162, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, IUH Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, 75010, France
| | - Petr Muller
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vanesa Olivares-Illana
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cáncer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, 78290, SLP, México
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22
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Chopra H, Khan Z, Contreras J, Wang H, Sedrak A, Zhu Y. Activation of p53 and destabilization of androgen receptor by combinatorial inhibition of MDM2 and MDMX in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6270-6281. [PMID: 29464071 PMCID: PMC5814211 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) frequently develops after initial standard radiation and androgen deprivation therapy, leaving patients with limited further treatment options. Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. p53, a major tumor suppressor that is rarely mutated in early-stages of prostate cancer, is often deregulated during prostate cancer progression. Here, we report an unusual co-amplification of MDM2 and MDMX, two crucial negative regulators of p53, in CRPC datasets. We demonstrate that combinatorial inhibition of MDM2 and MDMX, with nutlin-3 and NSC207895 respectively, has a profound inhibitory effect on cell proliferation of androgen-responsive, wild-type TP53 gene carrying prostate cancer cells LNCaP and 22Rv1. We further show that the combinatorial inhibition of MDM2 and MDMX not only activates p53, but also decreases cellular levels of AR and represses its function. Additionally, co-expression of MDM2 and MDMX stabilizes AR. Together, our results indicate that combinatorial inhibition of MDM2 and MDMX may offer a novel compelling strategy for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Chopra
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Zara Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jamie Contreras
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Herui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Abanob Sedrak
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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23
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Li X, Liu C, Chen S, Hu H, Su J, Zou Y. d-Amino acid mutation of PMI as potent dual peptide inhibitors of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4678-4681. [PMID: 28916339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the previously reported potent dual l-peptide PMI of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, a series of d-amino acid mutational PMI analogues, PMI-1-4, with enhanced proteolytic resistence and in vitro tumor cell inhibitory activities were reported, of which Liposome-PMI-1 showed a stronger inhibitory activity against the U87 cell lines than Nutlin-3. This d-amino acid mutation strategy may give a hand for enhancing the potential of peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Hu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Eukaryotic transcription factors: paradigms of protein intrinsic disorder. Biochem J 2017; 474:2509-2532. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene-specific transcription factors (TFs) are key regulatory components of signaling pathways, controlling, for example, cell growth, development, and stress responses. Their biological functions are determined by their molecular structures, as exemplified by their structured DNA-binding domains targeting specific cis-acting elements in genes, and by the significant lack of fixed tertiary structure in their extensive intrinsically disordered regions. Recent research in protein intrinsic disorder (ID) has changed our understanding of transcriptional activation domains from ‘negative noodles’ to ID regions with function-related, short sequence motifs and molecular recognition features with structural propensities. This review focuses on molecular aspects of TFs, which represent paradigms of ID-related features. Through specific examples, we review how the ID-associated flexibility of TFs enables them to participate in large interactomes, how they use only a few hydrophobic residues, short sequence motifs, prestructured motifs, and coupled folding and binding for their interactions with co-activators, and how their accessibility to post-translational modification affects their interactions. It is furthermore emphasized how classic biochemical concepts like allostery, conformational selection, induced fit, and feedback regulation are undergoing a revival with the appreciation of ID. The review also describes the most recent advances based on computational simulations of ID-based interaction mechanisms and structural analysis of ID in the context of full-length TFs and suggests future directions for research in TF ID.
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25
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Variations within 3'-UTR of MDM4 gene contribute to clinical outcomes of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients following platinum-based chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16313-16324. [PMID: 27462918 PMCID: PMC5369965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in microRNA (miRNA)-binding sites may modulate the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression and explain individual sensitivity to platinum agents. This study aimed to investigate the impact of SNPs located at 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of MDM4 gene, on clinical outcomes of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Four SNPs were genotyped by using DNA from blood samples of advanced NSCLC patients (642 in the Discovery set and 330 in the Replication set) and were analyzed the relationships with clinical outcomes. Carriers with rs10900598 CC genotype and rs4245739 AC genotype showed increased overall survival (OS) than those with AA genotype (P = 0.017 and P = 0.037, respectively) in the Discovery set and after pooling results from the Replication set. A combined effect on survival of variant alleles was also concluded and validated. Stratification analysis revealed that the effect of MDM4 SNPs was more pronounced in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) subgroups. A reduced expression of the reporter gene for the C allele of rs4245739 was observed in NSCLC cells using luciferase reporter gene assays. Taken together, our results demonstrate that genetic variations in 3′-UTR of MDM4 gene may influence outcomes of advanced NSCLC by miRNAs-mediated regulation.
