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Carosi F, Broseghini E, Fabbri L, Corradi G, Gili R, Forte V, Roncarati R, Filippini DM, Ferracin M. Targeting Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) in Solid Tumors: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2752. [PMID: 39123479 PMCID: PMC11311780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) enzymes are involved in key metabolic processes in human cells, regulating differentiation, proliferation, and oxidative damage response. IDH mutations have been associated with tumor development and progression in various solid tumors such as glioma, cholangiocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and other tumor types and have become crucial markers in molecular classification and prognostic assessment. The intratumoral and serum levels of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for identifying IDH mutant (IDHmut) tumors. As a result, an increasing number of clinical trials are evaluating targeted treatments for IDH1/IDH2 mutations. Recent studies have shown that the focus of these new therapeutic strategies is not only the neomorphic activity of the IDHmut enzymes but also the epigenetic shift induced by IDH mutations and the potential role of combination treatments. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about IDH mutations in solid tumors, with a particular focus on available IDH-targeted treatments and emerging results from clinical trials aiming to explore IDHmut tumor-specific features and to identify the clinical benefit of IDH-targeted therapies and their combination strategies. An insight into future perspectives and the emerging roles of circulating biomarkers and radiomic features is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carosi
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (L.F.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Laura Fabbri
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (L.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Giacomo Corradi
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (L.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Riccardo Gili
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Valentina Forte
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Roncarati
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Daria Maria Filippini
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (L.F.); (G.C.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Galey L, Olanrewaju A, Nabi H, Paquette JS, Pouliot F, Audet-Walsh É. PSA, an outdated biomarker for prostate cancer: In search of a more specific biomarker, citrate takes the spotlight. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106588. [PMID: 39025336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The prevailing biomarker employed for prostate cancer (PCa) screening and diagnosis is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Despite excellent sensitivity, PSA lacks specificity, leading to false positives, unnecessary biopsies and overdiagnosis. Consequently, PSA is increasingly less used by clinicians, thus underscoring the imperative for the identification of new biomarkers. An emerging biomarker in this context is citrate, a molecule secreted by the normal prostate, which has been shown to be inversely correlated with PCa. Here, we discuss about PSA and its usage for PCa diagnosis, its lack of specificity, and the various conditions that can affect its levels. We then provide our vision about what we think would be a valuable addition to our PCa diagnosis toolkit, citrate. We describe the unique citrate metabolic program in the prostate and how this profile is reprogrammed during carcinogenesis. Finally, we summarize the evidence that supports the usage of citrate as a biomarker for PCa diagnosis, as it can be measured in various patient samples and be analyzed by several methods. The unique relationship between citrate and PCa, combined with the stability of citrate levels in other prostate-related conditions and the simplicity of its detection, further accentuates its potential as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Galey
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Ayokunle Olanrewaju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hermann Nabi
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Paquette
- Laboratoire de recherche et d'innovation en médecine de première ligne (ARIMED), Groupe de médecine de famille universitaire de Saint-Charles-Borromée, CISSS Lanaudière, Saint-Charles-Borromée, QC, Canada; VITAM Research Centre for Sustainable Health, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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3
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Jobin C, Harvey M, Lacouture A, Weidmann C, Neveu B, Pouliot F, Audet-Walsh É. Protocol for transducing human primary epithelial prostate cells and patient-derived organoids with high efficiency. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103200. [PMID: 39028619 PMCID: PMC11315182 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are now used to study many diseases, including prostate cancer. Here, we present a protocol for the transduction of human epithelial prostate cells and PDOs. We describe the steps for producing lentiviruses and transducing PDOs with high efficiency to obtain either overexpression or knockdown of specific genes. More generally, this protocol represents an efficient lentiviral transduction technique to study cell biology using various organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Jobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Endocrinology and Nephrology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (CRCHUQ-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Harvey
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (CRCHUQ-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Lacouture
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Endocrinology and Nephrology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (CRCHUQ-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (CRCHUQ-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Neveu
- Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Division, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Division, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Endocrinology and Nephrology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (CRCHUQ-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC) of Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Wei G, Zhu H, Zhou Y, Pan Y, Yi B, Bai Y. Single-cell sequencing revealed metabolic reprogramming and its transcription factor regulatory network in prostate cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 44:101925. [PMID: 38447277 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men in the United States and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. The incidence of prostate cancer is gradually rising due to factors such as aging demographics and changes in dietary habits. The objective of this study is to investigate the metabolic reprogramming changes occurring in prostate cancer and identify potential therapeutic targets. METHODS In this study, we utilized single-cell sequencing to comprehensively characterize the alterations in metabolism and the regulatory role of transcription factors in various subtypes of prostate cancer. RESULTS In comparison to benign prostate tissue, prostate cancer displayed substantial metabolic variations, notably exhibiting heightened activity in fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming not only influenced cellular energy utilization but also potentially impacted the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway through the synthesis of endogenous steroid hormones. Through our analysis of transcription factor activity, we identified the crucial role of SREBPs, which are transcription factors associated with lipid metabolism, in prostate cancer. Encouragingly, the inhibitor Betulin effectively suppresses prostate cancer growth, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiang Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China.
