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Hua WJ, Yeh H, Lin ZH, Tseng AJ, Huang LC, Qiu WL, Tu TH, Wang DH, Hsu WH, Hwang WL, Lin TY. Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory protein as an extracellular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degrader for suppressing EGFR-positive lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2023; 578:216458. [PMID: 37865161 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) abnormalities relevant to tumor progression. A newly developed strategy for cancer therapy is induction of EGFR degradation. GMI, an immunomodulatory protein from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma microsporum, exhibits anticancer activity. However, its role in the intracellular trafficking and degradation of EGFR remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that GMI inhibits the phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine kinases. Specifically, GMI was discovered to suppress lung cancer cells harboring both wild-type and mutant EGFR by inhibiting EGFR dimerization and eliminating EGFR-mediated signaling. Functional studies revealed that GMI binds to the extracellular segment of EGFR. GMI interacts with EGFR to induce phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosine1045, which triggers clathrin-dependent endocytosis and degradation of EGFR. Furthermore, in the mouse models, GMI was discovered to suppress tumor growth. Knockdown of EGFR in lung cancer cells abolishes GMI's anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro. Our results reveal the interaction mechanisms through which GMI induces EGFR degradation and abolishes EGFR-mediated intracellular pathway. Our study indicates that GMI is an EGFR degrader for inhibiting EGFR-expressing tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jyun Hua
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Yeh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hu Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Jung Tseng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Huang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsi Tu
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Han Wang
- College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; LO-Sheng Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yalikong A, Li XQ, Zhou PH, Qi ZP, Li B, Cai SL, Zhong YS. A Triptolide Loaded HER2-Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery System Significantly Suppressed the Proliferation of HER2-Positive and BRAF Mutant Colon Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2323-2335. [PMID: 33776436 PMCID: PMC7989962 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s287732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer (CRC) was a malignant tumor and there were about 25% of patients with tumor metastasis at diagnosis stage. Chemotherapeutic agents for metastatic CRC patients were with great side effects and the clinical treatment results of advanced CRC were still not satisfactory. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in some CRC patients and is an effective target for CRC patient treatment. Anti-HER2 therapy had a beneficial role in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic CRC with fewer side effects. CRC patients with BRAF mutations were resistant to HER2 antibodies treatment. Therefore, there was an urgent need to develop new therapeutic agents. Methods HER2 targeted nanoparticles (TPLNP) drug delivery system loading triptolide (TPL) were prepared and identified. The effects of TPLNP and free TPL on cell viability, targeting and cell cycle progression on HT29 (BRAF mutation) with HER2 overexpression, were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), Fluorescence Activating Cell Sorter (FACS) and immunofluorescence methods, respectively. The anti-tumor efficacies of TPLNP were evaluated in subcutaneous xenograft model of colon cancer and the survival rate, tumor volume, liver and kidney indexes of tumor-bearing mice were measured. Results TPLNP was small in nanosize (73.4±5.2nm) with narrow size distribution (PDI=0.15±0.02) and favorable zeta potential (pH=9.6, zeta potential: −57.3±6.69mV; pH=7.0, zeta potential: −28.7±5.1mV; pH=5.6, zeta potential: −21.1±4.73mV). Comparing with free TPL treatment group, TPLNP developed stranger colon cancer-killing efficiency in a dose- and time-dependent manner detected with CCK8 method; achieved good in vitro colon cancer targeting detected with flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments; enhanced more HT29-HER2 apoptosis and induced more cell cycle arrested in G1-S phase detected with FACS in vitro. As for in vivo antitumor response, TPLNP remarkably inhibited the growth of colon cancer in the colon cancer xenograft model, significantly improved the survival rate and did not exhibit significant liver and kidney toxicity in contrast with free TPL in vivo. Conclusion TPLNP was effectively against colon cancer with HER2 overexpression and BRAF mutation in pre-clinical models. In summary, the TPLNP appeared to be a promising treatment option for CRC in clinical application based on improved efficacy and the favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayimukedisi Yalikong
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Endoscopy Research Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Quan Li
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Henlius Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Endoscopy Research Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Peng Qi
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Endoscopy Research Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Endoscopy Research Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Lun Cai
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Endoscopy Research Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Shi Zhong
