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Frijlink E, Bosma DM, Busselaar J, Battaglia TW, Staal MD, Verbrugge I, Borst J. PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade promotes CD86-driven Treg responses upon radiotherapy of lymphocyte-depleted cancer in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e171154. [PMID: 38349740 PMCID: PMC10940086 DOI: 10.1172/jci171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is considered immunogenic, but clinical data demonstrating RT-induced T cell priming are scarce. Here, we show in a mouse tumor model representative of human lymphocyte-depleted cancer that RT enhanced spontaneous priming of thymus-derived (FOXP3+Helios+) Tregs by the tumor. These Tregs acquired an effector phenotype, populated the tumor, and impeded tumor control by a simultaneous, RT-induced CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response. Combination of RT with CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockade, which enables CD28 costimulation, further increased this Treg response and failed to improve tumor control. We discovered that upon RT, the CD28 ligands CD86 and CD80 differentially affected the Treg response. CD86, but not CD80, blockade prevented the effector Treg response, enriched the tumor-draining lymph node migratory conventional DCs that were positive for PD-L1 and CD80 (PD-L1+CD80+), and promoted CTL priming. Blockade of CD86 alone or in combination with PD-1 enhanced intratumoral CTL accumulation, and the combination significantly increased RT-induced tumor regression and OS. We advise that combining RT with PD-1 and/or CTLA-4 blockade may be counterproductive in lymphocyte-depleted cancers, since these interventions drive Treg responses in this context. However, combining RT with CD86 blockade may promote the control of such tumors by enabling a CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elselien Frijlink
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douwe M.T. Bosma
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julia Busselaar
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Battaglia
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mo D. Staal
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Inge Verbrugge
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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2
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Veneziani AC, Gonzalez-Ochoa E, Alqaisi H, Madariaga A, Bhat G, Rouzbahman M, Sneha S, Oza AM. Heterogeneity and treatment landscape of ovarian carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:820-842. [PMID: 37783747 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is characterized by heterogeneity at the molecular, cellular and anatomical levels, both spatially and temporally. This heterogeneity affects response to surgery and/or systemic therapy, and also facilitates inherent and acquired drug resistance. As a consequence, this tumour type is often aggressive and frequently lethal. Ovarian carcinoma is not a single disease entity and comprises various subtypes, each with distinct complex molecular landscapes that change during progression and therapy. The interactions of cancer and stromal cells within the tumour microenvironment further affects disease evolution and response to therapy. In past decades, researchers have characterized the cellular, molecular, microenvironmental and immunological heterogeneity of ovarian carcinoma. Traditional treatment approaches have considered ovarian carcinoma as a single entity. This landscape is slowly changing with the increasing appreciation of heterogeneity and the recognition that delivering ineffective therapies can delay the development of effective personalized approaches as well as potentially change the molecular and cellular characteristics of the tumour, which might lead to additional resistance to subsequent therapy. In this Review we discuss the heterogeneity of ovarian carcinoma, outline the current treatment landscape for this malignancy and highlight potentially effective therapeutic strategies in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Veneziani
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo Gonzalez-Ochoa
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Husam Alqaisi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ainhoa Madariaga
- Medical Oncology Department, 12 De Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gita Bhat
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marjan Rouzbahman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suku Sneha
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amit M Oza
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Wang X, Lin M, Zhu L, Ye Z. GAS-STING: a classical DNA recognition pathways to tumor therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200245. [PMID: 37920470 PMCID: PMC10618366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase (cGAS), recognized as the primary DNA sensor within cells, possesses the capability to identify foreign DNA molecules along with free DNA fragments. This identification process facilitates the production of type I IFNs through the activator of the interferon gene (STING) which induces the phosphorylation of downstream transcription factors. This action characterizes the most archetypal biological functionality of the cGAS-STING pathway. When treated with anti-tumor agents, cells experience DNA damage that triggers activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, culminating in the expression of type I IFNs and associated downstream interferon-stimulated genes. cGAS-STING is one of the important innate immune pathways,the role of type I IFNs in the articulation between innate immunity and T-cell antitumour immunity.type I IFNs promote the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells (including NK cells) at the tumor site.Type I IFNs also can promote the activation and maturation of dendritic cel(DC), improve the antigen presentation of CD4+T lymphocytes, and enhance the cross-presentation of CD8+T lymphocytes to upregulating anti-tumor responses. This review discussed the cGAS-STING signaling and its mechanism and biological function in traditional tumor therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meijia Lin
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhoujie Ye
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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4
