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Daei Sorkhabi A, Mohamed Khosroshahi L, Sarkesh A, Mardi A, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L, Baradaran B. The current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors: Mechanisms, research progress, challenges, and counterstrategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113882. [PMID: 37020537 PMCID: PMC10067596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful outcomes of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in treating hematologic cancers have increased the previously unprecedented excitement to use this innovative approach in treating various forms of human cancers. Although researchers have put a lot of work into maximizing the effectiveness of these cells in the context of solid tumors, few studies have discussed challenges and potential strategies to overcome them. Restricted trafficking and infiltration into the tumor site, hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), antigen escape and heterogeneity, CAR T-cell exhaustion, and severe life-threatening toxicities are a few of the major obstacles facing CAR T-cells. CAR designs will need to go beyond the traditional architectures in order to get over these limitations and broaden their applicability to a larger range of malignancies. To enhance the safety, effectiveness, and applicability of this treatment modality, researchers are addressing the present challenges with a wide variety of engineering strategies as well as integrating several therapeutic tactics. In this study, we reviewed the antigens that CAR T-cells have been clinically trained to recognize, as well as counterstrategies to overcome the limitations of CAR T-cell therapy, such as recent advances in CAR T-cell engineering and the use of several therapies in combination to optimize their clinical efficacy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Leili Aghebati-Maleki, ; Behzad Baradaran,
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Leili Aghebati-Maleki, ; Behzad Baradaran,
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2
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Li J, Peng L, Chen Q, Ye Z, Zhao T, Hou S, Gu J, Hang Q. Integrin β1 in Pancreatic Cancer: Expressions, Functions, and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143377. [PMID: 35884437 PMCID: PMC9318555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving the survival rate of PC patients. Emerging studies show that integrins might contribute to the pathogenesis of PC. This review presents the various signaling pathways that are mediated by integrins in PC and emphasizes the multiple functions of integrin β1 in malignant behaviors of PC. It also discusses the clinical significance of integrin β1 as well as integrin β1-based therapy in PC patients. Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by rapid progression and a high mortality rate. The current treatment is still based on surgical treatment, supplemented by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and new methods of combining immune and molecular biological treatments are being explored. Despite this, the survival rate of PC patients is still very disappointing. Therefore, clarifying the molecular mechanism of PC pathogenesis and developing precisely targeted drugs are key to improving PC prognosis. As the most common β subunit of the integrin family, integrin β1 has been proved to be closely related to the vascular invasion, distant metastasis, and survival of PC patients, and treatment targeting integrin β1 in PC has gained initial success in animal models. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways by which integrins are involved in PC, focusing on the roles of integrin β1 in the malignant behaviors of PC. Additionally, recent studies regarding the feasibility of integrin β1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in PC are also discussed. Finally, we present the progress of several integrin β1-based clinical trials to highlight the potential of integrin β1 as a target for personalized therapy in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Liyao Peng
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Qun Chen
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Ziping Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Sicong Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 81-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Q.H.); Tel.: +86-13-8145-8885 (Q.H.)
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 81-8558, Japan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Q.H.); Tel.: +86-13-8145-8885 (Q.H.)
