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Chen T. Unveiling the significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase: Its impact on cancer progression and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2024; 592:216931. [PMID: 38701892 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The intricate role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cancer pathophysiology has garnered significant attention, highlighting the complex interplay between tumorigenesis, immune response, and cellular metabolism. As an enzyme responsible for producing nitric oxide (NO) in response to inflammatory stimuli. iNOS is implicated in various aspects of cancer development, including DNA damage, angiogenesis, and evasion of apoptosis. This review synthesizes the current findings from both preclinical and clinical studies on iNOS across different cancer types, reflecting the variability depending on cellular context and tumor microenvironment. We explore the molecular mechanisms by which iNOS modulates cancer cell growth, survival, and metastasis, emphasizing its impact on immune surveillance and response to treatment. Additionally, the potential of targeting iNOS as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment is examined. By integrating insights from recent advances, this review aims to elucidate the significant role of iNOS in cancer and pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Sun J, Zhang X, Wu F, Zhu B, Xie H. Elevated ADH5 expression suggested better prognosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and related to immunity through single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing. BMC Urol 2024; 24:84. [PMID: 38600527 PMCID: PMC11007970 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the rapid advances in modern medical technology, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remains a challenging clinical problem in urology. Researchers urgently search for useful markers to break through the therapeutic conundrum due to its high lethality. Therefore, the study explores the value of ADH5 on overall survival (OS) and the immunology of KIRC. METHODS The gene expression matrix and clinical information on ADH5 in the TCGA database were validated using external databases and qRT-PCR. To confirm the correlation between ADH5 and KIRC prognosis, univariate/multivariate Cox regression analysis was used. We also explored the signaling pathways associated with ADH5 in KIRC and investigated its association with immunity. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels showed an apparent downregulation of ADH5 in KIRC. Correlation analysis revealed that ADH5 was directly related to histological grade, clinical stage, and TMN stage (p < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis identified ADH5 as an independent factor affecting the prognosis of KIRC. Enrichment analysis looked into five ADH5-related signaling pathways. The results showed no correlation between ADH5 and TMB, TNB, and MSI. From an immunological perspective, ADH5 was found to be associated with the tumor microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoints. Lower ADH5 expression was associated with greater responsiveness to immunotherapy. Single-cell sequencing revealed that ADH5 is highly expressed in immune cells. CONCLUSION ADH5 could be a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for KIRC. Besides, it was found that KIRC patients with low ADH5 expression were more sensitive to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Sun
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Bingye Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), No. 881 Yonghe Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Huyang Xie
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Xue W, Yang L, Chen C, Ashrafizadeh M, Tian Y, Sun R. Wnt/β-catenin-driven EMT regulation in human cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:79. [PMID: 38334836 PMCID: PMC10857981 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for 90% of cancer-related deaths among the patients. The transformation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells with molecular alterations can occur during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The EMT mechanism accelerates the cancer metastasis and drug resistance ability in human cancers. Among the different regulators of EMT, Wnt/β-catenin axis has been emerged as a versatile modulator. Wnt is in active form in physiological condition due to the function of GSK-3β that destructs β-catenin, while ligand-receptor interaction impairs GSK-3β function to increase β-catenin stability and promote its nuclear transfer. Regarding the oncogenic function of Wnt/β-catenin, its upregulation occurs in human cancers and it can accelerate EMT-mediated metastasis and drug resistance. The stimulation of Wnt by binding Wnt ligands into Frizzled receptors can enhance β-catenin accumulation in cytoplasm that stimulates EMT and related genes upon nuclear translocation. Wnt/β-catenin/EMT axis has been implicated in augmenting metastasis of both solid and hematological tumors. The Wnt/EMT-mediated cancer metastasis promotes the malignant behavior of tumor cells, causing therapy resistance. The Wnt/β-catenin/EMT axis can be modulated by upstream mediators in which non-coding RNAs are main regulators. Moreover, pharmacological intervention, mainly using phytochemicals, suppresses Wnt/EMT axis in metastasis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengxin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Public Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, USA.
