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Ji T, Ye L, Xi E, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang S. Sinensetin Inhibits Angiogenesis in Lung Adenocarcinoma via the miR-374c-5p/VEGF-A/VEGFR-2/AKT Axis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:2413-2425. [PMID: 39030333 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Sinensetin is a product isolated from Orthosiphon aristatus, and its antitumor activities have been well established. This study focused on the role and mechanism of sinensetin in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). LUAD cells were treated with various concentrations of sinensetin. The proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of LUAD cells were detected using colony formation, transwell, and tube formation assays, respectively. The protein levels of VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, and phosphorylated AKT (ser473) were measured by western blotting. The targeted relationship between VEGF-A and miR-374c-5p was verified by luciferase reporter assay. BALB/c nude mice inoculated with A549 cells were treated with sinensetin (40 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 21 days to investigate the effect of sinensetin on tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. We found that sinensetin reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and cancer stem characteristics of LUAD cells. Sinensetin also suppressed LUAD tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Sinensetin downregulated VEGF-A expression in LUAD cells by enhancing miR-374c-5p expression. MiR-374c-5p inhibited the VEGF-A/VEGFR-2/AKT pathway in LUAD cells. The antitumor effect of sinensetin was reversed by overexpression of VEGF-A or inhibition of miR-374c-5p. Overall, sinensetin upregulates miR-374c-5p to inhibit the VEGF-A/VEGFR-2/AKT pathway, thereby exerting antitumor effect on LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ji
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Erping Xi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Tan D, Miao D, Zhao C, Shi J, Lv Q, Lu F, Ruan H, Xiong Z, Zhang X. N6-methyladenosine-modified ALDH9A1 modulates lipid accumulation and tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma through the NPM1/IQGAP2/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:520. [PMID: 39039052 PMCID: PMC11263707 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases superfamily (ALDHs), which are ubiquitously present in various organisms with diverse subcellular localizations, play a crucial role in regulating malignant tumor progression; Nevertheless, their involvement in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been elucidated. In this study, we performed comprehensive bioinformatics analyses on the 19 ALDHs genes, and identified ALDH9A1 as a key contributor in ccRCC. Expression patterns and clinical relevance of ALDH9A1 were determined using bioinformatics analyses, real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. To explore the underlying mechanism behind the tumor suppressor role of ALDH9A1, RNA sequencing, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, mass spectroscopy, immunoprecipitation, mutational studies and immunofluorescence were employed. The impact of ALDH9A1 in ccRCC progression and metabolic programming was assessed through both in vitro and in vivo. Here, this study revealed ALDH9A1 as a tumor suppressor gene in ccRCC. The fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO) was identified as a demethylase for ALDH9A1 mRNA, resulting in its reduced stability and expression levels in ccRCC. Functional experiments demonstrated that the deficiency of ALDH9A1 in ccRCC promoted tumor proliferation, invasion, migration and lipid accumulation. Mechanistic insights illustrated that the diminished levels of ALDH9A1 resulted in the failure to sequester nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) within cytoplasm, thereby suppressing the transcription of IQ motif containing the GTPase-activating protein 2 (IQGAP2), subsequently activating the AKT-mTOR signaling, ultimately fostering tumor progression and lipid accumulation. In conclusion, the present study highlights the robust prognostic significance of ALDH9A1 and delivers a comprehensive understanding of ALDH9A1-NPM1-IQGAP2-AKT axis in ccRCC. These findings established a solid research foundation for novel therapeutic strategies for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaoyi Tan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Daojia Miao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chuanyi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingyang Lv