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3
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Rapraeger AC. Syndecans and Their Synstatins: Targeting an Organizer of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling at the Cell-Matrix Interface. Front Oncol 2021; 11:775349. [PMID: 34778093 PMCID: PMC8578902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.775349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrin matrix receptors have well-established roles in tumor cell proliferation, invasion and survival, often functioning in a coordinated fashion at sites of cell-matrix adhesion. Central to this coordination are syndecans, another class of matrix receptor, that organize RTKs and integrins into functional units, relying on docking motifs in the syndecan extracellular domains to capture and localize RTKs (e.g., EGFR, IGF-1R, VEGFR2, HER2) and integrins (e.g., αvβ3, αvβ5, α4β1, α3β1, α6β4) to sites of adhesion. Peptide mimetics of the docking motifs in the syndecans, called “synstatins”, prevent assembly of these receptor complexes, block their signaling activities and are highly effective against tumor cell invasion and survival and angiogenesis. This review describes our current understanding of these four syndecan-coupled mechanisms and their inhibitory synstatins (SSTNIGF1R, SSTNVEGFR2, SSTNVLA-4, SSTNEGFR and SSTNHER2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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4
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Wu A, Zhang S, Liu J, Huang Y, Deng W, Shu G, Yin G. Integrated Analysis of Prognostic and Immune Associated Integrin Family in Ovarian Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:705. [PMID: 32765584 PMCID: PMC7379341 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human integrin receptors are important for cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in normal epithelial cells. Emerging evidences have indicated integrin members are involved in cancer development and progression as well. However, the expression patterns and clinical significance of the whole integrin family in ovarian cancer (OC) have not yet been well understood. In the present study, we utilized the public datasets including GEPIA, GEO, ONCOMINE, cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, TIMER databases, to analyze the expression and prognostic value of integrin members in OC. We found ITGA3/B4/B6/B7/B8 were abnormally overexpressed in OC; ITGA6 was good prognosis predictor in OC; ITGA3/ B4/B8 were poor prognosis predictor specially in advanced OC patients; elevated ITGA3/B4 might promote metastasis and elevated ITGA3/B8 might promote platinum resistance of OC; ITGA3 and ITGB4 might synergistically or independently regulate cell adhesion and proliferation; ITGA4/AL/AM/AX/B2/B7 showed strong correlations with various tumor immune infiltrates (TILs), especially with pro-tumor immunes cell types like monocyte, M2 macrophage and exhaustion T cells infiltration; ITGAL/AM/B2/B7 and residing memory CD8+ T cells marker ITGAE were specially associated with early OC patients outcome. Our results implied that ITGA3/B4 were important prognostic markers of advanced OC, ITGAL/AM/ B2/B7 were immune associated prognosis markers of early OC, together they might render important therapeutic targets for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenyu Deng
- Departmemt of Nursing, School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Shu
- Deparment of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Deparment of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Samaržija I, Dekanić A, Humphries JD, Paradžik M, Stojanović N, Humphries MJ, Ambriović-Ristov A. Integrin Crosstalk Contributes to the Complexity of Signalling and Unpredictable Cancer Cell Fates. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1910. [PMID: 32679769 PMCID: PMC7409212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors composed of α and β subunits that control adhesion, proliferation and gene expression. The integrin heterodimer binding to ligand reorganises the cytoskeletal networks and triggers multiple signalling pathways that can cause changes in cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, survival and motility. In addition, integrins have been identified as targets for many different diseases, including cancer. Integrin crosstalk is a mechanism by which a change in the expression of a certain integrin subunit or the activation of an integrin heterodimer may interfere with the expression and/or activation of other integrin subunit(s) in the very same cell. Here, we review the evidence for integrin crosstalk in a range of cellular systems, with a particular emphasis on cancer. We describe the molecular mechanisms of integrin crosstalk, the effects of cell fate determination, and the contribution of crosstalk to therapeutic outcomes. Our intention is to raise awareness of integrin crosstalk events such that the contribution of the phenomenon can be taken into account when researching the biological or pathophysiological roles of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (M.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Ana Dekanić
- Laboratory for Protein Dynamics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Jonathan D. Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (J.D.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mladen Paradžik
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (M.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolina Stojanović
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (M.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Martin J. Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (J.D.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (M.P.); (N.S.)