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Chen JLY, Yang SJ, Pan CK, Lin LC, Tsai CY, Wang CH, Huang YS, Lin YL, Kuo SH, Shieh MJ. Cisplatin and Albumin-Based Gold-Cisplatin Nanoparticles Enhance Ablative Radiation Therapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity in Local and Distant Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023:S0360-3016(23)00158-X. [PMID: 36792014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ablative radiation therapy (RT) is an important strategy to eliminate primary tumor and can potentially induce the abscopal effect. Human serum albumin nanoparticle (NP) was used for controlled release of cisplatin to decrease cisplatin's systemic toxicity, and gold (Au) was added to increase RT-induced immunogenic cell death and potentiate the abscopal antitumor immunity. METHODS AND MATERIALS The designed albumin-based cisplatin-conjugated AuNPs were administered concurrently with ablative RT. C57BL/6 mice implanted with syngeneic murine Lewis lung carcinoma or murine MB49 tumor models were treated with ablative RT (12 Gy per fraction for 2 fractions, total 24 Gy), cisplatin, or Au-cisplatin NPs. RESULTS Combining ablative RT with cisplatin or Au-cisplatin NPs both destroyed the primary tumor effectively and elicited immunogenic cell death accompanied by release of danger-associated molecular patterns. This enhanced recruitment of effector tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including natural killer T cells and CD8+ T cells, and elicited an increased percentage of professional antigen-presenting CD11c+ dendritic cells. Transient weight loss, accompanying hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hematopoietic suppression, was observed as a systemic adverse event in the cisplatin but not the Au-cisplatin NPs group. Cisplatin and Au-cisplatin NPs both showed equivalent ability to reduce metastatic potential when combined with ablative RT, confirmed by suppressed unirradiated flank tumor growth and decreased metastatic lung tumor burden, which translated to improved survival. Mobilization and abundance of effector tumor-infiltrating immune cells including CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells were observed in the distant lung tumor microenvironment after ablative RT with cisplatin or Au-cisplatin NPs, demonstrating increased antitumor immunotherapeutic activity as an abscopal effect. CONCLUSIONS Compared with cisplatin, the albumin-based Au-cisplatin NPs exhibited equivalent but no superior antitumor immunotherapeutic activity while reducing systemic adverse events and can be safely administered concurrently with ablative RT. Alternative NP formulations may be designed to further improve anticancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ling-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jyuan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Pan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Sen Huang
- Department of Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Hsin Kuo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chemotherapy to potentiate the radiation-induced immune response. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 376:143-173. [PMID: 36997268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoradiation (CRT) is a conventional therapy used in local cancers, especially when they are locally advanced. Studies have shown that CRT induces strong anti-tumor responses involving several immune effects in pre-clinical models and humans. In this review, we have described the various immune effects involved in CRT efficacy. Indeed, effects such as immunological cell death, activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells, and activation of an adaptive anti-tumor immune response are attributed to CRT. As often described in other therapies, various immunosuppressive mechanisms mediated, in particular, by Treg and myeloid populations may reduce the CRT efficacy. We have therefore discussed the relevance of combining CRT with other therapies to potentiate the CRT-induced anti-tumor effects.
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Baterdene O, Miura K, Ueno W, Watanabe S, Tsukui M, Nomoto H, Goka R, Maeda H, Yamamoto H, Morimoto N. A successful case of transarterial chemoembolization for hyperprogressive disease induced by immunotherapy in a patient with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol 2022; 15:1101-1107. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-022-01697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Serum Proteomics in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: Peripheral Blood Immune Response to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116304. [PMID: 35682983 PMCID: PMC9180944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this real-world study, the aims were to prospectively evaluate the expression of inflammatory proteins in serum collected from head and neck cancer patients before and after treatment, and to assess whether there were differences in expression associated with treatment modalities. The mixed study cohort consisted of 180 patients with head and neck cancer. The most common tumor sites were the oropharynx (n = 81), the oral cavity (n = 53), and the larynx (n = 22). Blood tests for proteomics analysis were carried out before treatment, 7 weeks after the start of treatment, and 3 and 12 months after the termination of treatment. Sera were analyzed for 83 proteins using an immuno-oncology biomarker panel (Olink, Uppsala, Sweden). Patients were divided into four treatment groups: surgery alone (Surg group, n = 24), radiotherapy with or without surgery (RT group, n = 94), radiotherapy with concomitant cisplatin (CRT group, n = 47), and radiotherapy with concomitant targeted therapy (RT Cetux group, n = 15). For the overall cohort, the expression levels of 15 of the 83 proteins changed significantly between the pretreatment sample and the sample taken 7 weeks after the start of treatment. At 7 weeks after the start of treatment, 13 proteins showed lower expression in the CRT group compared to the RT group. The majority of the inflammatory proteins had returned to their pretreatment levels after 12 months. It was clearly demonstrated that cisplatin-based chemoradiation has immunological effects in patients with head and neck cancer. This analysis draws attention to several inflammatory proteins that are of interest for further studies.