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26
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Yue X, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Zheng M, Feng Z, Hu W. Mutant p53 in Cancer: Accumulation, Gain-of-Function, and Therapy. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1595-1606. [PMID: 28390900 PMCID: PMC5663274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression. p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, and over half of human cancers contain p53 mutations. Majority of p53 mutations in cancer are missense mutations, leading to the expression of full-length mutant p53 (mutp53) protein. While the critical role of wild-type p53 in tumor suppression has been firmly established, mounting evidence has demonstrated that many tumor-associated mutp53 proteins not only lose the tumor-suppressive function of wild-type p53 but also gain new activities to promote tumorigenesis independently of wild-type p53, termed gain-of-function. Mutant p53 protein often accumulates to very high levels in tumors, contributing to malignant progression. Recently, mutp53 has become an attractive target for cancer therapy. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying mutp53 protein accumulation and gain-of-function will accelerate the development of targeted therapies for human cancer harboring mutp53. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the studies on mutp53 protein accumulation and gain-of-function and targeted therapies for mutp53 in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetian Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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27
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Morrone JA, Perez A, MacCallum J, Dill KA. Computed Binding of Peptides to Proteins with MELD-Accelerated Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:870-876. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Morrone
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alberto Perez
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Justin MacCallum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ken A. Dill
- Laufer
Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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28
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Gupta AK, Bharadwaj M, Kumar A, Mehrotra R. Spiro-oxindoles as a Promising Class of Small Molecule Inhibitors of p53-MDM2 Interaction Useful in Targeted Cancer Therapy. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 375:3. [PMID: 27943171 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the toxicity of currently available anticancer drugs and the inefficiency of chemotherapeutic treatments, the design and discovery of effective and selective antitumor agents continues to be a hot topic in organic medicinal chemistry. Targeted therapy is a newer type of cancer treatment that uses drugs designed to interfere with specific molecules necessary for tumor growth and progression. This review explains the mechanism of regulation of p53 (tumor suppressor protein) by MDM2 and illustrates the role of targeting p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction using small molecules as a new cancer therapeutic strategy. Spirocyclic oxindoles or spiro-oxindoles, with a rigid heterocyclic ring fused at the 3-position of the oxindole core with varied substitution around it, are the most efficacious class of small molecules which inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells, leading to complete tumor growth regression without affecting activities of normal cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive account of the systematic development of and recent progress in diverse spiro-oxindole derivatives active as potent selective inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction with special emphasis on spiro-pyrrolidinyl oxindoles (the MI series), their mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship. This review will help in understanding the molecular mechanism of p53 reactivation by spiro-oxindoles in tumor tissues and also facilitates the design and exploration of more potent analogues with high efficacy and low side effects for the treatment of cancer. Recent progress in spiro-oxindole derivatives as potent small molecule inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction, useful as anticancer agents, is described with reference to their mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana K Gupta
- Division of Molecular Cytology, Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India.
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Molecular Cytology, Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India.