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Endoscopy Research Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Torabizadeh SA, Rezaeifar M, Jomehzadeh A, Nabizadeh Haghighi F, Ansari M. Radioprotective Potential of Sulindac Sulfide to Prevent DNA Damage Due to Ionizing Radiation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4127-4134. [PMID: 31827319 PMCID: PMC6902880 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s218022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ionizing radiation exposure of the normal cell causes damage to DNA, which leads to cell dysfunction or even cell death. However, it is necessary to identify new radio protectives in order to protect normal cells. Sulindac sulfide (SS) is a metabolite of sulindac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) known as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are generated in the IR-exposed cells. Also, the induced inflammation process causes damage in DNA. Purpose In this research, the radioprotective effect of SS was investigated against genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by ionizing radiation in the human blood lymphocytes. Methods In this study, the human blood samples were pretreated with SS at different concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100 and 250 μM) and then were exposed to IR at a dose of 1.5 Gy. The micronucleus (MN) assay was used to indicate the radioprotective effects of SS on exposed cells. Total antioxidant activity of the SS was measured by using FRAP and DPPH assay. Also, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the exposed cells were evaluated. Results It was found that SS decreased the percentage of MN induced by IR in exposed cells. Maximum reduction in the frequency of MN was observed at 250 μM of SS (87%) that provides the highest degree of protection against IR. On the other hand, pretreatment at 250 μM of SS inhibited IR-induced oxidative stress, which led to a decrease in the MN frequencies and MDA levels, while SOD activity showed an increase in the exposed cells. Conclusion It could be concluded that SS as a good radioprotective agent protects the human normal cells against the oxidative stress and genetic damage induced by IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Atekeh Torabizadeh
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaeifar
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Jomehzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Physics Department, Radiotherapy & Oncology Unit, Shafa Kerman Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Nabizadeh Haghighi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ansari
- Drug and Food Control Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Kim B, Kim YC, Park B. Pomolic acid inhibits metastasis of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells through inactivation of the ERK pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:744-52. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li X, Pathi SS, Safe S. Sulindac sulfide inhibits colon cancer cell growth and downregulates specificity protein transcription factors. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:974. [PMID: 26673922 PMCID: PMC4682223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors play pivotal roles in maintaining the phenotypes of many cancers. We hypothesized that the antineoplastic effects of sulindac and its metabolites were due, in part, to targeting downregulation of Sp transcription factors. Methods The functional effects of sulindac, sulindac sulfone and sulindac sulfide on colon cancer cell proliferation were determined by cell counting. Effects of these compounds on expression of Sp1, Sp3, Sp4 and pro-oncogenic Sp-regulated genes were determined by western blot analysis of whole cell lysates and in transient transfection assays using GC-rich constructs. Results Sulindac and its metabolites inhibited RKO and SW480 colon cancer cell growth and the order of growth inhibitory potency was sulindac sulfide > > sulindac sulfone > sulindac. Treatment of SW480 and RKO cells with sulindac sulfide downregulated expression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 proteins. Sulindac sulfide also decreased expression of several Sp-regulated genes that are critical for cancer cell survival, proliferation and angiogenesis and these include survivin, bcl-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclin D1, p65 subunit of NFκB and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Sulindac sulfide also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the level of microRNA-27a in colon cancer cells, which resulted in the upregulation of the Sp-repressor ZBTB10 and this resulted in downregulation of Sp proteins. Conclusions The results suggest that the cancer chemotherapeutic effects of sulindac in colon cancer cells are due, in part, to its metabolite sulindac sulfide which downregulates Sp transcription factors and Sp-regulated pro-oncogenic gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA
| | - Satya S Pathi
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
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Claudius AK, Kankipati CS, Kilari RS, Hassan S, Guest K, Russell ST, Perry CJ, Stark LA, Nicholl ID. Identification of aspirin analogues that repress NF-κB signalling and demonstrate anti-proliferative activity towards colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1670-80. [PMID: 25109257 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that aspirin and related non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have potential as chemopreventative/therapeutic agents. However, these agents cannot be universally recommended for prevention purposes due to their potential side-effect profiles. Here, we compared the growth inhibitory and mechanistic activity of aspirin to two novel analogues, diaspirin (DiA) and fumaryl diaspirin (F-DiA). We found that the aspirin analogues inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells at significantly lower doses than aspirin. Similar to aspirin, we found that an early response to the analogues was a reduction in levels of cyclin D1 and stimulation of the NF-κB pathway. This stimulation was associated with a significant reduction in basal levels of NF-κB transcriptional activity, in keeping with previous data for aspirin. However, in contrast to aspirin, DiA and F-DiA activity was not associated with nucleolar accumulation of RelA. For all assays, F-DiA had a more rapid and significant effect than DiA, identifying this agent as particularly active against colorectal cancer. Using a syngeneic colorectal tumour model in mice, we found that, while both agents significantly inhibited tumour growth in vivo, this effect was particularly pronounced for F-DiA. These data identify two compounds that are active against colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. They also identify a potential mechanism of action of these agents and shed light on the chemical structures that may be important for the antitumour effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Claudius
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Chandra S Kankipati
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Rajagopal S Kilari