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8
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Petricevic B, Kabiljo J, Zirnbauer R, Walczak H, Laengle J, Bergmann M. Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers - The New Standard of Care? Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:834-850. [PMID: 35671877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) offers novel treatment possibilities for solid cancers, with the crucial benefit of providing higher cure rates. These agents have become part of standard treatments in the metastatic and adjuvant setting for select cancers, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or urological malignancies. Currently, there is ample clinical interest in employing ICI in a neoadjuvant setting with a curative intent. This approach is especially supported by the scientific rationale that ICI primarily stimulate the host immune system to eradicate tumor cells, rather than being inherently cytotoxic. Aside from tumor downstaging, neoadjuvant immunotherapy offers the potential of an in situ cancer vaccination, leading to a systemic adjuvant immunological effect after tumor resection. Moreover, preclinical data clearly demonstrate a synergistic effect of ICI with radiotherapy (RT), chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or chemotherapy (ChT). This review harmonizes preclinical concepts with real world data (RWD) in the field of neoadjuvant ICI in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and discusses their limitations. We believe this is a crucial approach, since up to now, neoadjuvant strategies have been primarily developed by clinicians, whereas the advances in immunotherapy primarily originate from preclinical research. Currently there is limited published data on neoadjuvant ICI in GI cancers, even though neoadjuvant treatments including RT, CRT or ChT are frequently employed in locally advanced/oligometastatic GI cancers (i.e. rectal, pancreatic, esophagus, stomach, etc.). Utilizing established therapies in combination with ICI provides an abundance of opportunities for innovative treatment regimens to further improve survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Petricevic
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julijan Kabiljo
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebecca Zirnbauer
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henning Walczak
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Chen Y, Jin Y, Hu X, Chen M. Infiltrating T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment of small cell lung cancer: a state of knowledge review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:881-895. [PMID: 34997864 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have brought new hope for the treatment of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) over the past decades. However, the overall response rate is limited, and is lower than that in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This is in part because of the lack of pre-existing tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TITLs), especially cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), in the SCLC tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in insufficient anti-tumor immune response. To unleash the full potential of ICIs, the trafficking and infiltration of TITLs to the tumor is necessary and tightly regulated, the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment blunts the infiltration and function of TITLs that reach the tumor in SCLC. Here, we review the characteristics of TITLs, the effects of various factors on T cell infiltration, and possible strategies to restore or promote T cell infiltration in the TME of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Chin RI, Schiff JP, Brenneman RJ, Gay HA, Thorstad WL, Lin AJ. A Rational Approach to Unilateral Neck RT for Head and Neck Cancers in the Era of Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5269. [PMID: 34771432 PMCID: PMC8582444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the definitive and adjuvant treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, standard courses of radiation therapy may contribute to the depletion of circulating lymphocytes and potentially attenuate optimal tumor antigen presentation that may be detrimental to the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic agents. This review explores the advantages of restricting radiation to the primary tumor/tumor bed and ipsilateral elective neck as it pertains to the evolving field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander J. Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MI 63110, USA; (R.-I.C.); (J.P.S.); (R.J.B.); (H.A.G.); (W.L.T.)
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11
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Boustani J, Lecoester B, Baude J, Latour C, Adotevi O, Mirjolet C, Truc G. Anti-PD-1/Anti-PD-L1 Drugs and Radiation Therapy: Combinations and Optimization Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194893. [PMID: 34638376 PMCID: PMC8508444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although immune checkpoint blockade has yielded unprecedented and durable responses in cancer patients, the efficacy of this treatment remains limited. Radiation therapy can induce immunogenic cell death that contributes to the local efficacy of irradiation. However, radiation-induced systemic responses are scarce. Studies combining radiation with checkpoint inhibitors suggest a synergistic potential of this strategy. In this review, we focused on parameters that can be optimized to enhance the anti-tumor immune response that results from this association, in order to achieve data on dose, fractionation, target volume, lymph nodes sparing, radiation particles, and other immunomodulatory agents. These factors should be considered in future trials for better clinical outcomes. To this end, we discussed the main preclinical and clinical data available to optimize the efficacy of the treatment combination. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been associated with long-term complete responses leading to improved overall survival in several cancer types. However, these novel immunotherapies are only effective in a small proportion of patients, and therapeutic resistance represents a major limitation in clinical practice. As with chemotherapy, there is substantial evidence that radiation therapy promotes anti-tumor immune responses that can enhance systemic responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the main preclinical and clinical evidence on strategies that can lead to an enhanced response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in combination with radiation therapy. We focused on central issues in optimizing radiation therapy, such as the optimal dose and fractionation for improving the therapeutic ratio, as well as the impact on immune and clinical responses of dose rate, target volume, lymph nodes irradiation, and type of radiation particle. We explored the addition of a third immunomodulatory agent to the combination such as other checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and treatment targeting the tumor microenvironment components. The strategies described in this review provide a lead for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Boustani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21079 Dijon, France; (J.B.); (J.B.); (C.L.); (G.T.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Benoît Lecoester
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (B.L.); (O.A.)
| | - Jérémy Baude
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21079 Dijon, France; (J.B.); (J.B.); (C.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Charlène Latour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21079 Dijon, France; (J.B.); (J.B.); (C.L.); (G.T.)
