The Codon 72 TP53 Polymorphism Contributes to TSC Tumorigenesis through the Notch-Nodal Axis

Comprehensive Insights Into Renal Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Practice

Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas) are a rare category of mesenchymal tissue tumors, manifesting across various tissues and organs such as the kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, uterus, ovaries, and gastrointestinal tract. They predominantly affect females more than males. PEComas characteristically express both melanocytic and smooth muscle markers, making immunohistochemistry vital for their diagnosis. Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) represents a common variant of PEComas, typically marked by favorable prognoses. Nonetheless, only a small fraction of subtypes, especially epithelioid AML, possess the capacity to be malignant. Renal PEComas usually appear as asymptomatic masses accompanied by vague imaging characteristics. The main methods for diagnosis are histopathological analysis and the application of immunohistochemical stains. Presently, a uniform treatment plan for renal PEComas is absent. Strategies for management include active surveillance, selective arterial embolization, surgical procedures, and drug-based treatments. The focus of this review is on renal PEComas, shedding light on their pathogenesis, pathological characteristics, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment modalities, and incorporating a clinical case study.

SARS-CoV-2: Understanding the Transcriptional Regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and the Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) at Codon 72 of p53 in the Innate Immune Response against Virus Infection

Human ACE2 and the serine protease TMPRSS2 of novel SARS-CoV-2 are primary entry receptors in host cells. Expression of these genes at the transcriptional level has not been much discussed in detail. The ISRE elements of the ACE2 promoter are a binding site for the ISGF3 complex of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. TMPRSS2, including IFNβ, STAT1, and STAT2, has the PARP1 binding site near to TSS either up or downstream promoter region. It is well documented that PARP1 regulates gene expression at the transcription level. Therefore, to curb virus infection, both promoting type I IFN signaling to boost innate immunity and prevention of virus entry by inhibiting PARP1, ACE2 or TMPRSS2 are safe options. Most importantly, our aim is to attract the attention of the global scientific community towards the codon 72 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of p53 and its underneath role in the innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we discuss codon 72 SNP of human p53's role in the different innate immune response to restrict virus-mediated mortality rate only in specific parts of the world. In addition, we discuss potential targets and emerging therapies using bioengineered bacteriophage, anti-sense, or CRISPR strategies.

Effect of the p53 P72R Polymorphism on Mutant TP53 Allele Selection in Human Cancer

BACKGROUND

TP53 mutations occur in more than 50% of cancers. We sought to determine the effect of the intragenic P72R SNP (rs1042522) on the oncogenic properties of mutant p53.

METHODS

P72R allelic selection in tumors was determined from genotype calls and a Gaussian distributed mixture model. The SNP effect on mutant p53 was determined in p53-negative cancer cell lines. RNA-sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and survival analysis were performed to describe the SNP effect. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

RESULTS

Among 409 patients with germline heterozygous P72R SNP who harbored somatic mutations in TP53, we observed a selection bias against missense TP53 mutants encoding the P72 SNP (P = 1.64 x 10-13). Exogenously expressed hotspot p53 mutants with the P72 SNP were negatively selected in cancer cells. Gene expression analyses showed the enrichment of p53 pathway genes and inflammatory genes in cancer cells transduced with mutants encoding P72 SNP. Immune gene signature is enriched in patients harboring missense TP53 mutations with homozygous P72 SNP. These patients have improved overall survival as compared to those with the R72 SNP (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

This is the largest study demonstrating a selection against the P72 SNP.  Missense p53 mutants with the P72 SNP retain partial wild type tumor-suppressive functions, which may explain the selection bias against P72 SNP across cancer types. Ovarian cancer patients with the P72 SNP have a better prognosis than with the R72 SNP. Our study describes a previously unknown role through which the rs1042522 SNP modifies tumor suppressor activities of mutant p53 in patients.