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Rossi G, Cerquetella M, Scarpona S, Pengo G, Fettucciari K, Bassotti G, Jergens AE, Suchodolski JS. Effects of probiotic bacteria on mucosal polyamines levels in dogs with IBD and colonic polyps: a preliminary study. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:247-255. [PMID: 29022381 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Spermine (SPM) and its precursor putrescine (PUT), regulated by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and diamino-oxidase (DAO), are polyamines required for cell growth and proliferation. Only a few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory and tumour inhibitory properties of probiotics on mucosal polyamine levels. We investigated the effects of a high concentration multistrain probiotic for human use on colonic polyamine biosynthesis in dogs. Histological sections (inflammatory bowel disease, n=10; polyposis, n=5) were assessed after receiving 112 to 225×109 lyophilised bacteria daily for 60 days at baseline (T0) and 30 days after treatment end (T90). Histology scores, expression of PUT, SPM, ODC and DAO, and a clinical activity index (CIBDAI) were compared at T0 and T90. In polyps, cellular proliferation (Ki-67 expression), and apoptosis (caspase-3 protein expression) were also evaluated. After treatment, in inflammatory bowel disease significant decreases were observed for CIBDAI (P=0.006) and histology scores (P<0.001); PUT, SPM and ODC expression increased (P<0.01). In polyps, a significant decrease in polyamine levels, ODC activity, and Ki-67, and a significant increase in caspase-3 positivity and DAO expression (P=0.005) was noted. Our results suggest potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of the probiotic mixture in polyps and inflammation, associated with reduced mucosal infiltration and up-regulation of PUT, SPM, and ODC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rossi
- 1 School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Macerata (MC), Italy
| | - M Cerquetella
- 1 School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Macerata (MC), Italy
| | - S Scarpona
- 1 School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Macerata (MC), Italy
| | - G Pengo
- 2 Clinic 'St. Antonio', Strada Statale 415, km 38,50, 26020 Madignano (CR), Italy
| | - K Fettucciari
- 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1-8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Bassotti
- 4 Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Piazzale Menghini 1, 06156 San Sisto, Italy
| | - A E Jergens
- 5 College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr., Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- 6 Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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2
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Chaturvedi R, de Sablet T, Asim M, Piazuelo MB, Barry DP, Verriere TG, Sierra JC, Hardbower DM, Delgado AG, Schneider BG, Israel DA, Romero-Gallo J, Nagy TA, Morgan DR, Murray-Stewart T, Bravo LE, Peek RM, Fox JG, Woster PM, Casero RA, Correa P, Wilson KT. Increased Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer risk in the Andean region of Colombia is mediated by spermine oxidase. Oncogene 2015; 34:3429-40. [PMID: 25174398 PMCID: PMC4345146 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastric cancer, the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. More than half of the world's population is infected, making universal eradication impractical. Clinical trials suggest that antibiotic treatment only reduces gastric cancer risk in patients with non-atrophic gastritis (NAG), and is ineffective once preneoplastic lesions of multifocal atrophic gastritis (MAG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) have occurred. Therefore, additional strategies for risk stratification and chemoprevention of gastric cancer are needed. We have implicated polyamines, generated by the rate-limiting enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), in gastric carcinogenesis. During H. pylori infection, the enzyme spermine oxidase (SMOX) is induced, which generates hydrogen peroxide from the catabolism of the polyamine spermine. Herein, we assessed the role of SMOX in the increased gastric cancer risk in Colombia associated with the Andean mountain region when compared with the low-risk region on the Pacific coast. When cocultured with gastric epithelial cells, clinical strains of H. pylori from the high-risk region induced more SMOX expression and oxidative DNA damage, and less apoptosis than low-risk strains. These findings were not attributable to differences in the cytotoxin-associated gene A oncoprotein. Gastric tissues from subjects from the high-risk region exhibited greater levels of SMOX and oxidative DNA damage by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, and this occurred in NAG, MAG and IM. In Mongolian gerbils, a prototype colonizing strain from the high-risk region induced more SMOX, DNA damage, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma than a colonizing strain from the low-risk region. Treatment of gerbils with either α-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ODC, or MDL 72527 (N(1),N(4)-Di(buta-2,3-dien-1-yl)butane-1,4-diamine dihydrochloride), an inhibitor of SMOX, reduced gastric dysplasia and carcinoma, as well as apoptosis-resistant cells with DNA damage. These data indicate that aberrant activation of polyamine-driven oxidative stress is a marker of gastric cancer risk and a target for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas G. Verriere