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Sadiya Hassan
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Kerry Guest
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Steven T Russell
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Chris J Perry
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Lesley A Stark
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Iain D Nicholl
- The Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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Goodman JR, Grossman D. Aspirin and other NSAIDs as chemoprevention agents in melanoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:557-64. [PMID: 24694780 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence is increasing and, despite recent therapeutic advances, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains poor. Thus, early detection and chemoprevention are promising strategies for improving patient outcomes. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have demonstrated chemoprotective activity in several other cancers, and have been proposed as chemopreventive agents for melanoma. Throughout the last decade, however, a number of case-control, prospective, and interventional studies of NSAIDs and melanoma risk have yielded conflicting results. These inconsistent findings have led to uncertainty about the clinical utility of NSAIDs for melanoma chemoprevention. This mini-review highlights current knowledge of NSAID mechanisms of action and rationale for use in melanoma, provides a comparative review of outcomes and limitations of prior studies, and discusses the future challenges in demonstrating that these drugs are effective agents for mitigating melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Goodman
- Authors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Authors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UtahAuthors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UtahAuthors' Affiliations: Huntsman Cancer Institute; Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Na YS, Yang SJ, Kim SM, Jung KA, Moon JH, Shin JS, Yoon DH, Hong YS, Ryu MH, Lee JL, Lee JS, Kim TW. YM155 induces EGFR suppression in pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38625. [PMID: 22723871 PMCID: PMC3377633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
YM155, which inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein survivin, is known to exert anti-tumor effects in various cancers, including prostate and lung cancer. However, there are few reports describing the inhibitory effect of YM155 on human pancreatic cancers that highly express survivin. Here, we tested the effects of YM155 on a variety of cancer cell lines, including pancreatic cancer cells. We found that YM155 exerts an anti-proliferative effect in pancreatic cancer cells, inducing cell death through suppression of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis) as well as survivin without affecting the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL or Mcl-1. YM155 also inhibited tumor growth in vivo, reducing the size of pancreatic cancer cell line MIAPaCa-2 xenografts by 77.1% on day 31. Western blot analyses further showed that YM155 downregulated phosphoinoside 3-kinase (PI3K) expression and reduced the levels of phosphorylated (activated) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in PANC-1 cells. Interestingly, we also found that YM155 downregulated the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in various cancer cell lines and induced the EGFR phosphorylation and ubiquitination of EGFR in PANC-1 cells. YM155 also modestly promoted the ubiquitination of survivin and XIAP. Therefore, YM155 acts through modulation of EGFR and survivin expression to subsequently reduce survival. We suggest that YM155 has potential as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soon Na
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Kim
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Jung
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jai-Hee Moon
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sik Shin
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Ryu
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Lyun Lee
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Shin Lee
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Institute for Innovate Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Brunell D, Sagher D, Kesaraju S, Brot N, Weissbach H. Studies on the metabolism and biological activity of the epimers of sulindac. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1014-21. [PMID: 21383205 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulindac is a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has also been studied for its anticancer activity. Recent studies suggest that sulindac and its metabolites act by sensitizing cancer cells to oxidizing agents and drugs that affect mitochondrial function, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species and death by apoptosis. In contrast, normal cells are not killed under these conditions and, in some instances, are protected against oxidative stress. Sulindac has a methyl sulfoxide moiety with a chiral center and was used in all of the previous studies as a mixture of the R- and S-epimers. Because epimers of a compound can have very different chemical and biological properties, we have separated the R- and S-epimers of sulindac, studied their individual metabolism, and performed preliminary experiments on their effect on normal and lung cancer cells exposed to oxidative stress. Previous results had indicated that the reduction of (S)-sulindac to sulindac sulfide, the active NSAID, was catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) A. In the present study, we purified an enzyme that reduces (R)-sulindac and resembles MsrB in its substrate specificity. The oxidation of both epimers to sulindac sulfone is catalyzed primarily by the microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) system, and the individual enzymes responsible have been identified. (S)-Sulindac increases the activity of the P450 system better than (R)-sulindac, but both epimers increase primarily the enzymes that oxidize (R)-sulindac. Both epimers can protect normal lung cells against oxidative damage and enhance the killing of lung cancer cells exposed to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brunell
- Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, John D. MacArthur Campus, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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