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Miyano M, LaBarge MA. ELF5: A Molecular Clock for Breast Aging and Cancer Susceptibility. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:431. [PMID: 38275872 PMCID: PMC10813895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is predominantly an age-related disease, with aging serving as the most significant risk factor, compounded by germline mutations in high-risk genes like BRCA1/2. Aging induces architectural changes in breast tissue, particularly affecting luminal epithelial cells by diminishing lineage-specific molecular profiles and adopting myoepithelial-like characteristics. ELF5 is an important transcription factor for both normal breast and breast cancer development. This review focuses on the role of ELF5 in normal breast development, its altered expression throughout aging, and its implications in cancer. It discusses the lineage-specific expression of ELF5, its regulatory mechanisms, and its potential as a biomarker for breast-specific biological age and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mark A. LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers Research, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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2
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Jokela TA, Dane MA, Smith RL, Devlin KL, Shalabi S, Lopez JC, Miyano M, Stampfer MR, Korkola JE, Gray JW, Heiser LM, LaBarge MA. Functional delineation of the luminal epithelial microenvironment in breast using cell-based screening in combinatorial microenvironments. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110958. [PMID: 37935340 PMCID: PMC10696611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment signals are potent determinants of cell fate and arbiters of tissue homeostasis, however understanding how different microenvironment factors coordinately regulate cellular phenotype has been experimentally challenging. Here we used a high-throughput microenvironment microarray comprised of 2640 unique pairwise signals to identify factors that support proliferation and maintenance of primary human mammary luminal epithelial cells. Multiple microenvironment factors that modulated luminal cell number were identified, including: HGF, NRG1, BMP2, CXCL1, TGFB1, FGF2, PDGFB, RANKL, WNT3A, SPP1, HA, VTN, and OMD. All of these factors were previously shown to modulate luminal cell numbers in painstaking mouse genetics experiments, or were shown to have a role in breast cancer, demonstrating the relevance and power of our high-dimensional approach to dissect key microenvironmental signals. RNA-sequencing of primary epithelial and stromal cell lineages identified the cell types that express these signals and the cognate receptors in vivo. Cell-based functional studies confirmed which effects from microenvironment factors were reproducible and robust to individual variation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was the factor most robust to individual variation and drove expansion of luminal cells via cKit+ progenitor cells, which expressed abundant MET receptor. Luminal cells from women who are genetically high risk for breast cancer had significantly more MET receptor and may explain the characteristic expansion of the luminal lineage in those women. In ensemble, our approach provides proof of principle that microenvironment signals that control specific cellular states can be dissected with high-dimensional cell-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina A Jokela
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mark A Dane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kaylyn L Devlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sundus Shalabi
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Arab American University of Palestine, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Jennifer C Lopez
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James E Korkola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laura M Heiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers Research (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Li T, Xu L, Wei Z, Zhang S, Liu X, Yang Y, Gu Y, Zhang J. ELF5 drives angiogenesis suppression though stabilizing WDTC1 in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:184. [PMID: 37980532 PMCID: PMC10656961 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Angiogenesis is a main contributing factor for tumorigenesis. E74-like transcription factor 5 (ELF5) has been verified to participate in the progression of different cancers and can regulate angiogenesis. This study was aimed to explore the functions of ELF5 in RCC. METHODS Bioinformatics tools were used to predict the expression of ELF5 in RCC. RT-qPCR was applied for testing ELF5 expression in RCC cells. Cell behaviors were evaluated by colony formation, CCK-8, and transwell assays. The tube formation assay was used for determining angiogenesis. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was utilized for measuring the methylation level of ELF5 in RCC cells. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were applied for assessing the binding of ELF5 and ubiquitin-specific protease 3 (USP3). Co-IP and GST pull-down were utilized for detecting the interaction of WD40 and tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (WDTC1) and USP3. Ubiquitination level of WDTC1 was determined by ubiquitination assay. RESULTS ELF5 was lowly expressed in RCC cells and tissues. High expression of ELF5 expression notably suppressed RCC cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities, and inhibited angiogenesis. The tumor growth in mice was inhibited by ELF5 overexpression. ELF5 was highly methylated in RCC samples, and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) can promote hypermethylation level of ELF5 in RCC cells. ELF5 was further proved to transcriptionally activate USP3 in RCC. Moreover, USP3 inhibited WDTC1 ubiquitination. ELF5 can promote USP3-mediated WDTC1 stabilization. Additionally, WDTC1 silencing reversed the functions of ELF5 overexpression on RCC progression. CONCLUSION Downregulation of ELF5 due to DNA hypermethylation inhibits RCC development though the USP3/WDTC1axis in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushuai Li
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 99 Southern Sanhuan Road, Suzhou, 215500, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214013, China
| | - Longjiang Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214013, China
| | - Shaomei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 99 Southern Sanhuan Road, Suzhou, 215500, China
| | - Yanzi Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 99 Southern Sanhuan Road, Suzhou, 215500, China.
