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Trnkova L, Buocikova V, Mego M, Cumova A, Burikova M, Bohac M, Miklikova S, Cihova M, Smolkova B. Epigenetic deregulation in breast cancer microenvironment: Implications for tumor progression and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116559. [PMID: 38603889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer comprises a substantial proportion of cancer diagnoses in women and is a primary cause of cancer-related mortality. While hormone-responsive cases generally have a favorable prognosis, the aggressive nature of triple-negative breast cancer presents challenges, with intrinsic resistance to established treatments being a persistent issue. The complexity intensifies with the emergence of acquired resistance, further complicating the management of breast cancer. Epigenetic changes, encompassing DNA methylation, histone and RNA modifications, and non-coding RNAs, are acknowledged as crucial contributors to the heterogeneity of breast cancer. The unique epigenetic landscape harbored by each cellular component within the tumor microenvironment (TME) adds great diversity to the intricate regulations which influence therapeutic responses. The TME, a sophisticated ecosystem of cellular and non-cellular elements interacting with tumor cells, establishes an immunosuppressive microenvironment and fuels processes such as tumor growth, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These factors contribute to challenging conditions in cancer treatment by fostering a hypoxic environment, inducing metabolic stress, and creating physical barriers to drug delivery. This article delves into the complex connections between breast cancer treatment response, underlying epigenetic changes, and vital interactions within the TME. To restore sensitivity to treatment, it emphasizes the need for combination therapies considering epigenetic changes specific to individual members of the TME. Recognizing the pivotal role of epigenetics in drug resistance and comprehending the specificities of breast TME is essential for devising more effective therapeutic strategies. The development of reliable biomarkers for patient stratification will facilitate tailored and precise treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Trnkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Verona Buocikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia; 2nd Department of Oncology, Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine & National Cancer Institute, Bratislava 83310, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Cumova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Monika Burikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bohac
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine & National Cancer Institute, Bratislava 83310, Slovakia; Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, Bratislava 811 01, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Svetlana Miklikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia.
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Fedele M, Cerchia L, Battista S. Subtype Transdifferentiation in Human Cancer: The Power of Tissue Plasticity in Tumor Progression. Cells 2024; 13:350. [PMID: 38391963 PMCID: PMC10887430 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The classification of tumors into subtypes, characterized by phenotypes determined by specific differentiation pathways, aids diagnosis and directs therapy towards targeted approaches. However, with the advent and explosion of next-generation sequencing, cancer phenotypes are turning out to be far more heterogenous than initially thought, and the classification is continually being updated to include more subtypes. Tumors are indeed highly dynamic, and they can evolve and undergo various changes in their characteristics during disease progression. The picture becomes even more complex when the tumor responds to a therapy. In all these cases, cancer cells acquire the ability to transdifferentiate, changing subtype, and adapt to changing microenvironments. These modifications affect the tumor's growth rate, invasiveness, response to treatment, and overall clinical behavior. Studying tumor subtype transitions is crucial for understanding tumor evolution, predicting disease outcomes, and developing personalized treatment strategies. We discuss this emerging hallmark of cancer and the molecular mechanisms involved at the crossroads between tumor cells and their microenvironment, focusing on four different human cancers in which tissue plasticity causes a subtype switch: breast cancer, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fedele
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council—CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (S.B.)
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Bao Y, Yan Z, Shi N, Tian X, Li J, Li T, Cheng X, Lv J. LCN2: Versatile players in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116091. [PMID: 38171248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that is produced by immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. It serves various functions such as transporting hydrophobic ligands across the cellular membrane, regulating immune responses, keeping iron balance, and fostering epithelial cell differentiation. LCN2 plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. LCN2 expression is upregulated in a variety of human diseases and cancers. High levels of LCN2 are specifically linked to breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, immune regulation, chemotherapy resistance, and prognosis. As a result, LCN2 has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target for BC. This article offered an in-depth review of the advancement of LCN2 in the context of BC occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Zhongliang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Nianmei Shi
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China.