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J. Carolina Sierra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana M. Hardbower
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara G. Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dawn A. Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Toni A. Nagy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R. Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luis E. Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Universidad del Valle School of Medicine, Cali, Colombia
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts lnstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Tsioulias GJ, Go MF, Rigas B. NSAIDs and Colorectal Cancer Control: Promise and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:295-301. [PMID: 26688785 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemoprevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a realistic option given the low acceptance and cost of screening colonoscopy. NSAIDs, currently not recommended for CRC prevention, are the most promising agents. Here, we review relevant work and assess the chemopreventive potential of NSAIDs. The chemopreventive efficacy of NSAIDs is established by epidemiological and interventional studies as well as analyses of cardiovascular-prevention randomized clinical trials. The modest chemopreventive efficacy of NSAIDs is compounded by their significant toxicity that can be cumulative. Efforts to overcome these limitations include the use of drug combinations; the emphasis on the early stages of colon carcinogenesis such as aberrant crypt foci, which may require shorter periods of drug administration; and the development of several families of chemically modified NSAIDs such as derivatives of sulindac, nitro-NSAIDs and phospho-NSAIDs, with some of them appearing to have higher safety and efficacy than conventional NSAIDs and thus to be better candidate agents. The successful development of NSAIDs as chemopreventive agents will likely require a combination of the following: identification of subjects at high risk and/or those most likely to benefit from chemoprevention; optimization of the timing, dose and duration of administration of the chemopreventive agent; novel NSAID derivatives and/or combinations of agents; and agents that may prevent other diseases in addition to CRC. Ultimately, the clinical implementation of NSAIDs for the prevention of CRC will depend on a strategy that drastically shifts the currently unacceptable risk/benefit ratio in favor of chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Tsioulias
- Department of Surgery, Medical Sciences Building G530, Rutgers Medical School of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, Tel: 973-676-1000 x1801
| | - Mae F Go
- Gastroenterology Section, VA Southern Nevada Healthcare System, 6900 N. Pecos Rd, North Las Vegas, NV 89086, Tel: 702-791-9000
| | - Basil Rigas
- Stony Brook University, HSC, L4, Room 169, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8430, Tel: 631-638-2141
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Bespalov VG, Alexandrov VA, Semenov AL, Kovan'Ko EG, Ivanov SD. Anticarcinogenic activity of alpha-difluoromethylornithine, ginseng, eleutherococcus, and leuzea on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in female rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 90:1191-200. [PMID: 24913295 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.932937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To carry out a comparative study of inhibition of radiation carcinogenesis using alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), tinctures of ginseng, eleutherococcus and leuzea in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locally bred female LIO-strain rats were subjected to a single whole body γ-irradiation dose of 4 Gy at 12 weeks of age. Modifying drugs were given with drinking water from the 10th day after irradiation until the end of the experiment (for 16 months). RESULTS Irradiated rats developed tumors 70.0-79.6% (malignant tumors: 43.7-45.0%) with a multiplicity of 1.48-1.75 (malignant: 0.5-0.58), while in unirradiated animals the incidence of all/malignant tumors was 21.9%/7.7% with multiplicity of 0.22/0.08. In exposed rats tumors most often developed in the mammary gland - 57.3%, reproductive and endocrine organs - 27.2%, and other localizations - 29.1%. All drugs, except leuzea, significantly reduced incidence and multiplicity of tumors, overall or at some localizations in irradiated rats. Highest, and practically equal inhibition, was shown by ginseng and DFMO, while eleutherococcus was clearly inferior. Ginseng reduced overall tumor incidence and multiplicity by 1.5 and 2.4 times, malignant tumor incidence and multiplicity - by 2.5 and 2.9 times, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ginseng extract is the most promising radiation carcinogenesis inhibitor tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Bespalov