- INSERM UMR 1231, Cadir Team, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Adotevi
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (B.L.); (O.A.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Céline Mirjolet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21079 Dijon, France; (J.B.); (J.B.); (C.L.); (G.T.)
- INSERM UMR 1231, Cadir Team, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Gilles Truc
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, UNICANCER, 21079 Dijon, France; (J.B.); (J.B.); (C.L.); (G.T.)
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12
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Wang P, Wang JW, Zhang WH, Bai H, Tang G, Young DJ. In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Nanoformulated Mono- and Di-nuclear Pt Compounds. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2993-3000. [PMID: 34387027 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoformulations of mononuclear Pt complexes cis-PtCl2 (PPh3 )2 (1), [Pt(PPh3 )2 (L-Cys)] ⋅ H2 O (3, L-Cys=L-cysteinate), trans-PtCl2 (PPh2 PhNMe2 )2 (4; PPh2 PhNMe2 =4-(dimethylamine)triphenylphosphine), trans-PtI2 (PPh2 PhNMe2 )2 (5) and dinuclear Pt cluster Pt2 (μ-S)2 (PPh3 )4 (2) have comparable cytotoxicity to cisplatin against murine melanoma cell line B16F10. Masking of these discrete molecular entities within the hydrophobic core of Pluronic® F-127 significantly boosted their solubility and stability, ensuring efficient cellular uptake, giving in vitro IC50 values in the range of 0.87-11.23 μM. These results highlight the potential therapeutic value of Pt complexes featuring stable Pt-P bonds in nanocomposite formulations with biocompatible amphiphilic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhen Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P. R. China
| | - Guping Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P. R. China
| | - David J Young
- College of Engineering Information Technology & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
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13
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Tranberg KG. Local Destruction of Tumors and Systemic Immune Effects. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708810. [PMID: 34307177 PMCID: PMC8298109 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immune-based therapies signify a major advancement in cancer therapy; yet, they are not effective in the majority of patients. Physically based local destruction techniques have been shown to induce immunologic effects and are increasingly used in order to improve the outcome of immunotherapies. The various local destruction methods have different modes of action and there is considerable variation between the different techniques with respect to the ability and frequency to create a systemic anti-tumor immunologic effect. Since the abscopal effect is considered to be the best indicator of a relevant immunologic effect, the present review focused on the tissue changes associated with this effect in order to find determinants for a strong immunologic response, both when local destruction is used alone and combined with immunotherapy. In addition to the T cell-inflammation that was induced by all methods, the analysis indicated that it was important for an optimal outcome that the released antigens were not destroyed, tumor cell death was necrotic and tumor tissue perfusion was at least partially preserved allowing for antigen presentation, immune cell trafficking and reduction of hypoxia. Local treatment with controlled low level hyperthermia met these requisites and was especially prone to result in abscopal immune activity on its own.
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14
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Lauret Marie Joseph E, Kirilovsky A, Lecoester B, El Sissy C, Boullerot L, Rangan L, Marguier A, Tochet F, Dosset M, Boustani J, Ravel P, Boidot R, Spehner L, Haicheur-Adjouri N, Marliot F, Pallandre JR, Bonnefoy F, Scripcariu V, Van den Eynde M, Cornillot E, Mirjolet C, Pages F, Adotevi O. Chemoradiation triggers antitumor Th1 and tissue resident memory-polarized immune responses to improve immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002256. [PMID: 34230108 PMCID: PMC8261891 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple synergistic combination approaches with cancer drugs are developed to overcome primary resistance to immunotherapy; however, the mechanistic rationale to combine chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors remains elusive. Methods This study described the immunological landscape of tumor microenvironment (TME) exposed to CRT. Tumor samples from patients with rectal cancer (n=43) treated with neoadjuvant CRT or radiotherapy were analyzed by nanostring and immunohistochemistry. Studies in mice were performed using three syngeneic tumors (TC1, CT26 and MC38). Tumor-bearing mice were treated either with platinum-based CRT, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Anti-CTLA-4 and/or anti-Programmed Cell Death Receptor-1 (PD-1) therapy was used in combination with CRT. The therapy-exposed TME was screened by RNA sequencing and flow cytometry and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte functionality was evaluated by interferon (IFN)-γ ELIspot and intracellular cytokine staining. Results Front-to-front comparison analysis revealed the synergistic effect of CRT to establish a highly inflamed and Th1-polarized immune signature in the TME of patients and mice. In both settings, CRT-exposed TMEs were highly enriched in newly-infiltrated tumor-specific CD8+ T cells as well as tissue resident memory CD103+CD8+ T cells. In mice, CD8 T cells were involved in the antitumor response mediated by CRT and were primed by CRT-activated CD103+ dendritic cells. In the three tumor models, we showed that concurrent combination of CRT with a dual CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade was required to achieve an optimal antitumor effect and to establish a broad and long-lasting protective antitumor T cell immunity. Conclusions Our results highlight the ability of CRT to stimulate strong antitumor T-cell-mediated immunity and tissue resident memory T activation in TME, to foster immune checkpoint inhibitors action. These findings have implications in clinic for the design clinical trials combining chemoradiation with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amos Kirilovsky
- Immunology and Cancer Department, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Lecoester
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Carine El Sissy