| | - Junyuan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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4
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Petrashen AP, Verdesca AD, Kreiling JA, Sedivy JM. Regulation of the somatotropic axis by MYC-mediated miRNA repression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1269860. [PMID: 37908640 PMCID: PMC10615138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1269860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor MYC is overexpressed in many human cancers and has a significant causal role in tumor incidence and progression. In contrast, Myc +/- heterozygous mice, which have decreased MYC expression, exhibit a 10-20% increase in lifespan and a decreased incidence or progression of several age-related diseases. Myc heterozygous mice were also reported to have decreased mTOR and IGF1 signaling, two pathways whose reduced activity is associated with longevity in diverse species. Given MYC's downstream role in these pathways, the downregulation of mTOR and IGF1 signaling in Myc heterozygotes suggests the presence of feedback loops within this regulatory network. In this communication we provide further evidence that the reduction of Myc expression in Myc +/- heterozygous mice provokes a female-specific decrease in circulating IGF1 as well as a reduction of IGF1 protein in the liver. In particular, reduced Myc expression led to upregulation of miRNAs that target the Igf1 transcript, thereby inhibiting its translation and leading to decreased IGF1 protein levels. Using Argonaute (AGO)-CLIP-sequencing we found enrichment of AGO binding in the Igf1 transcript at the target sites of let-7, miR-122, and miR-29 in female, but not male Myc heterozygotes. Upregulation of the liver-specific miR-122 in primary hepatocytes in culture and in vivo in mice resulted in significant downregulation of IGF1 protein, but not mRNA. Reduced levels of IGF1 increased GH production in the pituitary through a well-documented negative-feedback relationship. In line with this, we found that IGF1 levels in bone (where miR-122 is not expressed) were unchanged, consistent with the decreased incidence of osteoporosis in female Myc heterozygotes, despite decreased circulating IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M. Sedivy
- Center on the Biology of Aging, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Huang Z, Rui X, Yi C, Chen Y, Chen R, Liang Y, Wang Y, Yao W, Xu X, Huang Z. Silencing LCN2 suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by reducing EGFR signal activation and recycling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:60. [PMID: 36899380 PMCID: PMC10007849 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EGFR is an important signal involved in tumor growth that can induce tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Exploring targets for effective EGFR regulation is an important topic in current research and drug development. Inhibiting EGFR can effectively inhibit the progression and lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because OSCC is a type of cancer with high EGFR expression. However, the problem of EGFR drug resistance is particularly prominent, and identifying a new target for EGFR regulation could reveal an effective strategy. METHODS We sequenced wild type or EGFR-resistant OSCC cells and samples from OSCC patients with or without lymph node metastasis to find new targets for EGFR regulation to effectively replace the strategy of directly inhibiting EGFR and exert an antitumor effect. We then investigated the effect of LCN2 on OSCC biological abilities in vitro and in vivo through protein expression regulation. Subsequently, we elucidated the regulatory mechanism of LCN2 through mass spectrometry, protein interaction, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analyses. As a proof of concept, a reduction-responsive nanoparticle (NP) platform was engineered for effective LCN2 siRNA (siLCN2) delivery, and a tongue orthotopic xenograft model as well as an EGFR-positive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model were applied to investigate the curative effect of siLCN2. RESULTS We identified lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is upregulated in OSCC metastasis and EGFR resistance. Inhibition of LCN2 expression can effectively inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of OSCC in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and downstream signal activation. Mechanistically, LCN2 binds EGFR and enhances the recycling of EGFR, thereby activating the EGFR-MEK-ERK cascade. Inhibition of LCN2 effectively inhibited the activation of EGFR. We translated this finding by systemic delivery of siLCN2 by NPs, which effectively downregulated LCN2 in the tumor tissues, thereby leading to a significant inhibition of the growth and metastasis of xenografts. CONCLUSIONS This research indicated that targeting LCN2 could be a promising strategy for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Rui
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chen Yi
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongju Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yancan Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weicheng Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China.