- N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation , St. Petersburg , Russia
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5
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van Heumen BWH, Roelofs HMJ, Vink-Börger ME, Dekker E, Mathus-Vliegen EMH, Dees J, Koornstra JJ, Langers AMJ, Nagtegaal ID, Kampman E, Peters WHM, Nagengast FM. Ursodeoxycholic acid counteracts celecoxib in reduction of duodenal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis: a multicentre, randomized controlled trial. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:118. [PMID: 23919274 PMCID: PMC3750541 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to prophylactic colectomy, mortality in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) has changed, with duodenal cancer currently being the main cause of death. Although celecoxib reduces duodenal polyp density in patients with FAP, its long-term use may increase the risk of cardiovascular events and alternatives need to be explored. Preclinical studies suggest that the combination of celecoxib with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a potentially effective strategy. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of celecoxib and UDCA co-treatment on duodenal adenomatosis in patients with FAP. Methods Patients with FAP received celecoxib (400 mg twice daily) and UDCA (1000-2000 mg daily, ~20-30 mg/kg/day, n=19) or celecoxib and placebo (n=18) orally for 6 months. Primary outcome was drug efficacy, assessed by comparing duodenal polyp density at pre- and post-intervention by blinded review of endoscopic recordings. As secondary outcomes, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and COX-2 levels in normal duodenal mucosa were assessed by immunohistochemistry or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In intention-to-treat analysis, deceased polyp density was observed after celecoxib/placebo treatment (p=0.029), whereas increased polyp density was observed after celecoxib/UDCA treatment (p=0.014). The difference in change in duodenal polyp density was statistically significant between the groups (p=0.011). No changes in secondary outcomes were observed. Thirty patients (81%) reported one or more adverse events, 16 patients (84%, Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE) grade 1–3) treated with celecoxib/UDCA and 14 patients (78%, CTCAE grade 1–2) treated with celecoxib/placebo. Nine patients (24%) discontinued intervention prematurely, 5 patients (26%) treated with celecoxib/UDCA and 4 patients (22%) treated with celecoxib/placebo. Conclusions Celecoxib reduces duodenal polyp density in patients with FAP, and unexpectedly, high dose UDCA co-treatment counteracts this effect. The benefit of long term use of celecoxib for duodenal cancer prevention needs to be weighed against the (risk of) adverse events. Trial registration http://ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier
NCT00808743
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn W H van Heumen
- Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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6
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DNA methylation in tumour and normal mucosal tissue of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients: new diagnostic approaches and treatment. Med Oncol 2013; 30:654. [PMID: 23824644 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Long-term survival of this patient group has been marginally improved during the last 30 years. This is due to the high recurrence rate of local primary or development of second primary tumours in the patients. We found that normal-appearing surgical margins and distant mucosal tissue of HNSCC patients contained tumour suppressor genes DNA methylation. These cells might be the progenitors of the tumour recurrences. Such molecular abnormalities in the normal-appearing mucosa tissue were not possible to detect in the clinic or by standard histopathologically analysis. To improve clinical outcome, the convenient and cost-effective molecular analysis such as methylation-specific PCR should be added to the pathological diagnosis armamentarium for HNSCC patients. The beneficial effect of antimethylating agents as additional treatment or for cancer chemoprevention, in this high-risk patient group, warrants further investigation.