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29
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Fierabracci A, Pellegrino M. The Double Role of p53 in Cancer and Autoimmunity and Its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121975. [PMID: 27897991 PMCID: PMC5187775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a sequence-specific short-lived transcription factor expressed at low concentrations in various tissues while it is upregulated in damaged, tumoral or inflamed tissue. In normally proliferating cells, p53 protein levels and function are tightly controlled by main regulators, i.e., MDM2 (mouse double minute 2) and MDM4 proteins. p53 plays an important role due to its ability to mediate tumor suppression. In addition to its importance as a tumor suppressor, p53 coordinates diverse cellular responses to stress and damage and plays an emerging role in various physiological processes, including fertility, cell metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, autophagy, cell adhesion, stem cell maintenance and development. Interestingly, it has been recently implicated in the suppression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in both mice and humans. In this review based on current knowledge on the functional properties of p53 and its regulatory pathways, we discuss the potential utility of p53 reactivation from a therapeutic perspective in oncology and chronic inflammatory disorders leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marsha Pellegrino
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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30
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Philippe G, Huang Y, Cheneval O, Lawrence N, Zhang Z, Fairlie DP, Craik DJ, de Araujo AD, Henriques ST. Development of cell‐penetrating peptide‐based drug leads to inhibit MDMX:p53 and MDM2:p53 interactions. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2016; 106:853-863. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Philippe
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
| | - Yen‐Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Biosciencethe University of Queensland QLD4072 Australia
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31
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Teveroni E, Lucà R, Pellegrino M, Ciolli G, Pontecorvi A, Moretti F. Peptides and peptidomimetics in the p53/MDM2/MDM4 circuitry - a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1417-1429. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1233179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Teveroni
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Roma, Italy
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Rossella Lucà
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Germana Ciolli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Roma, Italy
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Catholic University of Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Roma, Italy
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32
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Karni-Schmidt O, Lokshin M, Prives C. The Roles of MDM2 and MDMX in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 11:617-44. [PMID: 27022975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Karni-Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Maria Lokshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
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33
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Corbi-Verge C, Kim PM. Motif mediated protein-protein interactions as drug targets. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:8. [PMID: 26936767 PMCID: PMC4776425 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are involved in virtually every cellular process and thus represent an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. A significant number of protein interactions are frequently formed between globular domains and short linear peptide motifs (DMI). Targeting these DMIs has proven challenging and classical approaches to inhibiting such interactions with small molecules have had limited success. However, recent new approaches have led to the discovery of potent inhibitors, some of them, such as Obatoclax, ABT-199, AEG-40826 and SAH-p53-8 are likely to become approved drugs. These novel inhibitors belong to a wide range of different molecule classes, ranging from small molecules to peptidomimetics and biologicals. This article reviews the main reasons for limited success in targeting PPIs, discusses how successful approaches overcome these obstacles to discovery promising inhibitors for human protein double minute 2 (HDM2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and provides a summary of the promising approaches currently in development that indicate the future potential of PPI inhibitors in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Corbi-Verge
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Philip M Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
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34
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Rezk MS, Abdel-Halim M, Keeton A, Franklin D, Bauer M, Boeckler FM, Engel M, Hartmann RW, Zhang Y, Piazza GA, Abadi AH. Synthesis and Optimization of New 3,6-Disubstitutedindole Derivatives and Their Evaluation as Anticancer Agents Targeting the MDM2/MDMx Complex. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:34-41. [PMID: 26726742 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twelve derivatives of the general formula 3-substituted-6-chloroindoles were synthesized and tested for their growth inhibitory effects versus p53(+/+) colorectal cancer HCT116 and its p53 knockout isogenic cells; colorectal cancer cell p53(-/-) SW480; the lung cancer cell line p53(-/-) H1299; mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) p53(+/+) and its p53 knockout isogenic cells. The compounds were also evaluated for their ability to induce p53 nuclear translocation and binding to murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and murine double minute 4 (MDM4). Of these, compound 5a was the most active in inhibiting the growth of cells, with selectivity towards the p53(+/+) cell lines, and it showed stronger binding to MDM4 rather than MDM2. The activity profile of compound 5a is strongly similar to that of Nutlin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah Rezk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo
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35
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Hoppmann C, Wang L. Proximity-enabled bioreactivity to generate covalent peptide inhibitors of p53–Mdm4. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5140-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new method for developing macromolecular covalent drugs by designing an unnatural amino acid to target a nearby natural residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoppmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute
- University of California, San Francisco
- San Francisco
- USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute
- University of California, San Francisco
- San Francisco
- USA
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36