| | - Zhiquan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Chromatin modifiers – Coordinators of estrogen action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Li Z, McGinn O, Wu Y, Bahreini A, Priedigkeit NM, Ding K, Onkar S, Lampenfeld C, Sartorius CA, Miller L, Rosenzweig M, Cohen O, Wagle N, Richer JK, Muller WJ, Buluwela L, Ali S, Bruno TC, Vignali DAA, Fang Y, Zhu L, Tseng GC, Gertz J, Atkinson JM, Lee AV, Oesterreich S. ESR1 mutant breast cancers show elevated basal cytokeratins and immune activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2011. [PMID: 35440136 PMCID: PMC9019037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER/ESR1) is frequently mutated in endocrine resistant ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer and linked to ligand-independent growth and metastasis. Despite the distinct clinical features of ESR1 mutations, their role in intrinsic subtype switching remains largely unknown. Here we find that ESR1 mutant cells and clinical samples show a significant enrichment of basal subtype markers, and six basal cytokeratins (BCKs) are the most enriched genes. Induction of BCKs is independent of ER binding and instead associated with chromatin reprogramming centered around a progesterone receptor-orchestrated insulated neighborhood. BCK-high ER+ primary breast tumors exhibit a number of enriched immune pathways, shared with ESR1 mutant tumors. S100A8 and S100A9 are among the most induced immune mediators and involve in tumor-stroma paracrine crosstalk inferred by single-cell RNA-seq from metastatic tumors. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that ESR1 mutant tumors gain basal features associated with increased immune activation, encouraging additional studies of immune therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia McGinn
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Amir Bahreini
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nolan M Priedigkeit
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Ding
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayali Onkar
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caleb Lampenfeld
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lori Miller
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ofir Cohen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikhil Wagle
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William J Muller
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laki Buluwela
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yusi Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George C Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer M Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Womens Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Vendrov AE, Stevenson MD, Lozhkin A, Hayami T, Holland NA, Yang X, Moss N, Pan H, Wickline SA, Stockand JD, Runge MS, Madamanchi NR, Arendshorst WJ. Renal NOXA1/NOX1 Signaling Regulates Epithelial Sodium Channel and Sodium Retention in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:550-566. [PMID: 34714114 PMCID: PMC8978567 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aims: NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients. Genetic deletion of NOX activator 1 (Noxa1) subunit of NOX1 decreases ROS under pathophysiological conditions. Here, we investigated the role of NOXA1-dependent NOX1 activity in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension (AIH) and possible involvement of abnormal renal function. Results: NOXA1 is present in epithelial cells of Henle's thick ascending limb and distal nephron. Telemetry showed lower basal systolic blood pressure (BP) in Noxa1-/-versus wild-type mice. Ang II infusion for 1 and 14 days increased NOXA1/NOX1 expression and ROS in kidney of male but not female wild-type mice. Mean BP increased 30 mmHg in wild-type males, with smaller increases in Noxa1-deficient males and wild-type or Noxa1-/- females. In response to an acute salt load, Na+ excretion was similar in wild-type and Noxa1-/- mice before and 14 days after Ang II infusion. However, Na+ excretion was delayed after 1-2 days of Ang II in male wild-type versus Noxa1-/- mice. Ang II increased epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) levels and activation in the collecting duct principal epithelial cells of wild-type but not Noxa1-/- mice. Aldosterone induced ROS levels and Noxa1 and Scnn1a expression and ENaC activity in a mouse renal epithelial cell line, responses abolished by Noxa1 small-interfering RNA. Innovation and Conclusion: Ang II activation of renal NOXA1/NOX1-dependent ROS enhances tubular ENaC expression and Na+ reabsorption, leading to increased BP. Attenuation of AIH in females is attributed to weaker NOXA1/NOX1-dependent ROS signaling and efficient natriuresis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 550-566.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr E Vendrov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark D Stevenson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrey Lozhkin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Takayuki Hayami
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas Moss
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - James D Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Marschall S Runge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nageswara R Madamanchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William J Arendshorst