- Immunology and Cancer Department, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laura Boullerot
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurie Rangan
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Amélie Marguier
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Florent Tochet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Magalie Dosset
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jihane Boustani
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Patrice Ravel
- Equipe Bioinformatique et Biologie des Systèmes du Cancer, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier-INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Laurie Spehner
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nacilla Haicheur-Adjouri
- Immunology and Cancer Department, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Marliot
- Immunology and Cancer Department, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-René Pallandre
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Viorel Scripcariu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology Iaşi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Marc Van den Eynde
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc Institut Roi Albert II, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Cornillot
- Cancer Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, IRCM, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Mirjolet
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.,INSERM UMR 1231, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Pages
- Immunology and Cancer Department, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS1138, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Adotevi
- INSERM, UMR1098, RIGHT, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France .,Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
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15
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Lai JZ, Zhu YY, Liu Y, Zhou LL, Hu L, Chen L, Zhang QY. Abscopal Effects of Local Radiotherapy Are Dependent on Tumor Immunogenicity. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690188. [PMID: 34249740 PMCID: PMC8264447 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although abscopal tumor regression remains a rare phenomenon, interest in exploiting how radiation stimulates the immune system to induce systemic abscopal response is increasing. Here, we tested the hypothesis that tumor immunogenicity determined the ability of radiotherapy to induce abscopal effects. We established highly (MC-38 and E.G7-OVA) or poorly (LL/2 and B16-F10) immunogenic tumor models in this study and treated them with sham radiation, a single dose of 15 Gy, or three fractions of 5 Gy on three consecutive days. Alterations in the tumor microenvironment after radiation were examined by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Our results demonstrated the positive correlation between tumor immunogenicity and the abscopal effect of radiotherapy. The single dose of 15 Gy radiation was an effective regimen for inducing abscopal effects in highly immunogenic tumors. Local radiation reshaped the tumor microenvironment of irradiated and non-irradiated distant tumors by increasing CD8 T-cell infiltration and reducing suppressive immune cell accumulation. However, radiation alone was insufficient to elicit abscopal effects in poorly immunogenic tumors. No significant alterations were detected in the non-irradiated distant tumor microenvironment after radiation of poorly immunogenic tumors. In addition, tumor immunogenic subtypes were associated with the radiological response and clinical outcome of patients receiving radiotherapy. These findings indicated that tumor immunogenicity was the dominant characteristic that could predict the abscopal effect of radiotherapy. Our study provides an in-depth understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in abscopal effects and highlights the impact of tumor heterogeneity on the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy and their combination with immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhi Lai
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yang Zhu
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhou
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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16
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Cisplatin remodels the tumor immune microenvironment via the transcription factor EB in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:136. [PMID: 34091590 PMCID: PMC8179924 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of ovarian cancer (OC) remains the highest among all gynecological malignancies. Platinum-based chemotherapies are effective in treating most OC cases. However, chemoresistance is still a major challenge for successful OC treatments. Emerging evidence has highlighted that the modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment is involved in chemoresistance, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether resistance to cisplatin (CDDP), the standard treatment for OC, is due to the remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment by the transcription factor EB (TFEB). We hypothesized that TFEB is not essential for tumor survival but is associated with CDDP resistance. We collected 20 tissue samples of OC patients who had not undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to surgery. We cultured OC cell lines and performed cell transfection and assays as well as analytical, fluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemical techniques to explore a novel function of TFEB in remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment in OC. We found a positive correlation between TFEB and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, and HLA-A expression in OC cells and tissues. We also found that CDDP treatment induced TFEB nuclear translocation, thus increasing PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression to foster an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which mediates tumor immune evasion and drug resistance. Interestingly, TFEB also regulated HLA-A expression, which increases the tumor immunogenicity of OC. Finally, in a syngenic murine model of OC, we observed the therapeutic benefit of CDDP plus programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor, which enhanced the cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells and inhibited tumor growth. Our study illustrates the important role of TFEB in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment in OC.