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Feiyi Lu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Patel SA, Hassan MK, Naik M, Mohapatra N, Balan P, Korrapati PS, Dixit M. EEF1A2 promotes HIF1A mediated breast cancer angiogenesis in normoxia and participates in a positive feedback loop with HIF1A in hypoxia. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:184-200. [PMID: 38012382 PMCID: PMC10803557 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eukaryotic elongation factor, EEF1A2, has been identified as an oncogene in various solid tumors. Here, we have identified a novel function of EEF1A2 in angiogenesis. METHODS Chick chorioallantoic membrane, tubulogenesis, aortic ring, Matrigel plug, and skin wound healing assays established EEF1A2's role in angiogenesis. RESULT Higher EEF1A2 levels in breast cancer cells enhanced cell growth, movement, blood vessel function, and tubule formation in HUVECs, as confirmed by ex-ovo and in-vivo tests. The overexpression of EEF1A2 could be counteracted by Plitidepsin. Under normoxic conditions, EEF1A2 triggered HIF1A expression via ERK-Myc and mTOR signaling in TNBC and ER/PR positive cells. Hypoxia induced the expression of EEF1A2, leading to a positive feedback loop between EEF1A2 and HIF1A. Luciferase assay and EMSA confirmed HIF1A binding on the EEF1A2 promoter, which induced its transcription. RT-PCR and polysome profiling validated that EEF1A2 affected VEGF transcription and translation positively. This led to increased VEGF release from breast cancer cells, activating ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling in endothelial cells. Breast cancer tissues with elevated EEF1A2 showed higher microvessel density. CONCLUSION EEF1A2 exhibits angiogenic potential in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, underscoring its dual role in promoting EMT and angiogenesis, rendering it a promising target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Awadhesbhai Patel
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Biological Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Md Khurshidul Hassan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Biological Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Monali Naik
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Biological Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Nachiketa Mohapatra
- Apollo Hospitals, Plot No. 251,Old Sainik School Road, Bhubaneswar, 750015, Odisha, India
| | - Poornima Balan
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Purna Sai Korrapati
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Manjusha Dixit
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Biological Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 752050, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Lin KM, Weng LF, Chen SYJ, Lin SJ, Tsai CH. Upregulation of IQGAP2 by EBV transactivator Rta and its influence on EBV life cycle. J Virol 2023; 97:e0054023. [PMID: 37504571 PMCID: PMC10506479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00540-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that establishes persistent infection in more than 90% of the world's population. EBV has two life cycles, latency and lytic replication. Reactivation of EBV from latency to the lytic cycle is initiated and controlled by two viral immediate-early transcription factors, Zta and Rta, encoded by BZLF1 and BRLF1, respectively. In this study, we found that IQGAP2 expression was elevated in EBV-infected B cells and identified Rta as a viral gene responsible for the IQGAP2 upregulation in both B cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Mechanistically, we showed that Rta increases IQGAP2 expression through direct binding to the Rta-responsive element in the IQGAP2 promoter. We also demonstrated the direct interaction between Rta and IQGAP2 as well as their colocalization in the nucleus. Functionally, we showed that the induced IQGAP2 is required for the Rta-mediated Rta promoter activation in the EBV lytic cycle progression and may influence lymphoblastoid cell line clumping morphology through regulating E-cadherin expression. IMPORTANCE Elevated levels of antibodies against EBV lytic proteins and increased EBV DNA copy numbers in the sera have been reported in patients suffering from Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, indicating that EBV lytic cycle progression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated diseases and highlighting the need for a more complete mechanistic understanding of the EBV lytic cycle. Rta acts as an essential transcriptional activator to induce lytic gene expression and thus trigger EBV reactivation. In this study, scaffolding protein IQGAP2 was found to be upregulated prominently following EBV infection via the direct binding of Rta to the RRE in the IQGAP2 promoter but not in response to other biological stimuli. Importantly, IQGAP2 was demonstrated to interact with Rta and promote the EBV lytic cycle progression. Suppression of IQGAP2 was also found to decrease E-cadherin expression and affect the clumping morphology of lymphoblastoid cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Weng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yo Jill Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Jane Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Xiao H, Wang G, Zhao M, Shuai W, Ouyang L, Sun Q. Ras superfamily GTPase activating proteins in cancer: Potential therapeutic targets? Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115104. [PMID: 36641861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To search more therapeutic strategies for Ras-mutant tumors, regulators of the Ras superfamily involved in the GTP/GDP (guanosine triphosphate/guanosine diphosphate) cycle have been well concerned for their anti-tumor potentials. GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) provide the catalytic group necessary for the hydrolysis of GTPs, which accelerate the switch by cycling between GTP-bound active and GDP-bound inactive forms. Inactivated GAPs lose their function in activating GTPase, leading to the continuous activation of downstream signaling pathways, uncontrolled cell proliferation, and eventually carcinogenesis. A growing number of evidence has shown the close link between GAPs and human tumors, and as a result, GAPs are believed as potential anti-tumor targets. The present review mainly summarizes the critically important role of GAPs in human tumors by introducing the classification, function and regulatory mechanism. Moreover, we comprehensively describe the relationship between dysregulated GAPs and the certain type of tumor. Finally, the current status, research progress, and clinical value of GAPs as therapeutic targets are also discussed, as well as the challenges and future direction in the cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Song F, Dai Q, Grimm MO, Steinbach D. The Antithetic Roles of IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041115. [PMID: 36831467 PMCID: PMC9953781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein family of IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins (IQGAP1, 2, and 3) share a high degree of homology and comprise six functional domains. IQGAPs bind and regulate the cytoskeleton, interact with MAP kinases and calmodulin, and have GTPase-related activity, as well as a RasGAP domain. Thus, IQGAPs regulate multiple cellular processes and pathways, affecting cell division, growth, cell-cell interactions, migration, and invasion. In the past decade, significant evidence on the function of IQGAPs in signal transduction during carcinogenesis has emerged. Compared with IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 were less analyzed. In this review, we summarize the different signaling pathways affected by IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, and the antithetic roles of IQGAP2 and IQGAP3 in different types of cancer. IQGAP2 expression is reduced and plays a tumor suppressor role in most solid cancer types, while IQGAP3 is overexpressed and acts as an oncogene. In lymphoma, for example, IQGAPs have partially opposite functions. There is considerable evidence that IQGAPs regulate a multitude of pathways to modulate cancer processes and chemoresistance, but some questions, such as how they trigger this signaling, through which domains, and why they play opposite roles on the same pathways, are still unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Qingqing Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Grimm
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinbach
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Song F, Kotolloshi R, Gajda M, Hölzer M, Grimm MO, Steinbach D. Reduced IQGAP2 Promotes Bladder Cancer through Regulation of MAPK/ERK Pathway and Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113508. [PMID: 36362301 PMCID: PMC9655856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a major challenge in urologic oncology. However, understanding of the molecular processes remains limited. The dysregulation of IQGAP2 is becoming increasingly evident in most tumor entities, and it plays a role in multiple oncogenic pathways, so we evaluated the role of IQGAP2 in bladder cancer. IQGAP2 was downregulated in tumors compared with normal urothelium tissues and cells. IQGAP2 effectively attenuated bladder cancer cell growth independently from apoptosis. Reduced IQGAP2 promoted EMT in bladder cancer cells via activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In addition, IQGAP2 might influence key cellular processes, such as proliferation and metastasis, through the regulation of cytokines. In conclusion, we suggest that IQGAP2 plays a tumor-suppressing role in bladder cancer, possibly via inhibiting the MAPK/ERK pathway and reducing cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Kotolloshi
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Section of Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Grimm
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinbach
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Dai Q, Ain Q, Rooney M, Song F, Zipprich A. Role of IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920652. [PMID: 35785216 PMCID: PMC9243542 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins (IQGAPs) are a class of scaffolding proteins, including IQGAP1, IQGAP2, and IQGAP3, which govern multiple cellular activities by facilitating cytoskeletal remodeling and cellular signal transduction. The role of IQGAPs in cancer initiation and progression has received increasing attention in recent years, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where the aberrant expression of IQGAPs is closely related to patient prognosis. IQGAP1 and 3 are upregulated and are considered oncogenes in HCC, while IQGAP2 is downregulated and functions as a tumor suppressor. This review details the three IQGAP isoforms and their respective structures. The expression and role of each protein in different liver diseases and mainly in HCC, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are also presented. This review also provides a reference for further studies on IQGAPs in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Else Kröner Graduate School for Medical Students “Jena School for Ageing Medicine (JSAM)”, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Quratul Ain
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Rooney
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Zipprich,
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