| | - Hongcai Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China
| | - Yupeng Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Bocun Yi
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Yangkai Bai
- Department of Urology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, PR China; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China.
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5
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Mitochondrial Alterations in Prostate Cancer: Roles in Pathobiology and Racial Disparities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054482. [PMID: 36901912 PMCID: PMC10003184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) affects millions of men worldwide and is a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Race-associated PCa health disparities are also common and are of both social and clinical concern. Most PCa is diagnosed early due to PSA-based screening, but it fails to discern between indolent and aggressive PCa. Androgen or androgen receptor-targeted therapies are standard care of treatment for locally advanced and metastatic disease, but therapy resistance is common. Mitochondria, the powerhouse of cells, are unique subcellular organelles that have their own genome. A large majority of mitochondrial proteins are, however, nuclear-encoded and imported after cytoplasmic translation. Mitochondrial alterations are common in cancer, including PCa, leading to their altered functions. Aberrant mitochondrial function affects nuclear gene expression in retrograde signaling and promotes tumor-supportive stromal remodeling. In this article, we discuss mitochondrial alterations that have been reported in PCa and review the literature related to their roles in PCa pathobiology, therapy resistance, and racial disparities. We also discuss the translational potential of mitochondrial alterations as prognostic biomarkers and as effective targets for PCa therapy.
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Preclinical models of prostate cancer - modelling androgen dependency and castration resistance in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Nat Rev Urol 2023:10.1038/s41585-023-00726-1. [PMID: 36788359 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is well known to be dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. Thus, AR is the main pharmacological target to treat this disease. However, after an initially positive response to AR-targeting therapies, prostate cancer will eventually evolve to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is often lethal. Tumour growth was initially thought to become androgen-independent following treatments; however, results from molecular studies have shown that most resistance mechanisms involve the reactivation of AR. Consequently, tumour cells become resistant to castration - the blockade of testicular androgens - and not independent of AR per se. However, confusion still remains on how to properly define preclinical models of prostate cancer, including cell lines. Most cell lines were isolated from patients for cell culture after evolution of the tumour to castration-resistant prostate cancer, but not all of these cell lines are described as castration resistant. Moreover, castration refers to the blockade of testosterone production by the testes; thus, even the concept of "castration" in vitro is questionable. To ensure maximal transfer of knowledge from scientific research to the clinic, understanding the limitations and advantages of preclinical models, as well as how these models recapitulate cancer cell androgen dependency and can be used to study castration resistance mechanisms, is essential.