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Zhu H, You J, Wen Y, Jia L, Gao F, Ganesan K, Chen J. Tumorigenic risk of Angelica sinensis on ER-positive breast cancer growth through ER-induced stemness in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114415. [PMID: 34271113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Angelica sinensis is widely used in traditional Chinese Medicine for relieving gynecological discomforts among the women population. However, its hormone-like effects have raised great attention on whether it is appropriate to use in breast cancer (BC) patients. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the tumorigenic effect of aqueous root extract of Angelica sinensis (AS) on estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BC growth through ER-induced stemness in-vitro and in-vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of the AS was characterized by HPLC. Cell viability was detected by MTS assay. The in-vivo effect of AS was investigated by xenograft model, immunohistochemistry, histology, Western blot, and self-renewal ability assay. Target verification was used by shRNA construction and transfection. Mammosphere formation assay was performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AS significantly promoted the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. AS significantly induced tumor growth (2.5 mg/kg) in xenograft models and however tamoxifen treatment significantly suppressed the AS-induced tumor growth. AS induced ERα expression in both in-vivo and in-vitro and promoted cancer stem cell activity in ER-positive BC. CONCLUSION AS shows the tumorigenic potential on ER-positive BC growth through ERα induced stemness, suggesting that the usage of AS is not recommended for BC in terms of safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongni Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jeishu You
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Wen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Daxuecheng Hongmian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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10
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Sklias A, Halaburkova A, Vanzan L, Jimenez NF, Cuenin C, Bouaoun L, Cahais V, Ythier V, Sallé A, Renard C, Durand G, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Khoueiry R, Murr R, Herceg Z. Epigenetic remodelling of enhancers in response to estrogen deprivation and re-stimulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9738-9754. [PMID: 34403459 PMCID: PMC8464064 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen hormones are implicated in a majority of breast cancers and estrogen receptor alpha (ER), the main nuclear factor mediating estrogen signaling, orchestrates a complex molecular circuitry that is not yet fully elucidated. Here, we investigated genome-wide DNA methylation, histone acetylation and transcription after estradiol (E2) deprivation and re-stimulation to better characterize the ability of ER to coordinate gene regulation. We found that E2 deprivation mostly resulted in DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation in enhancers. Transcriptome analysis revealed that E2 deprivation leads to a global down-regulation in gene expression, and more specifically of TET2 demethylase that may be involved in the DNA hypermethylation following short-term E2 deprivation. Further enrichment analysis of transcription factor (TF) binding and motif occurrence highlights the importance of ER connection mainly with two partner TF families, AP-1 and FOX. These interactions take place in the proximity of E2 deprivation-mediated differentially methylated and histone acetylated enhancers. Finally, while most deprivation-dependent epigenetic changes were reversed following E2 re-stimulation, DNA hypermethylation and H3K27 deacetylation at certain enhancers were partially retained. Overall, these results show that inactivation of ER mediates rapid and mostly reversible epigenetic changes at enhancers, and bring new insight into early events, which may ultimately lead to endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Sklias
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Andrea Halaburkova
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Ludovica Vanzan
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development (GEDEV), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nora Fernandez Jimenez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Liacine Bouaoun
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Vincent Cahais
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Victor Ythier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development (GEDEV), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Sallé
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Claire Renard
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Rabih Murr
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development (GEDEV), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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11
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Zhang Y, Gao Q, Wu Y, Peng Y, Zhuang J, Yang Y, Jiang W, Liu X, Guan G. Hypermethylation and Downregulation of UTP6 Are Associated With Stemness Properties, Chemoradiotherapy Resistance, and Prognosis in Rectal Cancer: A Co-expression Network Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:607782. [PMID: 34485268 PMCID: PMC8416280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.607782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify the hub genes associated with chemoradiotherapy resistance in rectal cancer and explore the potential mechanism. Methods Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify the gene modules correlated with the chemoradiotherapy resistance of rectal cancer. Results The mRNA expression of 31 rectal cancer patients receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy was described in our previous study. Through WGCNA, we demonstrated that the chemoradiotherapy resistance modules were enriched for translation, DNA replication, and the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Additionally, we identified and validated UTP6 as a new effective predictor for chemoradiotherapy sensitivity and a prognostic factor for the survival of colorectal cancer patients using our data and the GSE35452 dataset. Low UTP6 expression was correlated with significantly worse disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and event- and relapse-free survival both in our data and the R2 Platform. Moreover, we verified the UTP6 expression in 125 locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients samples by immunohistochemical analysis. The results demonstrated that low UTP6 expression was associated with worse DFS and OS by Kaplan-Meier and COX regression model analyses. Gene set enrichment and co-expression analyses showed that the mechanism of the UTP6-mediated chemoradiotherapy resistance may involve the regulation of FOXK2 expression by transcription factor pathways. Conclusion Low expression of the UTP6 was found to be associated with chemoradiotherapy resistance and the prognosis of colorectal cancer possibly via regulating FOXK2 expression by transcription factor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiao Gao