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7
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Hu Y, McIntosh GH, Le Leu RK, Nyskohus LS, Woodman RJ, Young GP. Combination of selenium and green tea improves the efficacy of chemoprevention in a rat colorectal cancer model by modulating genetic and epigenetic biomarkers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64362. [PMID: 23717604 PMCID: PMC3662759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of selenium and green tea holds promise in cancer prevention. In this study, we evaluated the efficacies of selenium and green tea administered individually and in combination against colorectal cancer in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rat colonic carcinogenesis model and determined the underlying mechanisms of the protection. Four-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with diets containing 0.5% green tea extract, 1 ppm selenium as selenium-enriched milk protein, or combination of 1 ppm selenium and 0.5% green tea extract. Animals received 2 AOM (15 mg/kg) treatments to induce colonic oncogenesis. Rats were killed 8 or 30 wk later after the last AOM to examine the effect of dietary intervention on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation or tumor development. On sacrifice, colons were examined for ACF and tumors, the mRNA levels of SFRP5 and Cyclin D1, and the proteins levels of ß-catenin, COX-2, Ki-67, DNMT1 and acetyl histone H3. The combination of selenium and green tea resulted in a significant additive inhibition of large ACF formation, this effect was greater than either selenium or green tea alone, P<0.01; the combination also had a significant additive inhibition effect on all tumor endpoints, the effect of the combination diet on tumor incidence, multiplicity and size was greater than selenium or green tea alone, P<0.01. Rats fed the combination diet showed marked reduction of DNMT1 expression and induction of histone H3 acetylation, which were accompanied by restoration of SFRP5 mRNA in normal-appearing colonic crypts. The combination diet also significantly reduced ß-catenin nuclear translocation, Cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation. These data show, for the first time, that combination of selenium and green tea is more effective in suppressing colorectal oncogenesis than either agent alone. The preventive effect is associated with regulation of genetic and epigenetic biomarkers implicated in colonic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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8
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Chemoprevention of Cancer: From Nutritional Epidemiology to Clinical Trials. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES IN CANCER PREVENTION AND SCREENING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5586-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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9
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Laukaitis CM, Erdman SH, Gerner EW. Chemoprevention in patients with genetic risk of colorectal cancers. COLORECTAL CANCER 2012; 1:225-240. [PMID: 25221625 PMCID: PMC4162131 DOI: 10.2217/crc.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of genetic syndromes are known to convey a high risk of colorectal cancer. Current standards of medical practice for these patients involve genetic testing followed by screening and surgical procedures. Pharmaceutical therapies for any of these syndromes are limited in number and are generally not approved by any regulatory body for applications in these genetic groups. This review discusses advances in mechanistic understanding of the disease processes leading to the development of promising pharmaceutical therapies. Clinical trials of potential chemotherapeutic agents must focus on the reduction of disease-related events, including cancer and cancer-related mortality, in patients with genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Laukaitis
- The University of Arizona, Department of Medicine & Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Steven H Erdman
- Divison of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital & The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Eugene W Gerner
- The University of Arizona, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine & Arizona Cancer Center, BIO5 Institute Oro Valley, 1580 E. Hanley Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85737, USA
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10
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Barry EL, Mott LA, Sandler RS, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA. Variants downstream of the ornithine decarboxylase gene influence risk of colorectal adenoma and aspirin chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:2072-82. [PMID: 21930798 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased mucosal polyamine levels and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity are associated with an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia and aspirin treatment reduces risk. Previous studies suggest that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of the ODC gene (rs2302615) may be associated with adenoma risk and/or response to aspirin chemoprevention. However, a comprehensive investigation of common genetic variation in the region of ODC gene is lacking. Using a tag SNP approach, we investigated associations between genotype or haplotype and adenoma risk among a cohort of 792 non-Hispanic white participants in a randomized trial of aspirin. Generalized linear regression was used to compute relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) adjusted for age and sex. The false discovery rate was used to account for multiple testing. Interactions terms were used to assess whether genotype modified the effect of aspirin treatment. Of 15 SNPs analyzed, seven were statistically significantly associated with adenoma risk. However, in multiple SNP regression models, only two of these, located downstream of the gene, were independently associated with risk: rs11694911 (RR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.08-1.53; P = 0.005) and rs2430420 (RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40; P = 0.022). In addition, there was evidence that rs2430420 and rs28362380 modified the effect of aspirin treatment, whereas the previously investigated SNP, rs2302615, had no statistically significant main effect or interaction with aspirin treatment. Our findings suggest that common genetic variants located downstream (3') of the ODC gene influence risk of colorectal adenoma and may also impact the efficacy of aspirin chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, 46 Centerra Parkway, Suite 300, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