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Angarola BL, Sharma S, Katiyar N, Gu Kang H, Nehar-Belaid D, Park S, Gott R, Eryilmaz GN, LaBarge MA, Palucka K, Chuang JH, Korstanje R, Ucar D, Anczukow O. Comprehensive single cell aging atlas of mammary tissues reveals shared epigenomic and transcriptomic signatures of aging and cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563147. [PMID: 37961129 PMCID: PMC10634680 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for breast cancer; however, how age-related cellular and molecular events impact cancer initiation is unknown. We investigate how aging rewires transcriptomic and epigenomic programs of mouse mammary glands at single cell resolution, yielding a comprehensive resource for aging and cancer biology. Aged epithelial cells exhibit epigenetic and transcriptional changes in metabolic, pro-inflammatory, or cancer-associated genes. Aged stromal cells downregulate fibroblast marker genes and upregulate markers of senescence and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Among immune cells, distinct T cell subsets (Gzmk+, memory CD4+, γδ) and M2-like macrophages expand with age. Spatial transcriptomics reveal co-localization of aged immune and epithelial cells in situ. Lastly, transcriptional signatures of aging mammary cells are found in human breast tumors, suggesting mechanistic links between aging and cancer. Together, these data uncover that epithelial, immune, and stromal cells shift in proportions and cell identity, potentially impacting cell plasticity, aged microenvironment, and neoplasia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neerja Katiyar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Hyeon Gu Kang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - SungHee Park
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Giray N Eryilmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Chuang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Duygu Ucar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Olga Anczukow
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Lu J, Zhang Q, Mo L, Chen W, Mao L. Comprehensive analysis of E47‑like factors and verification of ELF4 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:395. [PMID: 37600328 PMCID: PMC10433703 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prominent subtype of renal cancer and E47-like factors (ELFs) are important in tumorigenesis; however, the specific role of key ELFs in ccRCC remains unclear. The present study comprehensively analyzed RNA sequencing and clinical data from multiple databases, and identified differentially expressed ELFs (ELF3-5) in ccRCC. The DNA promoter methylation, genetic variation and clinical significance of ELF3-5 in ccRCC were analyzed using the cBioPortal and UALCAN databases. The association between ELF3-5 and multiple immune cell infiltration was analyzed using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource. Subsequently, ELF4 was selected and its association with biological functions was assessed. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, Transwell, macrophage chemotaxis and polarization assays were conducted to validate the functions of ELF4. Notably, the mRNA expression levels of ELF4 were significantly upregulated in ccRCC, whereas ELF3 and ELF5 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated. Clinical significance analysis revealed that ELF4 showed a high clinical significance with tumor grade, clear cell type A and B subtypes, and incidence rates of amplification in genetic variation. Further analyses indicated that ELF4 may be involved in multiple immune cell differentiation. Additionally, cell experiments revealed that ELF4 inhibition downregulated 769-P and 786-O proliferation, migration and invasion. Knockdown of ELF4 in cancer cells also inhibited M2 macrophage polarization and chemotaxis towards 769-P and 786-O cells. Conclusively, the present findings indicated the clinical significance of ELF4 in ccRCC, and verified its key role in driving cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoting M2 macrophage polarization and chemotaxis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
- Department of Urology, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Licai Mo
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Chen
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
- Department of Urology, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Linghong Mao
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
- Department of Urology, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center, Taizhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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6
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Senapati P, Miyano M, Sayaman RW, Basam M, Leung A, LaBarge MA, Schones DE. Loss of epigenetic suppression of retrotransposons with oncogenic potential in aging mammary luminal epithelial cells. Genome Res 2023; 33:1229-1241. [PMID: 37463750 PMCID: PMC10547379 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277511.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A primary function of DNA methylation in mammalian genomes is to repress transposable elements (TEs). The widespread methylation loss that is commonly observed in cancer cells results in the loss of epigenetic repression of TEs. The aging process is similarly characterized by changes to the methylome. However, the impact of these epigenomic alterations on TE silencing and the functional consequences of this have remained unclear. To assess the epigenetic regulation of TEs in aging, we profiled DNA methylation in human mammary luminal epithelial cells (LEps)-a key cell lineage implicated in age-related breast cancers-from younger and older women. We report here that several TE subfamilies function as regulatory elements in normal LEps, and a subset of these display consistent methylation changes with age. Methylation changes at these TEs occurred at lineage-specific transcription factor binding sites, consistent with loss of lineage specificity. Whereas TEs mainly showed methylation loss, CpG islands (CGIs) that are targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) show a gain of methylation in aging cells. Many TEs with methylation loss in aging LEps have evidence of regulatory activity in breast cancer samples. We furthermore show that methylation changes at TEs impact the regulation of genes associated with luminal breast cancers. These results indicate that aging leads to DNA methylation changes at TEs that undermine the maintenance of lineage specificity, potentially increasing susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Senapati