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinfu Zhuang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanfeng Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoxian Guan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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12
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Sahoo S, Mishra A, Kaur H, Hari K, Muralidharan S, Mandal S, Jolly MK. A mechanistic model captures the emergence and implications of non-genetic heterogeneity and reversible drug resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab027. [PMID: 34316714 PMCID: PMC8271219 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to anti-estrogen therapy is an unsolved clinical challenge in successfully treating ER+ breast cancer patients. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of non-genetic (i.e. phenotypic) adaptations in tolerating drug treatments; however, the mechanisms and dynamics of such non-genetic adaptation remain elusive. Here, we investigate coupled dynamics of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells and emergence of reversible drug resistance. Our mechanism-based model for underlying regulatory network reveals that these two axes can drive one another, thus enabling non-genetic heterogeneity in a cell population by allowing for six co-existing phenotypes: epithelial-sensitive, mesenchymal-resistant, hybrid E/M-sensitive, hybrid E/M-resistant, mesenchymal-sensitive and epithelial-resistant, with the first two ones being most dominant. Next, in a population dynamics framework, we exemplify the implications of phenotypic plasticity (both drug-induced and intrinsic stochastic switching) and/or non-genetic heterogeneity in promoting population survival in a mixture of sensitive and resistant cells, even in the absence of any cell–cell cooperation. Finally, we propose the potential therapeutic use of mesenchymal–epithelial transition inducers besides canonical anti-estrogen therapy to limit the emergence of reversible drug resistance. Our results offer mechanistic insights into empirical observations on EMT and drug resistance and illustrate how such dynamical insights can be exploited for better therapeutic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Sahoo
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kishore Hari
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Srinath Muralidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Susmita Mandal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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13
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Wei CT, Tsai IT, Wu CC, Hung WC, Hsuan CF, Yu TH, Hsu CC, Houng JY, Chung FM, Lee YJ, Lu YC. Elevated plasma level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with breast cancer. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2689-2696. [PMID: 34104101 PMCID: PMC8176172 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.58789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neutrophil gelatinase‑associated lipocalin (NGAL), also known as lipocalin 2, siderocalin, 24p3 or uterocalin, plays a key role in inflammation and in different types of cancer. In this study, we investigated whether plasma NGAL levels were altered in patients with breast cancer. The relationship between plasma NGAL levels and pretreatment hematologic profile was also explored. Methods: Plasma NGAL concentrations were measured using ELISA in breast cancer patients and control subjects. A total of 75 patients with breast cancer and 65 age- and body mass index-matched control subjects were studied. All of the study subjects were female. Results: Plasma NGAL level was found to be elevated in the patients with breast cancer compared to the control subjects (94.3 ng/mL (interquartile range 39.3-207.6) vs. 55.0 ng/mL (interquartile range 25.8-124.7), p = 0.007). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that NGAL was independently associated with breast cancer, even after adjusting for known biomarkers. Furthermore, NGAL level was elevated in the breast cancer patients who were negative progesterone receptor status, had a histologic grade ≥ 2, clinical stage III, and pathologic stage T2+T3+T4. In addition, NGAL level was significantly correlated with white blood cell (WBC) count, monocyte count, neutrophil count, and platelet count (all p < 0.01). Moreover, WBC count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, and NGAL level gradually increased as the stage progressed. Conclusions: Increased plasma NGAL levels were associated with breast cancer independently of risk factors, and were correlated with inflammatory biomarkers. These results suggest that NGAL may act through inflammatory reactions to play an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ting Wei
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Tsai
- Department of Emergency, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ching Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Chin-Feng Hsuan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80794 Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hung Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,Health Examination Center, E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80794 Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yiing Houng