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Montero-Ovalle W, Sanabria-Salas MC, Mesa-López de Mesa J, Varela-Ramírez R, Segura-Moreno YY, Sánchez-Villalobos SA, Nuñez-Lemus M, Serrano ML. Determination of TMPRSS2-ERG, SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1 prostate cancer molecular subtypes in Colombian patients and their possible implications for prognosis. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1017-1030. [PMID: 36740223 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of cancer with of the highest incidence and mortality worldwide. Current disease prognostic markers do not differentiate aggressive from indolent PCa with sufficient certainty, and characterization by molecular subtypes has been sought to allow a better classification. TMPRSS2-ERG, SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1 molecular subtypes have been described, but the association of these subtypes with prognosis in PCa is unclear; their frequency in Colombian patients is also unknown. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of radical prostatectomy from 112 patients with PCa were used. The TMPRSS2-ERG subtype was assessed with fluorescent in situ hybridization. The mutations in SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1 in hot-spot regions were evaluated using Sanger sequencing. Fusion was detected in 71 patients (63.4%). No statistically significant differences were found between the state of fusion and the variables analyzed. In the 41 fusion-negative cases (36.6%), two patients (4.9%) had missense mutations in SPOP (p.F102C and p.F133L), representing a 1.8% of the overall cohort. The low frequency of this subtype in Colombians could be explained by the reported variability in the frequency of these mutations according to the population (5%-20%). No mutations were found in FOXA1 in the cases analyzed. The synonym SNP rs11554137 IDH1105GGT was found in tumor tissue but not in the normal tissue in one case. A larger cohort of Colombian PCa patients is needed for future studies to validate these findings and gain a better understanding of the molecular profile of this cancer in our population and if there are any differences by Colombian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Montero-Ovalle
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Varela-Ramírez
- Department of Oncological Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Marcela Nuñez-Lemus
- Research Support and Monitoring Group, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha L Serrano
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Metabolic changes during prostate cancer development and progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2259-2270. [PMID: 36151426 PMCID: PMC10097763 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has been recognised as a hallmark in solid tumours. Malignant modification of the tumour's bioenergetics provides energy for tumour growth and progression. Otto Warburg first reported these metabolic and biochemical changes in 1927. In prostate cancer (PCa) epithelial cells, the tumour metabolism also changes during development and progress. These alterations are partly driven by the androgen receptor, the key regulator in PCa development, progress, and survival. In contrast to other epithelial cells of different entities, glycolytic metabolism in prostate cells sustains physiological citrate secretion in the normal prostatic epithelium. In the early stages of PCa, citrate is utilised to power oxidative phosphorylation and fuel lipogenesis, enabling tumour growth and progression. In advanced and incurable castration-resistant PCa, a metabolic shift towards choline, amino acid, and glycolytic metabolism fueling tumour growth and progression has been described. Therefore, even if the metabolic changes are not fully understood, the altered metabolism during tumour progression may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies, especially in advanced PCa stages. This review focuses on the main differences in PCa's metabolism during tumourigenesis and progression highlighting glutamine's role in PCa.
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9
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Dual contribution of the mTOR pathway and of the metabolism of amino acids in prostate cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:831-859. [PMID: 36036882 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer in men, and its incidence increases with age. Among other risk factors, pre-existing metabolic diseases have been recently linked with prostate cancer, and our current knowledge recognizes prostate cancer as a condition with important metabolic anomalies as well. In malignancies, metabolic disorders are commonly associated with aberrations in mTOR, which is the master regulator of protein synthesis and energetic homeostasis. Although there are reports demonstrating the high dependency of prostate cancer cells for lipid derivatives and even for carbohydrates, the understanding regarding amino acids, and the relationship with the mTOR pathway ultimately resulting in metabolic aberrations, is still scarce. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES In this review, we briefly provide evidence supporting prostate cancer as a metabolic disease, and discuss what is known about mTOR signaling and prostate cancer. Next, we emphasized on the amino acids glutamine, leucine, serine, glycine, sarcosine, proline and arginine, commonly related to prostate cancer, to explore the alterations in their regulatory pathways and to link them with the associated metabolic reprogramming events seen in prostate cancer. Finally, we display potential therapeutic strategies for targeting mTOR and the referred amino acids, as experimental approaches to selectively attack prostate cancer cells.