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Golestanian S, Sharifi A, Popowicz GM, Azizian H, Foroumadi A, Szwagierczak A, Holak TA, Amanlou M. Discovery of novel dual inhibitors against Mdm2 and Mdmx proteins by in silico approaches and binding assay. Life Sci 2016; 145:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Wu W, Xu C, Ling X, Fan C, Buckley BP, Chernov MV, Ellis L, Li F, Muñoz IG, Wang X. Targeting RING domains of Mdm2-MdmX E3 complex activates apoptotic arm of the p53 pathway in leukemia/lymphoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2035. [PMID: 26720344 PMCID: PMC4720891 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of tumor-suppressor p53 for targeted cancer therapy is an attractive strategy for cancers bearing wild-type (WT) p53. Targeting the Mdm2–p53 interface or MdmX ((MDM4), mouse double minute 4)–p53 interface or both has been a focus in the field. However, targeting the E3 ligase activity of Mdm2–MdmX really interesting new gene (RING)–RING interaction as a novel anticancer strategy has never been explored. In this report, we describe the identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors targeting Mdm2–MdmX RING–RING interaction as a new class of E3 ligase inhibitors. With a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based E3 activity assay in high-throughput screening of a chemical library, we identified inhibitors (designated as MMRis (Mdm2–MdmX RING domain inhibitors)) that specifically inhibit Mdm2–MdmX E3 ligase activity toward Mdm2 and p53 substrates. MMRi6 and its analog MMRi64 are capable of disrupting Mdm2–MdmX interactions in vitro and activating p53 in cells. In leukemia cells, MMRi64 potently induces downregulation of Mdm2 and MdmX. In contrast to Nutlin3a, MMRi64 only induces the expression of pro-apoptotic gene PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) with minimal induction of growth-arresting gene p21. Consequently, MMRi64 selectively induces the apoptotic arm of the p53 pathway in leukemia/lymphoma cells. Owing to the distinct mechanisms of action of MMRi64 and Nutlin3a, their combination synergistically induces p53 and apoptosis. Taken together, this study reveals that Mdm2–MdmX has a critical role in apoptotic response of the p53 pathway and MMRi64 may serve as a new pharmacological tool for p53 studies and a platform for cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - X Ling
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - B P Buckley
- Department of Stress Biology, Small Molecule Screening Core Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M V Chernov
- Department of Stress Biology, Small Molecule Screening Core Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - L Ellis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - F Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - I G Muñoz
- Crystallography Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
| | - X Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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38
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Wu L, Yu H, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Yue X, Yang Q, Hu W. HIF-2α mediates hypoxia-induced LIF expression in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4406-17. [PMID: 25726527 PMCID: PMC4414199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a multi-functional cytokine, has a complex role in cancer. While LIF induces the differentiation of several myeloid leukemia cells and inhibits their growth, it also promotes tumor progression, metastasis and chemoresistance in many solid tumors. LIF is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and its overexpression is often associated with poor prognosis of patients. Currently, the mechanism for LIF overexpression in tumor cells is not well-understood. Here, we report that hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, induced LIF mRNA expression in human colorectal cancer cells. Analysis of LIF promoter revealed several hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) that can specifically interact with and be transactivated by HIF-2α but not HIF-1α. Consistently, ectopic expression of HIF-2α but not HIF-1α transcriptionally induced LIF expression levels in cells. Knockdown of endogenous HIF-2α but not HIF-1α by siRNA largely abolished the induction of LIF by hypoxia in cells. Furthermore, there is a strong association of HIF-2α overexpression with LIF overexpression in human colorectal cancer specimens. In summary, results from this study demonstrate that hypoxia induces LIF expression in human cancer cells mainly through HIF-2α, which could be an important underlying mechanism for LIF overexpression in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cen Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xuetian Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Cancer drugs are broadly classified into two categories: cytotoxic chemotherapies and targeted therapies that specifically modulate the activity of one or more proteins involved in cancer. Major advances have been achieved in targeted cancer therapies in the past few decades, which is ascribed to the increasing understanding of molecular mechanisms for cancer initiation and progression. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies and small molecules have been developed to interfere with a specific molecular oncogenic target. Targeting gain-of-function mutations, in general, has been productive. However, it has been a major challenge to use standard pharmacologic approaches to target loss-of-function mutations of tumor suppressor genes. Novel approaches, including synthetic lethality and collateral vulnerability screens, are now being developed to target gene defects in p53, PTEN, and BRCA1/2. Here, we review and summarize the recent findings in cancer genomics, drug development, and molecular cancer biology, which show promise in targeting tumor suppressors in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Cecil Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liana Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinna Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiongbin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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40
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Zarzycka B, Kuenemann MA, Miteva MA, Nicolaes GAF, Vriend G, Sperandio O. Stabilization of protein-protein interaction complexes through small molecules. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:48-57. [PMID: 26434617 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most of the small molecules that have been identified thus far to modulate protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are inhibitors. Another promising way to interfere with PPI-associated biological processes is to promote PPI stabilization. Even though PPI stabilizers are still scarce, stabilization of PPIs by small molecules is gaining momentum and offers new pharmacological options. Therefore, we have performed a literature survey of PPI stabilization using small molecules. From this, we propose a classification of PPI stabilizers based on their binding mode and the architecture of the complex to facilitate the structure-based design of stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zarzycka
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mélaine A Kuenemann
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 973 Inserm, Paris 75013, France; Inserm, U973, Paris 75013, France
| | - Maria A Miteva
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 973 Inserm, Paris 75013, France; Inserm, U973, Paris 75013, France
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Vriend
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboudumc, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Sperandio
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 973 Inserm, Paris 75013, France; Inserm, U973, Paris 75013, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, CDithem, 1 rue du Prof. Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France.