- Department of Nutrition, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Fu-Mei Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | | | - Yung-Chuan Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
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14
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Meurer SK, Tezcan O, Lammers T, Weiskirchen R. Differential regulation of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in doxorubicin-resistant 4T1 triple negative breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Kovács T, Szabó-Meleg E, Ábrahám IM. Estradiol-Induced Epigenetically Mediated Mechanisms and Regulation of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093177. [PMID: 32365920 PMCID: PMC7246826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadal hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) and its receptors are key regulators of gene transcription by binding to estrogen responsive elements in the genome. Besides the classical genomic action, E2 regulates gene transcription via the modification of epigenetic marks on DNA and histone proteins. Depending on the reaction partner, liganded estrogen receptor (ER) promotes DNA methylation at the promoter or enhancer regions. In addition, ERs are important regulators of passive and active DNA demethylation. Furthermore, ERs cooperating with different histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes alter gene transcription. In this review, we survey the basic mechanisms and interactions between estrogen receptors and DNA methylation, demethylation and histone modification processes as well as chromatin remodeling complexes. The particular relevance of these mechanisms to physiological processes in memory formation, embryonic development, spermatogenesis and aging as well as in pathophysiological changes in carcinogenesis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kovács
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - István M. Ábrahám
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Thiebaut C, Chesnel A, Merlin JL, Chesnel M, Leroux A, Harlé A, Dumond H. Dual Epigenetic Regulation of ERα36 Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112637. [PMID: 31146345 PMCID: PMC6600239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the major cause of cancer-induced morbidity and mortality in women. Among the different molecular subtypes, luminal tumors yet considered of good prognosis often develop acquired resistance to endocrine therapy. Recently, misregulation of ERα36 was reported to play a crucial role in this process. High expression of this ERα isoform was associated to preneoplastic phenotype in mammary epithelial cells, disease progression, and enhanced resistance to therapeutic agents in breast tumors. In this study, we identified two mechanisms that could together contribute to ERα36 expression regulation. We first focused on hsa-miR-136-5p, an ERα36 3’UTR-targeting microRNA, the expression of which inversely correlated to the ERα36 one in breast cancer cells. Transfection of hsa-miR136-5p mimic in MCF-7 cells resulted in downregulation of ERα36. Moreover, the demethylating agent decitabine was able to stimulate hsa-miR-136-5p endogenous expression, thus indirectly decreasing ERα36 expression and counteracting tamoxifen-dependent stimulation. The methylation status of ERα36 promoter also directly modulated its expression level, as demonstrated after decitabine treatment of breast cancer cell and confirmed in a set of tumor samples. Taken together, these results open the way to a direct and an indirect ERα36 epigenetic modulation by decitabine as a promising clinical strategy to counteract acquired resistance to treatment and prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amand Chesnel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Merlin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Maelle Chesnel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Agnès Leroux
- Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Alexandre Harlé
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Hélène Dumond
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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17
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Hu C, Yang K, Li M, Huang W, Zhang F, Wang H. Lipocalin 2: a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8099-8106. [PMID: 30519052 PMCID: PMC6239117 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s181223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although systematic therapeutic approaches have reduced cancer-associated mortality, metastatic breast cancer can still evade therapy, particularly triple-negative breast cancer, which remains associated with high rates of cancer metastasis and has the worst clinical prognosis. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that transports small lipophilic ligands. Its abnormal expression serves critical roles in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process, angiogenesis, and cell migration and invasion in breast cancer. Notably, LCN2 functions as an initiator of carcinogenesis and metastasis by involving multiple signaling pathways. The present review aims to summarize research findings on the abnormal expression of LCN2 in breast cancer progression. Furthermore, the review highlights the latest developments of potential LCN2-targeting agents and proposed LCN2-associated molecular mechanisms with regard to breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiping Huang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
| | - Fengxue Zhang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
| | - Hongqi Wang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
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18