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11
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Chaturvedi R, de Sablet T, Coburn LA, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Arginine and polyamines in Helicobacter pylori-induced immune dysregulation and gastric carcinogenesis. Amino Acids 2011; 42:627-40. [PMID: 21874531 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
L-arginine (L-Arg) is metabolized by nitric oxide synthase and arginase enzymes. The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. We have shown that alterations in L-Arg availability and metabolism into polyamines contribute significantly to the dysregulation of the host immune response to this infection. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can kill H. pylori. There are multiple mechanisms leading to failure of this process, including competition for L-Arg substrate by H. pylori arginase, and induction of host macrophage arginase II (Arg2) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Generation of spermine by ODC inhibits iNOS translation and NO-mediated H. pylori killing. Expression of ODC is dependent on formation of a unique AP-1 complex, leading to upregulation of c-Myc as a transcriptional enhancer. Macrophage apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of spermine via the enzyme spermine oxidase (SMO) that generates hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and thus oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial membrane polarization. Our studies have demonstrated that apoptosis occurs through a pERK → pc-Fos/c-Jun → c-Myc → ODC → SMO pathway. In gastric epithelial cells, activation of oxidative stress by H. pylori is dependent on SMO induction and results in both apoptosis and DNA damage, such that inhibition or knockdown of SMO markedly attenuates these events. In summary, L-Arg metabolism by the arginase-ODC pathway and the activation of SMO leads to H. pylori-induced DNA damage and immune dysregulation through polyamine-mediated oxidative stress and impairment of antimicrobial NO synthesis. Our studies indicate novel targets for therapeutic intervention in H. pylori-associated diseases, including gastritis, ulcer disease, and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1030C MRBIV, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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12
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Krishnan AV, Srinivas S, Feldman D. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and actions contributes to the beneficial effects of calcitriol in prostate cancer. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 1:7-11. [PMID: 20046582 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.1.7106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our research is aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the anti-proliferative and cancer preventive effects of calcitriol with the goal of developing strategies to improve the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). In PCa cells calcitriol inhibits the synthesis and biological actions of prostaglandins (PGs) by three actions: (i) the inhibition of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the enzyme that synthesizes PGs, (ii) the upregulation of the expression of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the enzyme that inactivates PGs and (iii) decreasing the expression of EP and FP PG receptors that are essential for PG signaling. Since PGs have been shown to promote carcinogenesis and progression of multiple cancers, we hypothesize that the inhibition of the PG pathway contributes to the ability of calcitriol to prevent or inhibit PCa development and growth. We have shown that the combination of calcitriol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) result in a synergistic inhibition of the growth of PCa cell cultures and this combination therapy offers a potential therapeutic strategy. These findings led us to embark on a clinical trial combining the non-selective NSAID naproxen with calcitriol in men with early recurrent PCa. The results indicate that the combination of high dose weekly calcitriol with naproxen slows the rate of rise (doubling time) of PSA in most patients indicating the slowing of disease progression. Further studies are warranted to determine the role of this combination therapy in the management of recurrent PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Krishnan
- Department of Medicine; Divisions of Endocrinology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, California USA