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Lacouture A, Lafront C, Peillex C, Pelletier M, Audet-Walsh É. Impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on prostate function and cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112085. [PMID: 34562481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their historical mode of action, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are associated with sex-steroid receptors, namely the two estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and the androgen receptor (AR). Broadly, EDCs can modulate sex-steroid receptor functions. They can also indirectly impact the androgen and estrogen pathways by influencing steroidogenesis, expression of AR or ERs, and their respective activity as transcription factors. Additionally, many of these chemicals have multiple cellular targets other than sex-steroid receptors, which results in a myriad of potential effects in humans. The current article reviews the association between prostate cancer and the endocrine-disrupting functions of four prominent EDC families: bisphenols, phthalates, phytoestrogens, and mycoestrogens. Results from both in vitro and in vivo models are included and discussed to better assess the molecular mechanisms by which EDCs can modify prostate biology. To overcome the heterogeneity of results published, we established common guidelines to properly study EDCs in the context of endocrine diseases. Firstly, the expression of sex-steroid receptors in the models used must be determined before testing. Then, in parallel to EDCs, pharmacological compounds acting as positive (agonists) and negative controls (antagonists) have to be employed. Finally, EDCs need to be used in a precise range of concentrations to modulate sex-steroid receptors and avoid off-target effects. By adequately integrating molecular endocrinology aspects in EDC studies and identifying their underlying molecular mechanisms, we will truly understand their impact on prostate cancer and distinguish those that favor the progression of the disease from those that slow down tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lacouture
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Camille Lafront
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Cindy Peillex
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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11
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Mugoni V, Ciani Y, Nardella C, Demichelis F. Circulating RNAs in prostate cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:57-69. [PMID: 34656688 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing bodies of evidence have demonstrated that the identification of prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers in the patients' blood and urine may remarkably improve PCa diagnosis and progression monitoring. Among diverse cancer-derived circulating materials, extracellular RNA molecules (exRNAs) represent a compelling component to investigate cancer-related alterations. Once outside the intracellular environment, exRNAs circulate in biofluids either in association with protein complexes or encapsulated inside extracellular vesicles (EVs). Notably, EV-associated RNAs (EV-RNAs) were used for the development of several assays (such as the FDA-approved Progensa Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 (PCA3 test) aiming at improving early PCa detection. EV-RNAs encompass a mixture of species, including small non-coding RNAs (e.g. miRNA and circRNA), lncRNAs and mRNAs. Several methods have been proposed to isolate EVs and relevant RNAs, and to perform RNA-Seq studies to identify potential cancer biomarkers. However, EVs in the circulation of a cancer patient include a multitude of diverse populations that are released by both cancer and normal cells from different tissues, thereby leading to a heterogeneous EV-RNA-associated transcriptional signal. Decrypting the complexity of such a composite signal is nowadays the major challenge faced in the identification of specific tumor-associated RNAs. Multiple deconvolution algorithms have been proposed so far to infer the enrichment of cancer-specific signals from gene expression data. However, novel strategies for EVs sorting and sequencing of RNA associated to single EVs populations will remarkably facilitate the identification of cancer-related molecules. Altogether, the studies summarized here demonstrate the high potential of using EV-RNA biomarkers in PCa and highlight the urgent need of improving technologies and computational approaches to characterize specific EVs populations and their relevant RNA cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mugoni
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Yari Ciani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Caterina Nardella
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
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12
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Somatic Alterations Impact AR Transcriptional Activity and Efficacy of AR-Targeting Therapies in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163947. [PMID: 34439101 PMCID: PMC8393938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For patients whose prostate cancer spreads beyond the confines of the prostate, treatment options continue to increase. However, we are missing the information that is needed to choose for each patient the best treatment at each step of his cancer progression so we can ensure that maximal remissions and prolonged survival are achieved. In this review, we examine whether a better understanding of how the activity of the target for the default first treatment, the androgen receptor, is regulated in prostate cancer tissues can improve prostate cancer treatment plans. We consider the evidence for variability of androgen receptor activity among patients and examine the molecular basis for this variable action. We summarize clinical evidence supporting that information on a prostate cancer’s genomic composition may inform on its level of androgen receptor action, which may facilitate choice for the most effective first-line therapy and ultimately improve prostate cancer treatment plans overall. Abstract Inhibiting the activity of the ligand-activated transcription factor androgen receptor (AR) is the default first-line treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (CaP). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induces remissions, however, their duration varies widely among patients. The reason for this heterogeneity is not known. A better understanding of its molecular basis may improve treatment plans and patient survival. AR’s transcriptional activity is regulated in a context-dependent manner and relies on an interplay between its associated transcriptional regulators, DNA recognition motifs, and ligands. Alterations in one or more of these factors induce shifts in the AR cistrome and transcriptional output. Significant variability in AR activity is seen in both castration-sensitive (CS) and castration-resistant CaP (CRPC). Several AR transcriptional regulators undergo somatic alterations that impact their function in clinical CaPs. Some alterations occur in a significant fraction of cases, resulting in CaP subtypes, while others affect only a few percent of CaPs. Evidence is emerging that these alterations may impact the response to CaP treatments such as ADT, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Here, we review the contribution of recurring somatic alterations on AR cistrome and transcriptional output and the efficacy of CaP treatments and explore strategies to use these insights to improve treatment plans and outcomes for CaP patients.