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41
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Roh JL, Park JY, Kim EH. XI-011 enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis by functional restoration of p53 in head and neck cancer. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1594-602. [PMID: 25113507 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC), one of the most common cancers worldwide, frequently involves mutation of the TP53 gene and dysregulation of the p53 pathway. Overexpression of MDM2 or MDM4 inactivates the tumor-suppressive function of p53. Restoration of p53 function that counteracts these p53 repressors can lead to in vivo tumor regression. Therefore, the present study assessed the ability of the small molecule p53 activator XI-011 (NSC146109) to induce apoptosis in HNC by restoring p53 function. We tested the effects of XI-011 treatment in HNC cell lines, either individually or in combination with cisplatin and assessed growth suppression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. The drug effects on in vivo growth of HNC cells were examined in mice xenograft model. XI-011 exerted the highest growth suppression in tumor cells that overexpress MDM4, in which p53 is degraded. XI-011 treatment downregulated MDM4 mRNA and protein levels, and upregulated expression of proapoptotic genes and promoted apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic response was blocked by inhibition of p53 or expression of MDM4, demonstrating that the effects of XI-011 depend on p53 and MDM4. In combination treatments, XI-011 acted synergistically with cisplatin to inhibit growth of HNC cells in vitro and in vivo. MDM4 inhibition and functional restoration of p53 by XI-011 effectively enhanced cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in HNC cells, an activity that suggests a promising strategy for treating HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea,
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42
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Cesa LC, Mapp AK, Gestwicki JE. Direct and Propagated Effects of Small Molecules on Protein-Protein Interaction Networks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:119. [PMID: 26380257 PMCID: PMC4547496 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) link all aspects of cellular biology. Dysfunction in the assembly or dynamics of PPI networks is a hallmark of human disease, and as such, there is growing interest in the discovery of small molecules that either promote or inhibit PPIs. PPIs were once considered undruggable because of their relatively large buried surface areas and difficult topologies. Despite these challenges, recent advances in chemical screening methodologies, combined with improvements in structural and computational biology have made some of these targets more tractable. In this review, we highlight developments that have opened the door to potent chemical modulators. We focus on how allostery is being used to produce surprisingly robust changes in PPIs, even for the most challenging targets. We also discuss how interfering with one PPI can propagate changes through the broader web of interactions. Through this analysis, it is becoming clear that a combination of direct and propagated effects on PPI networks is ultimately how small molecules re-shape biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Cesa
- Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Anna K Mapp
- Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Program in Chemical Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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Micewicz ED, Sharma S, Waring AJ, Luong HT, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Bridged Analogues for p53-Dependent Cancer Therapy Obtained by S-Alkylation. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015; 22:67-81. [PMID: 26957954 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A small library of anticancer, cell-permeating, stapled peptides based on potent dual-specific antagonist of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, PMI-N8A, was synthesized, characterized and screened for anticancer activity against human colorectal cancer cell line, HCT-116. Employed synthetic modifications included: S-alkylation-based stapling, point mutations increasing hydrophobicity in key residues as well as improvement of cell-permeability by introduction of polycationic sequence(s) that were woven into the sequence of parental peptide. Selected analogue, ArB14Co, was also tested in vivo and exhibited potent anticancer bioactivity at the low dose (3.0 mg/kg). Collectively, our findings suggest that application of stapling in combination with rational design of polycationic short analogues may be a suitable approach in the development of physiologically active p53-MDM2/MDMX peptide inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shantanu Sharma