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Fujimoto J, Kong M, Lee JJ, Hong WK, Lotan R. Validation of a novel statistical model for assessing the synergy of combined-agent cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:917-28. [PMID: 20663979 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, developing over prolonged periods through genetic and epigenetic changes induced and exacerbated by tobacco exposure. Many epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation, are reversible. The use of agents that can modulate these aberrations are a potentially effective approach to cancer chemoprevention. Combined epigenetic-targeting agents have gained interest for their potential to increase efficacy and lower toxicity. The present study applied recently developed statistical methods to validate the combined effects of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR, or AZA, or decitabine) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA or vorinostat). This validation compared AZA alone with SAHA alone and with their combinations (at later or earlier time points and in varying doses) for inhibiting the growth of cell lines of an in vitro lung carcinogenesis system. This system comprises isogenic premalignant and malignant cells that are immortalized (earlier premalignant), transformed (later premalignant), and tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells [immortalized BEAS-2B and its derivatives 1799 (immortalized), 1198 (transformed), and 1170-I (tumorigenic)]. AZA alone and SAHA alone produced a limited (<50%) inhibition of cell growth, whereas combined AZA and SAHA inhibited cell growth more than either agent alone, reaching 90% inhibition under some conditions. Results of drug interaction analyses in the E(max) model and semiparametric model supported the conclusion that drug combinations exert synergistic effects (i.e., beyond additivity in the Loewe model). The present results show the applicability of our novel statistical methodology for quantitatively assessing drug synergy across a wide range of doses of agents with complex dose-response profiles, a methodology with great potential for advancing the development of chemopreventive combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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Abstract
This perspective on Tsao et al. (beginning on p. 931 in this issue of the journal) discusses green tea extract, which was shown for the first time to have dose-dependent effects in a clinical chemopreventive setting (oral premalignant lesions). This translational trial provides important data on angiogenesis and other biomarkers on which to base future clinical research, which should include trials of green tea extract or polyphenols combined with other natural or synthetic compounds to enhance chemopreventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Polyamines as mediators of APC-dependent intestinal carcinogenesis and cancer chemoprevention. Essays Biochem 2009; 46:111-24. [PMID: 20095973 DOI: 10.1042/bse0460008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Combination chemoprevention for cancer was proposed a quarter of a century ago, but has not been implemented in standard medical practice owing to limited efficacy and toxicity. Recent trials have targeted inflammation and polyamine biosynthesis, both of which are increased in carcinogenesis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that DFMO (difluoromethylornithine), an irreversible inhibitor of ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) which is the first enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, combined with NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) suppresses colorectal carcinogenesis in murine models. The preclinical rationale for combination chemoprevention with DFMO and the NSAID sulindac, was strengthened by the observation that a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) in the ODC promoter was prognostic for adenoma recurrence in patients with prior sporadic colon polyps and predicted reduced risk of adenoma in those patients taking aspirin. Recent results from a phase III clinical trial showed a dramatic reduction in metachronous adenoma number, size and grade. Combination chemoprevention with DFMO and sulindac was not associated with any serious toxicity. A non-significant trend in subclinical ototoxicity was detected by quantitative audiology in a subset of patients identified by a genetic marker. These preclinical, translational and clinical data provide compelling evidence for the efficacy of combination chemoprevention. DFMO and sulindac is a rational strategy for the prevention of metachronous adenomas, especially in patients with significant risk for colorectal cancer. Toxicities from this combination may be limited to subsets of patients identified by either past medical history or clinical tests.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In spite of improvements in care of colon cancer patients, prevention may enable potential patients to avoid cancer therapy. Although screening is direct and effective, dietary modification or low-risk chemopreventive agents might prevent colon cancer development. In this article, we review recent developments in colon cancer prevention, emphasizing nutrition. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic findings continue to suggest that diet is related to colon cancer risk. These findings, although, are inconsistent enough to render dietary recommendations premature. An exciting recent discovery is that the combination of diflouromethylornithine and sulindac substantially decreases adenomatous polyp recurrence. Reliance upon clinical trials continues to grow as a means of testing prevention strategies. SUMMARY Prevention remains an important goal for reducing the burden of colon cancer. Screening has an important role, although it will probably not eliminate all colon cancer. Nutritional modification remains potentially valuable, although research has not yet identified the objects of nutritional intervention. NSAIDs hold promise as chemopreventive agents.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer chemoprevention, or chemoprophylaxis, is a drug-based approach to prevent colorectal cancer. Preventing colorectal adenomas with currently available agents demonstrates the promise of pharmacologic strategies directed at critical regulatory pathways. However, agent toxicity, lesion breakthrough and competing efficacy from endoscopy procedures challenge population-based implementation. This article reviews the role of colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the context of existing screening and surveillance guidelines and practice. Emphasis is placed on the role of the colorectal adenoma as a cancer precursor and its surrogacy in assessing individual risk and for evaluating chemoprevention efficacy. We discuss the importance of risk stratification for identifying subjects at moderate-to-high risk for colorectal cancer who are most likely to benefit from chemoprevention at an acceptable level of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Thompson