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Ying M, You D, Zhu X, Cai L, Zeng S, Hu X. Lactate and glutamine support NADPH generation in cancer cells under glucose deprived conditions. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102065. [PMID: 34293554 PMCID: PMC8321918 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glucose, through pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), is the main source to generate NADPH, solid tumors are often deprived of glucose, hence alternative metabolic pathways to maintain NADPH homeostasis in cancer cells are required. Here, we report that lactate and glutamine support NADPH production via isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and malic enzyme 1 (ME1), respectively, under glucose-deprived conditions. Isotopic tracing demonstrates that lactate participates in the formation of isocitrate. Malate derived from glutamine in mitochondria shuttles to cytosol to produce NADPH. In cells cultured in the absence of glucose, knockout of IDH1 and ME1 decreases NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG, increases ROS level and facilitates cell necrosis. In 4T1 murine breast tumors, knockout of ME1 retards tumor growth in vivo, with combined ME1/IDH1 knockout more strongly suppressing tumor growth. Our findings reveal two alternative NADPH-producing pathways that cancer cells use to resist glucose starvation, reflecting the metabolic plasticity and flexibility of cancer cells adapting to nutrition stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfeng Ying
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duo You
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limeng Cai
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siying Zeng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xun Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Lacouture A, Jobin C, Weidmann C, Berthiaume L, Bastien D, Laverdière I, Pelletier M, Audet-Walsh É. A FACS-Free Purification Method to Study Estrogen Signaling, Organoid Formation, and Metabolic Reprogramming in Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672466. [PMID: 34456857 PMCID: PMC8397380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few in vitro models are used to study mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and most of these do not express the estrogen receptor α (ERα). Primary MECs can be used to overcome this issue, but methods to purify these cells generally require flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), which require specialized instruments and expertise. Herein, we present in detail a FACS-free protocol for purification and primary culture of mouse MECs. These MECs remain differentiated for up to six days with >85% luminal epithelial cells in two-dimensional culture. When seeded in Matrigel, they form organoids that recapitulate the mammary gland's morphology in vivo by developing lumens, contractile cells, and lobular structures. MECs express a functional ERα signaling pathway in both two- and three-dimensional cell culture, as shown at the mRNA and protein levels and by the phenotypic characterization. Extracellular metabolic flux analysis showed that estrogens induce a metabolic switch favoring aerobic glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration in MECs grown in two-dimensions, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. We also performed mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics in organoids. Estrogens altered the levels of metabolites from various pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, citric acid cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism, demonstrating that ERα reprograms cell metabolism in mammary organoids. Overall, we have optimized mouse MEC isolation and purification for two- and three-dimensional cultures. This model represents a valuable tool to study how estrogens modulate mammary gland biology, and particularly how these hormones reprogram metabolism during lactation and breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lacouture
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Jobin
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Line Berthiaume
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Dominic Bastien
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laverdière
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Oncology Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Disease Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
- ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Étienne Audet-Walsh,
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15
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Metabolic regulation of prostate cancer heterogeneity and plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 82:94-119. [PMID: 33290846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the main hallmarks of cancer cells. It refers to the metabolic adaptations of tumor cells in response to nutrient deficiency, microenvironmental insults, and anti-cancer therapies. Metabolic transformation during tumor development plays a critical role in the continued tumor growth and progression and is driven by a complex interplay between the tumor mutational landscape, epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental influences. Understanding the tumor metabolic vulnerabilities might open novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with the potential to improve the efficacy of current tumor treatments. Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease harboring different mutations and tumor cell phenotypes. While the increase of intra-tumor genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity is associated with tumor progression, less is known about metabolic regulation of prostate cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity. This review summarizes the central metabolic adaptations in prostate tumors, state-of-the-art technologies for metabolic analysis, and the perspectives for metabolic targeting and diagnostic implications.