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Wang S, Li X, Zhang W, Gao Y, Zhang K, Hao Q, Li W, Wang Z, Li M, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Genome-Wide Investigation of Genes Regulated by ERα in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102543. [PMID: 30301189 PMCID: PMC6222792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which has been detected in over 70% of breast cancer cases, is a driving factor for breast cancer growth. For investigating the underlying genes and networks regulated by ERα in breast cancer, RNA-seq was performed between ERα transgenic MDA-MB-231 cells and wild type MDA-MB-231 cells. A total of 267 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Then bioinformatics analyses were performed to illustrate the mechanism of ERα. Besides, by comparison of RNA-seq data obtained from MDA-MB-231 cells and microarray dataset obtained from estrogen (E2) stimulated MCF-7 cells, an overlap of 126 DEGs was screened. The expression level of ERα was negatively associated with metastasis and EMT in breast cancer. We further verified that ERα might inhibit metastasis by regulating of VCL and TNFRSF12A, and suppress EMT by the regulating of JUNB and ID3. And the relationship between ERα and these genes were validated by RT-PCR and correlation analysis based on TCGA database. By PPI network analysis, we identified TOP5 hub genes, FOS, SP1, CDKN1A, CALCR and JUNB, which were involved in cell proliferation and invasion. Taken together, the whole-genome insights carried in this work can help fully understanding biological roles of ERα in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Xiaoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Zhaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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19
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Strzelczyk JK, Krakowczyk Ł, Owczarek AJ. Aberrant DNA methylation of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters in tumours and the surgical margins of patients with oral cavity cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:1896-1904. [PMID: 29896273 PMCID: PMC5995944 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is a type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality each year. An epigenetic pathway of transcriptional inactivation for many genes has been described in various cancers, including HNSCC. For our study, we selected genes for which silencing caused by hypermethylation can promote cancer development. In 75 primary HNSCC tumours and paired surgical margins, we investigated the methylation status of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters by methylation-specific PCR after bisulphite treatment. The promoter methylation rates of p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 in tumours were 58.67%, 49.33%, 58.67%, 50.67%, and 57.33% and 50.67%, 41.33%, 37.33%, 42.67%, and 25.33% in the surgical margin, respectively. Our observations confirm the presence of epigenetic changes not only in the cancer cells, but also in the surrounding mucosa and represent a basis for further analysis to unravel these complicated issues. Appropriate cancer risk assessment based on epigenetic alterations in surgical margins may influence a patient's diagnosis and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Łukasz Krakowczyk
- Clinic of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Str., 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Ostrogórska 30 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
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20
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Semina SE, Scherbakov AM, Vnukova AA, Bagrov DV, Evtushenko EG, Safronova VM, Golovina DA, Lyubchenko LN, Gudkova MV, Krasil'nikov MA. Exosome-Mediated Transfer of Cancer Cell Resistance to Antiestrogen Drugs. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040829. [PMID: 29617321 PMCID: PMC6017149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles which are produced by the cells and released into the surrounding space. They can transfer biomolecules into recipient cells. The main goal of the work was to study the exosome involvement in the cell transfer of hormonal resistance. The experiments were performed on in vitro cultured estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-7 sublines resistant to SERM tamoxifen and/or biguanide metformin, which exerts its anti-proliferative effect, at least in a part, via the suppression of estrogen machinery. The exosomes were purified by differential ultracentrifugation, cell response to tamoxifen was determined by MTT test, and the level and activity of signaling proteins were determined by Western blot and reporter analysis. We found that the treatment of the parent MCF-7 cells with exosomes from the resistant cells within 14 days lead to the partial resistance of the MCF-7 cells to antiestrogen drugs. The primary resistant cells and the cells with the exosome-induced resistance were characterized with these common features: decrease in ERα activity and parallel activation of Akt and AP-1, NF-κB, and SNAIL1 transcriptional factors. In general, we evaluate the established results as the evidence of the possible exosome involvement in the transferring of the hormone/metformin resistance in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana E Semina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Alexander M Scherbakov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Anna A Vnukova
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Street 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Bagrov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy G Evtushenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Vera M Safronova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Daria A Golovina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Ludmila N Lyubchenko
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Margarita V Gudkova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
| | - Mikhail A Krasil'nikov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye shosse 24, Moscow 115478, Russia.