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17
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Rangel Rivera GO, Knochelmann HM, Dwyer CJ, Smith AS, Wyatt MM, Rivera-Reyes AM, Thaxton JE, Paulos CM. Fundamentals of T Cell Metabolism and Strategies to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645242. [PMID: 33815400 PMCID: PMC8014042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging reports show that metabolic pathways can be targeted to enhance T cell-mediated immunity to tumors. Yet, tumors consume key metabolites in the host to survive, thus robbing T cells of these nutrients to function and thrive. T cells are often deprived of basic building blocks for energy in the tumor, including glucose and amino acids needed to proliferate or produce cytotoxic molecules against tumors. Immunosuppressive molecules in the host further compromise the lytic capacity of T cells. Moreover, checkpoint receptors inhibit T cell responses by impairing their bioenergetic potential within tumors. In this review, we discuss the fundamental metabolic pathways involved in T cell activation, differentiation and response against tumors. We then address ways to target metabolic pathways to improve the next generation of immunotherapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo O Rangel Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Knochelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connor J Dwyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Aubrey S Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amalia M Rivera-Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica E Thaxton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer-Ready for Prime Time or More Research Needed? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 109:647-650. [PMID: 33516431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Combination of Cisplatin and Irradiation Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Potentiates Postirradiation Anti-PD-1 Treatment Efficacy in Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020535. [PMID: 33430352 PMCID: PMC7825793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy is limited to a subset of patients in urothelial carcinoma (UC). Previous studies showed the immunogenicity of cisplatin and irradiation. Here, we investigated whether chemoradiotherapy (CRT), a combination of cisplatin and irradiation, could improve the efficacy of postirradiation anti–programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) treatment in UC. In our advanced UC patient cohort, patients with CRT showed a significantly better objective response rate (75%/22%) and overall survival (88%/30% at 12 months) following later pembrolizumab therapy compared to those without. Then, we created syngeneic UC mouse models by inoculating MB49 cells s.c. in C57BL/6J mice to examine the potential of CRT to enhance antitumor immunity in conjunction with postirradiation anti–PD-1 treatment. Nonirradiated tumors of the mice treated with CRT/postirradiation anti–PD-1 treatment had a significantly slower growth rate and a significantly higher expression of cytotoxic T cells compared to those of the mice treated with anti–PD-1 treatment alone. The mice treated with CRT/postirradiation anti–PD-1 treatment showed the best survival. Mechanistically, CRT provoked strong direct cytotoxicity and increased expressions of immunogenic cell death markers in MB49 cells. Therefore, the combination of cisplatin and irradiation induces immunogenic cell death and potentiates postirradiation anti–PD-1 treatment efficacy in UC.
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20
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Kandalaft LE, Odunsi K, Coukos G. Immune Therapy Opportunities in Ovarian Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021; 40:1-13. [PMID: 32412818 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_280539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, PARP inhibitors (PARPis), neoantigen vaccines, and personalized T-cell therapy have been associated with encouraging clinical activity in a small subset of patients. To increase the proportion of patients who are likely to derive benefit, it will be important not only to generate sufficient numbers of antitumor T cells but also to overcome multiple inhibitory networks in the ovarian tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, a major direction is to develop biomarkers that would predict responsiveness to different types of immunotherapies and allow treatment selection based on the results. Moreover, such biomarkers would allow rational combination of immunotherapies while minimizing toxicities. In this review, we provide progress on immune therapies and future directions for maximally exploiting immune-based strategies for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
Platinum (Pt) compounds entered the clinic as anticancer agents when cisplatin was approved in 1978. More than 40 years later, even in the era of precision medicine and immunotherapy, Pt drugs remain among the most widely used anticancer drugs. As Pt drugs mainly target DNA, it is not surprising that recent insights into alterations of DNA repair mechanisms provide a useful explanation for their success. Many cancers have defective DNA repair, a feature that also sheds new light on the mechanisms of secondary drug resistance, such as the restoration of DNA repair pathways. In addition, genome-wide functional screening approaches have revealed interesting insights into Pt drug uptake. About half of cisplatin and carboplatin but not oxaliplatin may enter cells through the widely expressed volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). The analysis of this heteromeric channel in tumour biopsies may therefore be a useful biomarker to stratify patients for initial Pt treatments. Moreover, Pt-based approaches may be improved in the future by the optimization of combinations with immunotherapy, management of side effects and use of nanodelivery devices. Hence, Pt drugs may still be part of the standard of care for several cancers in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Disler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Fukushima H, Kijima T, Fukuda S, Moriyama S, Uehara S, Yasuda Y, Tanaka H, Yoshida S, Yokoyama M, Matsuoka Y, Saito K, Matsubara N, Numao N, Sakai Y, Yuasa T, Masuda H, Yonese J, Kageyama Y, Fujii Y. Impact of radiotherapy to the primary tumor on the efficacy of pembrolizumab for patients with advanced urothelial cancer: A preliminary study. Cancer Med 2020; 9:8355-8363. [PMID: 32886446 PMCID: PMC7666746 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors can potentially induce synergistic antitumor immune responses. However, little clinical evidence is established regarding their combination therapy. Here, we aimed to assess whether radiotherapy to the primary tumor impacts on the efficacy of pembrolizumab in advanced urothelial cancer. We retrospectively reviewed 