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Wu S, Ding L, Xu H, Gao J, Shao Y, Zhang S, Wei Z. The Long Non-Coding RNA IDH1-AS1 Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression by Enhancing IDH1 Enzyme Activity. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7897-7906. [PMID: 32884284 PMCID: PMC7432214 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s251915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the development of various tumors including prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the function of a natural antisense RNA, IDH1-AS1, exerting potential carcinogenic effects in prostate cancer through a novel molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods GEPIA and CCLE databases were searched to identify alterations in the expression of IDH1-AS1, which were then verified by RT-qPCR in 20 pairs of matched tumor and normal tissue samples. Subsequently, CCK-8, EdU, and transwell assays were conducted to investigate the carcinogenic effect of IDH1-AS1. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) enzyme activity assays were used to explore the functional relationship between IDH1-AS1 and its sense gene IDH1. Results IDH1-AS1 expression was found to be significantly increased in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. IDH1-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed that IDH1-AS1 did not significantly affect the expression of IDH1 mRNA or protein but was involved in the regulation of IDH1 enzyme activity in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion Our experiments revealed that the carcinogenic effects of IDH1-AS1 in prostate cancer may depend on a new molecular mechanism, which directly alters IDH1 enzyme activity. Our findings indicate that IDH1-AS1 is a novel candidate target for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liucheng Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hewei Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Shao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqing Wei
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Germain L, Lafront C, Beaudette J, Karthik Poluri RT, Weidmann C, Audet-Walsh É. Alternative splicing regulation by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105710. [PMID: 32534106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that drives prostate cancer (PCa) by modulating the expression of thousands of genes to promote proliferation and survival and to reprogram metabolism. However, how AR activation controls alternative splicing is mostly unknown. Our objective was to define its role in the transcriptome-wide regulation of alternative splicing. Three human PCa models-LNCaP, LAPC4, and 22Rv1 cells-were treated with and without androgens, and RNA was purified for deep-sequencing analyses (RNA-seq). Several bioinformatic tools were then used to study alternative splicing. We demonstrate that in the absence of androgens, alternative splicing complexity is similar among AR-positive PCa cells, with 48 % of all transcripts having various levels of alternative splicing. We also describe alternative splicing differences among cell lines, such as specific splicing of AR, REST, TSC2, and CTBP1. Interestingly, AR activation changed the alternative splicing of thousands of genes in all the PCa cell lines tested. Overlap between AR-sensitive alternative splicing events revealed that genes linked to cell metabolism are major targets for this specific modulation. These genes encode metabolic enzymes such as the prostate-specific membrane antigen, encoded by FOLH1, and the malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1). Overall, our study presents a comprehensive analysis of the PCa cell transcriptome and its modulation by AR, revealing a significant enrichment of metabolic genes in this AR-dependent regulation of alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Germain
- Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada
| | - Camille Lafront
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jolyane Beaudette
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Raghavendra Tejo Karthik Poluri
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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18
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Franko A, Shao Y, Heni M, Hennenlotter J, Hoene M, Hu C, Liu X, Zhao X, Wang Q, Birkenfeld AL, Todenhöfer T, Stenzl A, Peter A, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Xu G, Lutz SZ. Human Prostate Cancer is Characterized by an Increase in Urea Cycle Metabolites. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1814. [PMID: 32640711 PMCID: PMC7408908 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite it being the most common incident of cancer among men, the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to prostate cancer (PCa) are still poorly understood. Altered mitochondrial metabolism is postulated to play a role in the development of PCa. To determine the key metabolites (which included mitochondrial oncometabolites), benign prostatic and cancer tissues of patients with PCa were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Gene expression was studied using real-time PCR. In PCa tissues, we found reduced levels of early tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, whereas the contents of urea cycle metabolites including aspartate, argininosuccinate, arginine, proline, and the oncometabolite fumarate were higher than that in benign controls. Fumarate content correlated positively with the gene expression of oncogenic HIF1α and NFκB pathways, which were significantly higher in the PCa samples than in the benign controls. Furthermore, data from the TCGA database demonstrated that prostate cancer patients with activated NFκB pathway had a lower survival rate. In summary, our data showed that fumarate content was positively associated with carcinogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Franko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (M.H.); (A.L.B.); (H.-U.H); (S.Z.L.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yaping Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.S.); (C.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.W)
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (M.H.); (A.L.B.); (H.-U.H); (S.Z.L.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Chunxiu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.S.); (C.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.W)
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.S.); (C.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.W)
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.S.); (C.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.W)
| | - Qingqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.S.); (C.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.W)
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (M.H.); (A.L.B.); (H.-U.H); (S.Z.L.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (T.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (M.H.); (A.L.B.); (H.-U.H); (S.Z.L.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.S.); (C.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.W)
| | - Stefan Z. Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (M.H.); (A.L.B.); (H.-U.H); (S.Z.L.)