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Rosalyn W Sayaman
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, USA
| | - Mudaser Basam
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Amy Leung
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
- Center for Cancer Biomarker Research, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA;
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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7
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer susceptibility. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1025-1043. [PMID: 35786748 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a plethora of recognized risk factors for breast cancer (BC) with poorly understood or speculative biological mechanisms. The lack of prevention options highlights the importance of understanding the mechanistic basis of cancer susceptibility and finding new targets for breast cancer prevention. Until now, we have understood risk and cancer susceptibility primarily through the application of epidemiology and assessing outcomes in large human cohorts. Relative risks are assigned to various human behaviors and conditions, but in general the associations are weak and there is little understanding of mechanism. Aging is by far the greatest risk factor for BC, and there are specific forms of inherited genetic risk that are well-understood to cause BC. We propose that bringing focus to the biology underlying these forms of risk will illuminate biological mechanisms of BC susceptibility.
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Chen L, Ganz PA, Sehl ME. DNA Methylation, Aging, and Cancer Risk: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 2:847629. [PMID: 36304336 PMCID: PMC9580889 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.847629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of somatic mutations and genomic instability are hallmarks of both aging and cancer. Epigenetic alterations occur across cell types and tissues with advancing age. DNA methylation-based estimates of biologic age can predict important age-related outcomes, including risk of frailty and mortality, and most recently have been shown to be associated with risk of developing cancer. In this mini-review, we examine pathways known to exhibit altered methylation in aging tissues, pre-malignant lesions, and tumors and review methodologies of epigenetic clocks that reliably predict cancer risk, including those derived from methylation studies of peripheral blood, as well as those methylation levels from within the tissues at high risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Chen
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Patricia A. Ganz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary E. Sehl
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mary E. Sehl,
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Hinz S, Manousopoulou A, Miyano M, Sayaman RW, Aguilera KY, Todhunter ME, Lopez JC, Sohn LL, Wang LD, LaBarge MA. Deep proteome profiling of human mammary epithelia at lineage and age resolution. iScience 2021; 24:103026. [PMID: 34522866 PMCID: PMC8426267 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor in most carcinomas, yet little is known about how proteomes change with age in any human epithelium. We present comprehensive proteomes comprised of >9,000 total proteins and >15,000 phosphopeptides from normal primary human mammary epithelia at lineage resolution from ten women ranging in age from 19 to 68 years. Data were quality controlled and results were biologically validated with cell-based assays. Age-dependent protein signatures were identified using differential expression analyses and weighted protein co-expression network analyses. Upregulation of basal markers in luminal cells, including KRT14 and AXL, were a prominent consequence of aging. PEAK1 was identified as an age-dependent signaling kinase in luminal cells, which revealed a potential age-dependent vulnerability for targeted ablation. Correlation analyses between transcriptome and proteome revealed age-associated loss of proteostasis regulation. Age-dependent proteome changes in the breast epithelium identified heretofore unknown potential therapeutic targets for reducing breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hinz
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, USA
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Departments of Pediatrics and ImmunoOncology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, USA
| | - Rosalyn W. Sayaman
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kristina Y. Aguilera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jennifer C. Lopez
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, USA
| | - Lydia L. Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley 94720-1740, USA
| | - Leo D. Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and ImmunoOncology, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mark A. LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, USA
- Center for Cancer and Aging Research, Duarte, USA
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