- The University of Arizona, Gastrointestinal Cancer Program, Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Eugene W Gerner
- Cancer Prevention Pharmaceuticals, PO Box 36285, Tucson, AZ 85740, USA and The University of Arizona, Gastrointestinal Cancer Program, Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA, Tel.: +1 520 626 2197, Fax: +1 520 626 4480,
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Abstract
The rich, multidisciplinary history of cancer prevention recounted here begins with surgical and workplace recommendations of the 1700s and ends with 2009 results of the enormous (35,535 men) Selenium and Vitamin E [prostate] Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). This history comprises a fascinating array of chemopreventive, vaccine, surgical, and behavioral science research, both preclinical and clinical. Preclinical milestones of cancer prevention include the 1913 and 1916 mouse studies by Lathrop and Loeb of cancer development associated with pregnancy or cancer prevention through castration (oophorectomy), preventing chemically induced mouse carcinogenesis as early as 1929, energy restriction studies in the 1940s, the 1950s discoveries and later molecular characterizations of field cancerization and multistep carcinogenesis, and the effects of angiogenesis inhibition in genetically engineered mice reported in 2009. The extraordinary panoply of clinical research includes numerous large and smaller chemoprevention studies of nutritional supplements, other dietary approaches, a Bacillus Calmette-Guérin trial in 1976, molecular-targeted agents, and agents to prevent infection-related cancers such as hepatitis B virus vaccine to prevent liver cancer in 1984. Clinical surgical prevention includes removal of intraepithelial neoplasia detected by screening (including Pap testing developed in 1929 and culposcopy for cervical premalignancy and colonoscopy and polypectomy to prevent colorectal cancer begun in the 1960s) and prophylactic surgeries, such as in Lynch syndrome patients begun in 1977. Behavioral studies include smoking cessation and control beginning in the 1950s, obesity control rooted in studies of 1841, and genetic-counseling and cancer-survivorship studies. This history of pioneering events may help in better understanding who we are and what we want to achieve as cancer prevention researchers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Lippman
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Unit 432, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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McCloskey DE, Bale S, Secrist JA, Tiwari A, Moss TH, Valiyaveettil J, Brooks WH, Guida WC, Pegg AE, Ealick SE. New insights into the design of inhibitors of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase: studies of adenine C8 substitution in structural analogues of S-adenosylmethionine. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1388-407. [PMID: 19209891 PMCID: PMC2652407 DOI: 10.1021/jm801126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and depends on a pyruvoyl group for the decarboxylation process. The crystal structures of the enzyme with various inhibitors at the active site have shown that the adenine base of the ligands adopts an unusual syn conformation when bound to the enzyme. To determine whether compounds that favor the syn conformation in solution would be more potent AdoMetDC inhibitors, several series of AdoMet substrate analogues with a variety of substituents at the 8-position of adenine were synthesized and analyzed for their ability to inhibit hAdoMetDC. The biochemical analysis indicated that an 8-methyl substituent resulted in more potent inhibitors, yet most other 8-substitutions provided no benefit over the parent compound. To understand these results, we used computational modeling and X-ray crystallography to study C(8)-substituted adenine analogues bound in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven E. Ealick
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (607) 255-7961. Fax: (607) 255-1227. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Lippman
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
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Concomitant DFMO and sulindac chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: a major clinical advance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:628-9. [PMID: 18725921 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial by Meyskens et al. the combination of difluoromethylornithine and sulindac has been shown to be strikingly effective for prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. This concomitant use of two drugs to suppress the progression of preneoplastic lesions represents the first major clinical success of the application of the principle of 'combination chemoprevention'. Neither drug alone has previously had clinical utility at the low doses used in this trial. The combination of the two agents has provided synergistic efficacy in suppression of carcinogenesis, while minimizing any undesirable adverse effects. This study should be the impetus for further clinical investigation of the use of multiple drugs for chemoprevention of cancer.
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