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Hai T Luong
- Department of Analytical Operations, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 4049 Avenida de la Plata, Oceanside CA, 92056, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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44
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Structure- and ligand-based virtual screening identifies new scaffolds for inhibitors of the oncoprotein MDM2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121424. [PMID: 25884407 PMCID: PMC4401541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the field of ligand discovery is to identify chemically useful fragments that can be developed into inhibitors of specific protein-protein interactions. Low molecular weight fragments (with molecular weight less than 250 Da) are likely to bind weakly to a protein’s surface. Here we use a new virtual screening procedure which uses a combination of similarity searching and docking to identify chemically tractable scaffolds that bind to the p53-interaction site of MDM2. The binding has been verified using capillary electrophoresis which has proven to be an excellent screening method for such small, weakly binding ligands.
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45
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Jiang L, Kon N, Li T, Wang SJ, Su T, Hibshoosh H, Baer R, Gu W. Ferroptosis as a p53-mediated activity during tumour suppression. Nature 2015; 520:57-62. [PMID: 25799988 DOI: 10.1038/nature14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1902] [Impact Index Per Article: 211.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis serve as critical barriers to cancer development, emerging evidence suggests that the metabolic activities of p53 are also important. Here we show that p53 inhibits cystine uptake and sensitizes cells to ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death, by repressing expression of SLC7A11, a key component of the cystine/glutamate antiporter. Notably, p53(3KR), an acetylation-defective mutant that fails to induce cell-cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis, fully retains the ability to regulate SLC7A11 expression and induce ferroptosis upon reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress. Analysis of mutant mice shows that these non-canonical p53 activities contribute to embryonic development and the lethality associated with loss of Mdm2. Moreover, SLC7A11 is highly expressed in human tumours, and its overexpression inhibits ROS-induced ferroptosis and abrogates p53(3KR)-mediated tumour growth suppression in xenograft models. Our findings uncover a new mode of tumour suppression based on p53 regulation of cystine metabolism, ROS responses and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Tongyuan Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Shang-Jui Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Tao Su
- 1] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- 1] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard Baer
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA [3] Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians &Surgeons, Columbia University 1130 St Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
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46
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MDMX exerts its oncogenic activity via suppression of retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 2015; 34:5560-9. [PMID: 25703327 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) has a major role in the development of human malignancies. We have previously shown that MDM2, an ubiquitin E3 ligase and major negative regulator of p53, binds to and promotes proteasome-mediated degradation of RB. MDMX, a homolog of MDM2, also binds to and inhibits p53 transactivation activity, yet it does not possess intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activity. Here, we show that MDMX binds to and promotes RB degradation in an MDM2-dependent manner. Specifically, the MDMX C-terminal ring domain binds to the RB C-pocket and enhances MDM2-RB interaction. Silencing MDMX induces RB accumulation, cell cycle arrest and senescence-like phenotypes, which are reverted by simultaneous RB knockdown. Furthermore, MDMX ablation leads to significant retardation of xenograft tumor growth, concomitant with RB accumulation. These results demonstrate that MDMX exerts oncogenic activity via suppression of RB, and suggest that both MDM2 and MDMX could be chemotherapeutic targets.