98 advanced urothelial cancer patients receiving pembrolizumab in a second- or later-line setting using our multicenter cohort. Patients were categorized according to a history of radiotherapy to the primary tumor: patients previously exposed to radiotherapy to the primary tumor (Radiotherapy group, 17 patients [17%]) and those not (Nonradiotherapy group, 81 patients [83%]). The associations of radiotherapy to the primary tumor with objective response and survival were evaluated. The Radiotherapy group showed a significantly higher objective response ratio than did the Non-radiotherapy group (65% vs 19%; P < .001). The Radiotherapy group had a higher progression-free survival rate compared with the Nonradiotherapy group (52% vs 28% at 12 months; P = .078), but statistical significance was not reached. The Radiotherapy group had a significantly higher overall survival rate compared with the Non-radiotherapy group (77% vs 50% at 12 months; P = .025). From multivariate analysis, radiotherapy to the primary tumor was an independent predictor for longer overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.31; P = .032) along with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤1 and the absence of visceral metastasis. Therefore, radiotherapy to the primary tumor may enhance the efficacy of pembrolizumab for patients with advanced urothelial cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/therapy
- Chemoradiotherapy/adverse effects
- Chemoradiotherapy/mortality
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Progression-Free Survival
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Time Factors
- Tokyo
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/mortality
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiki Kijima
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shohei Fukuda
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shingo Moriyama
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Sho Uehara
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Yasuda
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hajime Tanaka
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Soichiro Yoshida
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Minato Yokoyama
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yoh Matsuoka
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kazutaka Saito
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuaki Matsubara
- Department of Breast and Medical OncologyNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Noboru Numao
- Department of UrologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | | | - Takeshi Yuasa
- Department of UrologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Hitoshi Masuda
- Department of UrologyNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Junji Yonese
- Department of UrologyCancer Institute HospitalJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | | | - Yasuhisa Fujii
- Department of UrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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23
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Plavc G, Jesenko T, Oražem M, Strojan P. Challenges in Combining Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy in Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3197. [PMID: 33143094 PMCID: PMC7692120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has recently become a standard part of the treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC), although the response rates are low. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have now illuminated several mechanisms by which radiotherapy (RT) enhances the effect of ICI. From RT-induced immunogenic cancer cell death to its effect on the tumor microenvironment and vasculature, the involved mechanisms are diverse and intertwined. Moreover, the research of these interactions is challenging because of the thin line between immunostimulatory and the immunosuppressive effect of RT. In the era of active research of immunoradiotherapy combinations, the significance of treatment and host-related factors that were previously seen as being less important is being revealed. The impact of dose and fractionation of RT is now well established, whereas selection of the number and location of the lesions to be irradiated in a multi-metastatic setting is something that is only now beginning to be understood. In addition to spatial factors, the timing of irradiation is as equally important and is heavily dependent on the type of ICI used. Interestingly, using smaller-than-conventional RT fields or even partial tumor volume RT could be beneficial in this setting. Among host-related factors, the role of the microbiome on immunotherapy efficacy must not be overlooked nor can we neglect the role of gut irradiation in a combined RT and ICI setting. In this review we elaborate on synergistic mechanisms of immunoradiotherapy combinations, in addition to important factors to consider in future immunoradiotherapy trial designs in R/M HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber Plavc
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tanja Jesenko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Oražem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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24
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Ma Y, Han J, Jiang J, Zheng Z, Tan Y, Liu C, Zhao Y. Ultrasound targeting of microbubble-bound anti PD-L1 mAb to enhance anti-tumor effect of cisplatin in cervical cancer xenografts treatment. Life Sci 2020; 262:118565. [PMID: 33038371 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-conjugated ultrasound (US) lipid-shelled microbubbles (PD-L1-MBs) were successfully synthesized to investigate whether that PD-L1-MBs could enhance anti-tumor effect in combination therapy with cisplatin (CDDP) under ultrasound mediation. MAIN METHODS Based on affinity between biotin and streptavidin, we prepared microbubbles conjugated with anti-PD-L1 mAb by membrane hydration and mechanical oscillation. A subcutaneous tumor model was established to test the anti-tumor effect and immunological activity of this combination therapy. Bax and Bcl-2 expression were detected by RT-qPCR and Immunohistochemistry. Cells undergoing apoptosis in tissue section were determined by TUNEL. Proliferation of splenocytes was analyzed by Flow cytometry. A cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay was performed by CTL. Expression of PD-L1 and CD8 in tissue section was examined by immunologfluorescence. Expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, CD86 and CD80 was also detected by RT-qPCR. KEY FINDINGS We observed that the growth of the subcutaneous tumor was significantly slower in combined group than that in the group treated with either drug or microbubbles. Moreover, higher antitumor activity was observed in the combined group than that in cisplatin alone, which could be reflected by the number of apoptotic cells in tumor tissues and over expression of bax in the combined group. This combination treatment also exhibited a better immunological activity, increasing the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and the expression of several revelant cytokines. SIGNIFICANCE The ultrasound lipid-shelled PD-L1-MBs may enhance anti-tumor effects of cisplatin by blocking the PD-L1 site and improving immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Department of Ultrasonography, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Jiaxuan Han