| | - Ranran Sun
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Niu C, Zhang J, Okolo P. Greasing the Wheels of Pharmacotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: the Role of Natural Polyphenols. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:662-678. [PMID: 38041707 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The main purpose of this review, mainly based on preclinical studies, is to summarize the pharmacological and biochemical evidence regarding natural polyphenols against colorectal cancer and highlight areas that require future research. RECENT FINDINGS Typically, colorectal cancer is a potentially preventable and curable cancer arising from benign precancerous polyps found in the colon's inner lining. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer, with a lifetime risk of approximately 4 to 5%. Genetic background and environmental factors play major roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Theoretically, a multistep process of colorectal carcinogenesis provides enough time for anti-tumor pharmacotherapy of colorectal cancer. Chronic colonic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota imbalance have been found to increase the risk for colorectal cancer development by creating genotoxic stress within the intestinal environment to generate genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications. Currently, numerous natural polyphenols have shown anti-tumor properties against colorectal cancer in preclinical research, especially in colorectal cancer cell lines. In this review, the current literature regarding the etiology and epidemiology of colorectal cancer is briefly outlined. We highlight the findings of natural polyphenols in colorectal cancer from in vitro and in vivo studies. The scarcity of human trials data undermines the clinical use of natural polyphenols as anti-colorectal cancer agents, which should be undertaken in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengu Niu
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Rainier Springs Behavioral Health Hospital, Vancouver, 98686, USA
| | - Patrick Okolo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, 14621, USA
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Jafari S, Hamidian M, Dashtaki ME, Barzegar A, Ghasemi S. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells -conditioned medium effects on Glioma U87 cell line migration, apoptosis, and gene expression. Tissue Cell 2023; 85:102224. [PMID: 37783027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has controversial roles in cancer, either promoting or suppressing tumor growth. Our research on the results of adipose tissue-derived MSC (AD-MSC)-conditioned media on U87 glioma cells was motivated by the disputed role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cancer, which may either promote or inhibit tumor growth. Using flow cytometry, AD-MSCs were identified, verified, and their conditioned media was used to treat U87 cells. Through RT-qPCR, scratch assay, and apoptosis analysis, we evaluated gene expression (SOX4, H19, and CCAT1), cell migration, and apoptosis in U87 cells.The conditioned media greatly increased the expression of SOX4 and H19, but not CCAT1. Although there were few differences in migration and apoptosis, both were slightly increased in the treated group.These outcomes have drawn attention to the complexity of the interactions between MSCs and glioma cells. This complexity requires further research to identify the specific mechanisms governing MSC-mediated impacts on the development of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorush Jafari
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Marziye Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Eliyasi Dashtaki
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Barzegar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Zhang H, Ruan Q, Chen C, Yu H, Guan S, Hu D, Yang C, Lin R, Zhuo C. Activin A/ACVR2A axis inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer by activating SMAD2. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1585-1598. [PMID: 37378449 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Liver metastasis is the major direct cause of colorectal cancer-related deaths. Although radical resection is the most effective treatment for colorectal cancer liver metastasis, several patients are not eligible for surgery. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel treatments based on the understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. This study demonstrated that activin A/ACVR2A inhibits colon cancer cell migration and invasion, as well as suppresses the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mouse colon cancer cells. This finding has been further validated in animal experiments. Mechanistic studies revealed that activin A binds to Smad2 (instead of Smad3) and activates its transcription. Analysis of the paired clinical samples further confirmed that the expression levels of ACVR2A and SMAD2 were the highest in adjacent healthy tissues, followed by primary colon cancer tissues and liver metastasis tissues, suggesting that ACVR2A downregulation may promote colon cancer metastasis. Bioinformatics analysis and clinical studies demonstrated that ACVR2A downregulation was significantly associated with liver metastasis and poor disease-free and progression-free survival of patients with colon cancer. These results suggest that the activin A/ACVR2A axis promotes colon cancer metastasis by selectively activating SMAD2. Thus, targeting ACVR2A is a potential novel therapeutic strategy to prevent colon cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunkang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirong Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Li Q, Wang Y, Shi L, Wang Q, Yang G, Deng L, Tian Y, Hua X, Yuan X. Arginase-1 promotes lens epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in different models of anterior subcapsular cataract. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:236. [PMID: 37723490 PMCID: PMC10506332 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginase-1 (ARG1) promotes collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. ARG1 is highly expressed in various tumour cells. The mechanisms of ARG1 in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated cataracts were studied herein. METHODS C57BL/6 mice, a human lens epithelial cell line (HLEC-SRA01/04), and human lens capsule samples were used in this study. The right lens anterior capsule of the mouse eye was punctured through the central cornea with a 26-gauge hypodermic needle. Human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) were transfected with ARG1-targeted (siARG1) or negative control siRNA (siNC). For gene overexpression, HLECs were transfected with a plasmid bearing the ARG1 coding sequence or an empty vector. Medium containing 0.2% serum with or without transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2) was added for 6 or 24 h to detect mRNA or protein, respectively. The expression of related genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. Transwell assays and wound healing assays were used to determine cell migration. Cell proliferation, superoxide levels, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and arginase activity were estimated using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, a superoxide assay kit, an NO assay kit, and an arginase activity kit. RESULTS ARG1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and Ki67 expression increased after lens capsular injury, while zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression decreased. Fibronectin and collagen type I alpha1 chain (collagen 1A1) expression increased, and cell migration increased significantly in ARG1-overexpressing HLECs compared with those transfected with an empty vector after TGF-β2 treatment. These effects were reversed by ARG1 knockdown. The arginase-related pathway plays an important role in EMT. mRNAs of enzymes of the arginase-related pathway were highly expressed after ARG1 overexpression. ARG1 knockdown suppressed these expression changes. Numidargistat (CB-1158) dihydrochloride (CB-1158), an ARG1 inhibitor, suppressed TGF-β2-induced anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) by reducing the proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) and decreasing fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen 1A1, and vimentin expression. Compared with that in nonanterior subcapsular cataract (non-ASC) patients, the expression of ARG1, collagen 1A1, vimentin, fibronectin, and Ki67 was markedly increased in ASC patients. CONCLUSIONS ARG1 can regulate EMT in EMT-associated cataracts. Based on the pathogenesis of ASC, these findings are expected to provide new therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Li
- Department of Cataract, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Cataract, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Luoluo Shi
- Department of Cataract, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Cataract, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Cataract, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hua
- Tianjin Aier Eye Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Department of Cataract, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China.
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Chu Y, Shi D, Wang N, Ren L, Liu N, Hu F, Meng W, Hong SJ, Bai X. Clonorchis sinensis legumain promotes migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells via regulating tumor-related molecules. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:71. [PMID: 36797792 PMCID: PMC9933405 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis infection causes serious pathological changes in the bile duct and is highly correlated with cholangiocarcinoma. The excretory-secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis play a critical role in the oncogenesis and progression of cholangiocarcinoma, while the components and precise mechanism remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the function of C. sinensis legumain (Cslegumain) in promoting the invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells and the mechanism involved. METHODS The structural and molecular characteristics of Cslegumain were predicted and analyzed using the online program Phyre2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to test the transcriptional level of Cslegumain and its localization in the adult. Native Cslegumain was detected by western blotting assay. The effects of Cslegumain on the proliferation, invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells were checked using CCK-8 assay, Matrigel transwell assay and scratch wound healing assay. Expression levels of tumor-related molecules regulated by Cslegumain were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting assay. RESULTS Cslegumain showed high similarity with human legumain in the secondary and tertiary structures and displayed higher transcriptional levels in the adult worm than in the metacercariae. Native Cslegumain was detected in a catalytic form and was localized mainly in the intestine of the C. sinensis adult and epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile duct. After transfection into RBE cells, Cslegumain showed high ability in promoting the invasion and migration but not the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma RBE cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of some molecules including E-cadherin and N-cadherin were downregulated, while the levels of α-actinin 4, β-catenin and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that Cslegumain showed very similar structures as those of human legumain and could promote the invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells by regulating some tumor-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Chu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Doufei Shi
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Department of Geriatric Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lebin Ren
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Naiguo Liu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengai Hu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Meng
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Xuelian Bai
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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