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6
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Zhang J, Endres S, Kobold S. Enhancing tumor T cell infiltration to enable cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:201-213. [PMID: 30730277 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for cancer patients, especially for those with metastatic spread. While the immunotherapeutic armamentarium is constantly growing, as exemplified by approved compounds, clinical outcome remains variable both within and across entities. A sufficient infiltration into the tumor microenvironment and successful activation of effector T lymphocytes against tumor cells have been identified as predictors for responses to T cell-based immunotherapies. However, tumor cells have developed a variety of mechanisms to reduce T cell homing and access to the tumor tissue to prevent activity of anticancer immunity. As a consequence, investigations have interrogated strategies to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies by enhancing T cell infiltration into tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize mechanisms of how tumor tissue shapes immune suppressive microenvironment to prevent T cell access to the tumor site. We focus on current strategies to improve cancer immunotherapies through enhancing T cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center of Lung Research
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center of Lung Research
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center of Lung Research
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7
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Abreu TR, Fonseca NA, Gonçalves N, Moreira JN. Current challenges and emerging opportunities of CAR-T cell therapies. J Control Release 2019; 319:246-261. [PMID: 31899268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-genetically modified T cells (CAR-T cells) have led to remarkable clinical responses and cancer remission in patients suffering from relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. This is a new form of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT), whereby the artificial CAR enables the redirection of T cells endogenous antitumor activity towards a predefined tumor-associated antigen, leading to the elimination of a specific tumor. The early success in blood cancers has prompted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve the first CAR-T cell therapies for the treatment of CD19-positive leukemias and lymphomas in 2017. Despite the emergence of CAR-T cells as one of the latest breakthroughs of cancer immunotherapies, their wider application has been hampered by specific life-threatening toxicities, and a substantial lack of efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors, owing to the strong immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the paucity of reliable tumor-specific targets. Herein, besides providing an overview of the emerging CAR-technologies and current clinical applications, the major hurdles of CAR-T cell therapies will be discussed, namely treatment-related life-threatening toxicities and the obstacles posed by the immunosupressive tumor-microenvironment of solid tumors, as well as the next-generation strategies currently designed to simultaneously improve safety and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Abreu
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; TREAT U, SA, Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, 3045-508 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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8
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Jung O, Beauvais DM, Adams KM, Rapraeger AC. VLA-4 phosphorylation during tumor and immune cell migration relies on its coupling to VEGFR2 and CXCR4 by syndecan-1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.232645. [PMID: 31562188 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When targeted by the tumor-promoting enzyme heparanase, cleaved and shed syndecan-1 (Sdc1) then couples VEGFR2 (also known as KDR) to VLA-4, activating VEGFR2 and the directed migration of myeloma cells. But how VEGFR2 activates VLA-4-mediated motility has remained unknown. We now report that VEGFR2 causes PKA-mediated phosphorylation of VLA-4 on S988, an event known to stimulate tumor metastasis while suppressing cytotoxic immune cells. A key partner in this mechanism is the chemokine receptor CXCR4, a well-known mediator of cell motility in response to gradients of the chemokine SDF-1 (also known as CXCL12). The entire machinery necessary to phosphorylate VLA-4, consisting of CXCR4, AC7 (also known as ADCY7) and PKA, is constitutively associated with VEGFR2 and is localized to the integrin by Sdc1. VEGFR2 carries out the novel phosphorylation of Y135 within the DRY microswitch of CXCR4, sequentially activating Gαiβγ, AC7 and PKA, which phosphorylates S988 on the integrin. This mechanism is blocked by a syndecan-mimetic peptide (SSTNVEGFR2), which, by preventing VEGFR2 linkage to VLA-4, arrests tumor cell migration that depends on VLA-4 phosphorylation and stimulates the LFA-1-mediated migration of cytotoxic leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisun Jung
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - DeannaLee M Beauvais
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kristin M Adams