- Clinic for Geriatric and Orthopedic Rehabilitation Bad Sebastiansweiler, 72116 Mössingen, Germany
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Dhondt B, Geeurickx E, Tulkens J, Van Deun J, Vergauwen G, Lippens L, Miinalainen I, Rappu P, Heino J, Ost P, Lumen N, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Unravelling the proteomic landscape of extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer by density-based fractionation of urine. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1736935. [PMID: 32284825 PMCID: PMC7144211 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1736935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are increasingly being recognized as important vehicles of intercellular communication and promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Despite this enormous clinical potential, the plethora of methods to separate EV from biofluids, providing material of highly variable purity, and lacking knowledge regarding methodological repeatability pose a barrier to clinical translation. Urine is considered an ideal proximal fluid for the study of EV in urological cancers due to its direct contact with the urogenital system. We demonstrate that density-based fractionation of urine by bottom-up Optiprep density gradient centrifugation separates EV and soluble proteins with high specificity and repeatability. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of urinary EV (uEV) in men with benign and malignant prostate disease allowed us to significantly expand the known human uEV proteome with high specificity and identifies a unique biological profile in prostate cancer not uncovered by the analysis of soluble proteins. In addition, profiling the proteome of EV separated from prostate tumour conditioned medium and matched uEV confirms the specificity of the identified uEV proteome for prostate cancer. Finally, a comparative proteomic analysis with uEV from patients with bladder and renal cancer provided additional evidence of the selective enrichment of protein signatures in uEV reflecting their respective cancer tissues of origin. In conclusion, this study identifies hundreds of previously undetected proteins in uEV of prostate cancer patients and provides a powerful toolbox to map uEV content and contaminants ultimately allowing biomarker discovery in urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Dhondt
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edward Geeurickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Tulkens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Lippens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilkka Miinalainen
- Biocenter Oulu, Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Rappu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Heino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Piet Ost
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolaas Lumen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prostate Cancer Development: Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31366128 PMCID: PMC6789661 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in man. Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients exhibiting an aggressive disease with progression, metastasis, and other patients showing an indolent disease with low tendency to progression. Three stages of development of human prostate tumors have been identified: intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma androgen-dependent, and adenocarcinoma androgen-independent or castration-resistant. Advances in molecular technologies have provided a very rapid progress in our understanding of the genomic events responsible for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer. These studies have shown that prostate cancer genome displays a relatively low mutation rate compared with other cancers and few chromosomal loss or gains. The ensemble of these molecular studies has led to suggest the existence of two main molecular groups of prostate cancers: one characterized by the presence of ERG rearrangements (~50% of prostate cancers harbor recurrent gene fusions involving ETS transcription factors, fusing the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 to nearly the coding sequence of the ETS family transcription factor ERG) and features of chemoplexy (complex gene rearrangements developing from a coordinated and simultaneous molecular event), and a second one characterized by the absence of ERG rearrangements and by the frequent mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter SPOP and/or deletion of CDH1, a chromatin remodeling factor, and interchromosomal rearrangements and SPOP mutations are early events during prostate cancer development. During disease progression, genomic and epigenomic abnormalities accrued and converged on prostate cancer pathways, leading to a highly heterogeneous transcriptomic landscape, characterized by a hyperactive androgen receptor signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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