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47
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Zhang C, Liu J, Wang X, Feng Z. The regulation of the p53/MDM2 feedback loop by microRNAs. RNA & DISEASE 2015; 2:e502. [PMID: 25995995 DOI: 10.14800/rd.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 and its signaling pathway play a central role in tumor prevention. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which is a direct p53 transcriptional target and also the most critical negative regulator of p53, forms an autoregulatory negative feedback loop with p53 in the cell to tightly regulate the levels and activity of p53. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in the post-translational regulation of gene expression. Recent studies have revealed that miRNAs directly regulate the levels of p53 or MDM2 to modulate the p53 function in tumor suppression. Recently, we identified miR-339-5p as a new miRNA that directly represses MDM2 to activate p53 and enhance p53 function in tumor suppression. Thus, miRNAs have become a new but important component of the p53 signaling pathway through regulating the p53/MDM2 feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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48
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Qin L, Yang F, Zhou C, Chen Y, Zhang H, Su Z. Efficient reactivation of p53 in cancer cells by a dual MdmX/Mdm2 inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18023-33. [PMID: 25453499 DOI: 10.1021/ja509223m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant interaction between p53 and Mdm2/MdmX is an attractive target for cancer drug discovery because the overexpression of Mdm2 and/or MdmX ultimately impairs the function of p53 in approximately half of all human cancers. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of both Mdm2 and MdmX is more efficient than that of a single target in promoting cellular apoptosis in cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that a dual small-molecule antagonist of Mdm2/MdmX can efficiently reactivate the p53 pathway in model cancer cells overexpressing MdmX and/or Mdm2. The dual antagonist was rationally designed based on segmental mutational analysis of the N-terminal domain of MdmX and the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of Mdm2 in complex with nutlin-3a (an Mdm2-specific inhibitor). The current work establishes a small molecule therapeutic candidate that targets cancers overexpressing Mdm2 and/or MdmX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Qin
- Department of Biotechnology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan 430068, China
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49
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Puszynski K, Gandolfi A, d'Onofrio A. The pharmacodynamics of the p53-Mdm2 targeting drug Nutlin: the role of gene-switching noise. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003991. [PMID: 25504419 PMCID: PMC4263360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate, by means of a computational stochastic model, how tumor cells with wild-type p53 gene respond to the drug Nutlin, an agent that interferes with the Mdm2-mediated p53 regulation. In particular, we show how the stochastic gene-switching controlled by p53 can explain experimental dose-response curves, i.e., the observed inter-cell variability of the cell viability under Nutlin action. The proposed model describes in some detail the regulation network of p53, including the negative feedback loop mediated by Mdm2 and the positive loop mediated by PTEN, as well as the reversible inhibition of Mdm2 caused by Nutlin binding. The fate of the individual cell is assumed to be decided by the rising of nuclear-phosphorylated p53 over a certain threshold. We also performed in silico experiments to evaluate the dose-response curve after a single drug dose delivered in mice, or after its fractionated administration. Our results suggest that dose-splitting may be ineffective at low doses and effective at high doses. This complex behavior can be due to the interplay among the existence of a threshold on the p53 level for its cell activity, the nonlinearity of the relationship between the bolus dose and the peak of active p53, and the relatively fast elimination of the drug. P53 is an antitumor gene regulating vital cellular functions such as repair of DNA damage, cellular suicide, and cell proliferation: in many tumors p53 is lowly expressed and/or mutated. Drugs targeting the biomolecular network of p53 are becoming important. The network includes the key proteins Mdm2 and PTEN, whose production is regulated by p53, and which, in turn, enact positive and negative feedbacks on p53. Drug Nutlin, inhibiting the p53 inhibitor Mdm2, might be important for tumors where p53 is underproduced but unmutated. We investigate the cellular mechanism of action of Nutlin. The basic concept of our mathematical model is that the experimentally observed cell-to-cell variability of Nutlin efficacy is caused by the randomness of gene activation/deactivation of Mdmd2 and PTEN. Indeed, the abundance/scarceness of p53 regulates the probability that the relative genes are active or inactive. The model reproduced the experimental cell-specific response to different doses of Nutlin (dose-response curves) in some types of tumor cells. Much clinical research focus on 'metronomic' drug delivery regimens, where instead of giving large doses with long intervals, smaller doses are frequently delivered. In our simulations, dose-splitting of Nutlin produced a response generally worse than the response to a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Puszynski
- Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alberto Gandolfi
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti" - CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto d'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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50
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Giordanetto F, Schäfer A, Ottmann C. Stabilization of protein–protein interactions by small molecules. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1812-1821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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