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alan C Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA .,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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9
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Paving New Roads for CARs. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:583-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Harjunpää H, Llort Asens M, Guenther C, Fagerholm SC. Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Roles and Regulation in the Immune and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31231358 PMCID: PMC6558418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system and cancer have a complex relationship with the immune system playing a dual role in tumor development. The effector cells of the immune system can recognize and kill malignant cells while immune system-mediated inflammation can also promote tumor growth and regulatory cells suppress the anti-tumor responses. In the center of all anti-tumor responses is the ability of the immune cells to migrate to the tumor site and to interact with each other and with the malignant cells. Cell adhesion molecules including receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily and integrins are of crucial importance in mediating these processes. Particularly integrins play a vital role in regulating all aspects of immune cell function including immune cell trafficking into tissues, effector cell activation and proliferation and the formation of the immunological synapse between immune cells or between immune cell and the target cell both during homeostasis and during inflammation and cancer. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating integrin function and the role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in immune responses and in the tumor microenvironment. We also describe how malignant cells can utilize cell adhesion molecules to promote tumor growth and metastases and how these molecules could be targeted in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Harjunpää
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Llort Asens
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carla Guenther
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Yu J, Zhang C, Yu Q, Yu H, Zhang B. ADAR1 p110 Enhances Adhesion of Tumor Cells to Extracellular Matrix in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Up-Regulating ITGA2 Expression. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1469-1479. [PMID: 30798327 PMCID: PMC6398282 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic and distant metastases could be the major cause of treatment failure in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The deep mechanism of HCC metastasis is closely related to the interaction between integrins and extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumor microenvironment. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro cell adhesion assay was performed to determine the capability of adhering to ECM elements of HCC cells. To modulate the expression status of ADAR1 p110 in tumor cells, lentivirus system was applied. Meanwhile, patients' HCC samples and orthotopic xenograft mouse model were used for verifying our in vitro data. RESULTS ADAR1 p110 could strongly enhance the adhesion of HCC tumor cells to ECM, which was usually regarded as the initiation of tumor invasion. Such phenotype was caused due to up-regulation of ITGA2 both in mRNA and protein level. Moreover, specimen collected from HCC patients revealed a positive correlation between ADAR1 and ITGA2. Finally, ADAR1 p110 promoted HCC metastasis was verified when we applied orthotopic xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS ADAR1 could enhance HCC metastasis by promoting tumor cells adhering to ECM via increasing ITGA2 expression. This phenomenon could provide novel information to better understanding the mechanism of HCC metastasis procedure.
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12
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Teaching an old dog new tricks: next-generation CAR T cells. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:26-37. [PMID: 30413825 PMCID: PMC6325111 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) refers to the therapeutic use of T cells. T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) constitute the most clinically advanced form of ACT approved to date for the treatment of CD19-positive leukaemias and lymphomas. CARs are synthetic receptors that are able to confer antigen-binding and activating functions on T cells with the aim of therapeutically targeting cancer cells. Several factors are essential for CAR T cell therapy to be effective, such as recruitment, activation, expansion and persistence of bioengineered T cells at the tumour site. Despite the advances made in CAR T cell therapy, however, most tumour entities still escape immune detection and elimination. A number of strategies counteracting these problems will need to be addressed in order to render T cell therapy effective in more situations than currently possible. Non-haematological tumours are also the subject of active investigation, but ACT has so far shown only marginal success rates in these cases. New approaches are needed to enhance the ability of ACT to target solid tumours without increasing toxicity, by improving recognition, infiltration, and persistence within tumours, as well as an enhanced resistance to the suppressive tumour microenvironment.