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21
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Wang H, Qiu X, Lin S, Chen X, Wang T, Liao T. Knockdown of IFI27 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:64. [PMID: 29580248 PMCID: PMC5870725 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) involves genetic mutations, epigenetic gene expression modification, and other processes. It has been reported that IFI27 is upregulated in OSCC, but its function is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IFI27 on OSCC cell proliferation and invasion. Methods The protein level of IFI27 in OSCC tissues and adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. In the OSCC cell model, we designed the IFI27 siRNA to downregulate the expression of IFI27; gene and protein of IFI27 in those models were then detected by Q-PCR and Western blot. MTT assay was used to detect the effect of -IFI27 knockdown on cell proliferation; Annexin V-PI staining flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of IFI27 downregulation on apoptosis of cancer cells. The effect of IFI27 downregulation on oral cancer cell invasion was detected using Transwell assay. Results IFI27 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues by immunohistochemical assay. In the OSCC cell model, IFI27 siRNA could downregulate the mRNA and protein expression level of IFI27. As showed in MTT assay, Annexin V-PI assay, and Transwell assay, through the downregulation of IFI27, TSCCA and TCA8113 cell proliferation were inhibited, OSCC cell apoptosis was promoted, and its migration and invasion were inhibited. Conclusion IFI27 is involved in the development and progression of OSCC. Its high expression promotes cell proliferation and invasion and reduces apoptosis. These findings may provide new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for OSCC diagnosis and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Xiuhua Road NO.19, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China.
| | - Xunding Qiu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Xiuhua Road NO.19, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Shigeng Lin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Xiuhua Road NO.19, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Xubin Chen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Xiuhua Road NO.19, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Xiuhua Road NO.19, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Tianan Liao
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Xiuhua Road NO.19, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
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22
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Roepke TA, Yasrebi A, Villalobos A, Krumm EA, Yang JA, Mamounis KJ. Loss of ERα partially reverses the effects of maternal high-fat diet on energy homeostasis in female mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6381. [PMID: 28743985 PMCID: PMC5526977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) alters hypothalamic developmental programming and disrupts offspring energy homeostasis in rodents. 17β-estradiol (E2) also influences hypothalamic programming through estrogen receptor (ER) α. Therefore, we hypothesized that females lacking ERα would be more susceptible to maternal HFD. To address this question, heterozygous ERα knockout (WT/KO) dams were fed a control breeder chow diet (25% fat) or a semi-purified HFD (45% fat) 4 weeks prior to mating with WT/KO males or heterozygous males with an ERα DNA-binding domain mutation knocked in (WT/KI) to produce WT, ERα KO, or ERα KIKO females lacking ERE-dependent ERα signaling. Maternal HFD increased body weight in WT and KIKO, in part, due to increased adiposity and daytime carbohydrate utilization in WT and KIKO, while increasing nighttime fat utilization in KO. Maternal HFD also increased plasma leptin, IL-6, and MCP-1 in WT and increased arcuate expression of Kiss1 and Esr1 (ERα) and liver expression of G6pc and Pepck in WT and KIKO. Contrary to our hypothesis, these data suggest that loss of ERα signaling blocks the influence of maternal HFD on energy homeostasis, inflammation, and hypothalamic and liver gene expression and that restoration of ERE-independent ERα signaling partially reestablishes susceptibility to maternal HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandra Villalobos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Krumm
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer A Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Kyle J Mamounis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
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