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13
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Matrix Metalloproteinase 8: Could it Benefit the CAR-T Cell Therapy of Solid Tumors?- a- Commentary on Therapeutic Potential. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2018; 11:93-96. [PMID: 29589335 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-018-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Awa H, Futamura A, Higashiguchi T, Ito A, Mori N, Murai M, Ohara H, Chihara T, Kaneko T. Effects of Combined Treatment with Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Citric Acid, L-Carnitine, Coenzyme Q10, Zinc, and Various Vitamins in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:266-271. [PMID: 28123134 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A functional dietary supplement (FDS) containing Coenzyme Q10, branched-chain amino acids and L-carnitine was administered to tumor-bearing mice, investigating its effects on tumor and muscle tissues. Experiment (A): B16 melanoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into the right side of the abdomen of 8- to 9-week-old C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into two groups: a FDS group that received oral administration of FDS (n=10), and a control group that received oral administration of glucose (n=10). The moribund condition was used as the endpoint, and median survival time was determined. Experiment (B): On day 21 after tumor implantation, tumors, soleus muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, and suprahyoid muscles were collected. Tumor and muscle weight and other aspects were evaluated in each group: FDS group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The median survival time was comparable (21 d in the FDS group vs. 18 d in the control group, p=0.30). However, cumulative food intake was significantly higher in the FDS group than the control group (p=0.011). Metastasis of melanoma to the lung was observed in the control group but not in the FDS group (p=0.043). The weight of the suprahyoid muscles was significantly higher in the FDS group than in the control group (p=0.0045). The weight of the tumor was significantly lower in the FDS group than in the control group (p=0.013). The results possibly suggest oral administration of FDS in tumor-bearing mice enhances the maintenance of suprahyoid muscles, resulting in an extended feeding period and suppression of tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Awa
- Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University
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15
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Heffernan DS, Monaghan SF, Ayala A. Lymphocyte integrin expression differences between SIRS and sepsis patients. Ir J Med Sci 2016; 186:981-987. [PMID: 27796667 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-016-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis remain leading causes of death. Despite many similarities, the two entities are very distinct clinically and immunologically. T-Lymphocytes play a key pivotal role in the pathogenesis and ultimately outcome following both SIRS and sepsis. Integrins are essential in the trafficking and migration of lymphocytes. They also serve vital roles in efficient wound healing and clearance of infections. Here, we investigate whether integrin expression, specifically β1 (CD29) and β2 (CD18), are disrupted in SIRS and sepsis, and assess differences in integrin expression between these two critically ill clinical categories. METHODS T-Lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood collected from ICU patients exhibiting SIRS or sepsis. Samples were analyzed for CD18 (β2) and CD29 (β1) on CD3+ T cells through flow cytometry. Septic patients were stratified into either exclusively abdominal or non-abdominal sources of sepsis. RESULTS CD18 was almost ubiquitously expressed on CD3+ T cells irrespective of clinical condition. However, CD29 (β1 integrin) was lowest in SIRS patients (20.4% of CD3+ T cells) when compared with either septic patients (35.5%) or healthy volunteers (54.1%). Furthermore, there was evidence of compartmentalization in septic patients, where abdominal sources had a greater percentage of CD3+CD29+ T cells (41.7%) when compared with those with non-abdominal sources (29.5%). CONCLUSION Distinct differences in T-cell integrin expression exists between patients in SIRS versus sepsis, as well as relative to the source of sepsis. Further work is needed to understand cause and effect relative to the progression from SIRS into sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Heffernan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRhode Island Hospital, 211 Aldrich Building, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA.
| | - S F Monaghan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRhode Island Hospital, 211 Aldrich Building, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityRhode Island Hospital, 211 Aldrich Building, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA
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Blandin AF, Renner G, Lehmann M, Lelong-Rebel I, Martin S, Dontenwill M. β1 Integrins as Therapeutic Targets to Disrupt Hallmarks of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:279. [PMID: 26635609 PMCID: PMC4656837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins belong to a large family of αβ heterodimeric transmembrane proteins first recognized as adhesion molecules that bind to dedicated elements of the extracellular matrix and also to other surrounding cells. As important sensors of the cell microenvironment, they regulate numerous signaling pathways in response to structural variations of the extracellular matrix. Biochemical and biomechanical cues provided by this matrix and transmitted to cells via integrins are critically modified in tumoral settings. Integrins repertoire are subjected to expression level modifications, in tumor cells, and in surrounding cancer-associated cells, implicated in tumor initiation and progression as well. As critical players in numerous cancer hallmarks, defined by Hanahan and Weinberg (2011), integrins represent pertinent therapeutic targets. We will briefly summarize here our current knowledge about integrin implications in those different hallmarks focusing primarily on β1 integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Florence Blandin
- Department "Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets," Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Renner
- Department "Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets," Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Maxime Lehmann
- Department "Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets," Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Lelong-Rebel
- Department "Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets," Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Department "Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets," Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg Illkirch, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- Department "Tumoral Signaling and Therapeutic Targets," Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg Illkirch, France
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