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jinjun Jiang
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yandi Tan
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Yichang, China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
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25
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Ashrafizadeh M, Farhood B, Eleojo Musa A, Taeb S, Rezaeyan A, Najafi M. Abscopal effect in radioimmunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106663. [PMID: 32521494 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abscopal effect is an interesting phenomenon in radiobiology that causes activation of immune system against cancer cells. Traditionally, this phenomenon was known as a suppressor of non-irradiated tumors or metastasis. However, it can be used as a stimulator of the immune system against primary tumor during radiotherapy. Immunotherapy, a novel tumor therapy modality, also triggers immune system against cancer. To date, some immunotherapy types have been developed. However, immune checkpoint blockade is a more common modality and some drugs have been approved by the FDA. Studies have shown that radiotherapy or immunotherapy administered alone have low efficiency for tumor control. However, their combination has a more potent anti-tumor immunity. For this aim, it is important to induce abscopal effect in primary tumors, and also use appropriate drugs to target the mechanisms involved in the exhaustion of cytotoxic CD8+T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Among the different radiotherapy techniques, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with some few fractionations is the best choice for inducing abscopal effect. On the other hand, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is known as one of the best targets for triggering anti-tumor immunity. This combination is known as the best choice among various strategies for radioimmunotherapy. However, there is the need for other strategies to improve the duration of immune system's activity within tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we explain the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind abscopal effect by radiotherapy and evaluate the molecular targets which induce potent anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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26
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McLaughlin M, Patin EC, Pedersen M, Wilkins A, Dillon MT, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Inflammatory microenvironment remodelling by tumour cells after radiotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:203-217. [PMID: 32161398 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is revolutionizing the way we think about cancer treatment. Even so, for most types of cancer, only a minority of patients currently benefit from ICI therapies. Intrinsic and acquired resistance to ICIs has focused research towards new combination therapy approaches that seek to increase response rates, the depth of remission and the durability of benefit. In this Review, we describe how radiotherapy, through its immunomodulating effects, represents a promising combination partner with ICIs. We describe how recent research on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy may be used to augment this approach. Radiotherapy can kill cancer cells while simultaneously triggering the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and increasing tumour-infiltrating immune cells - phenomena often described colloquially as turning immunologically 'cold' tumours 'hot'. Here, we focus on new developments illustrating the key role of tumour cell-autonomous signalling after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy-induced tumour cell micronuclei activate cytosolic nucleic acid sensor pathways, such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and propagation of the resulting inflammatory signals remodels the immune contexture of the tumour microenvironment. In parallel, radiation can impact immunosurveillance by modulating neoantigen expression. Finally, we highlight how tumour cell-autonomous mechanisms might be exploited by combining DDR inhibitors, ICIs and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin McLaughlin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Magnus T Dillon
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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27
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Lippens L, Van Bockstal M, De Jaeghere EA, Tummers P, Makar A, De Geyter S, Van de Vijver K, Hendrix A, Vandecasteele K, Denys H. Immunologic impact of chemoradiation in cervical cancer and how immune cell infiltration could lead toward personalized treatment. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:554-564. [PMID: 32017078 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs) as predictive or prognostic biomarkers for cervical cancer patients. In total, 38 patients treated with (chemo)radiotherapy and subsequent surgery were included in the current study. This unique treatment schedule makes it possible to analyze IC markers in pretreatment and posttreatment tissue specimens and their changes during treatment. IC markers for T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8 and FoxP3), macrophages (CD68 and CD163) and B cells (CD20), as well as IL33 and PD-L1, were retrospectively analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Patients were grouped in the low score or high score group based on the amount of positive cells on immunohistochemistry. Correlations to pathological complete response (pCR), cause-specific survival (CSS) and metastasis development during follow-up were evaluated. In analysis of pretreatment biopsies, significantly more pCR was seen for patients with CD8 = CD3, CD8 ≥ CD4, positive IL33 tumor cell (TC) scores, IL33 IC < TC and PD-L1 TC ≥5%. Besides patients with high CD8 scores, also patients with CD8 ≥ CD4, CD163 ≥ CD68 or PD-L1 IC ≥5% had better CSS. In the analysis of posttreatment specimens, less pCR was observed for patients with high CD8 or CD163 scores. Patients with decreasing CD8 or CD163 scores between pretreatment and posttreatment samples showed more pCR, whereas those with increasing CD8 or decreasing IL33 IC scores showed a worse CSS. Meanwhile, patients with an increasing CD3 score or stable/increasing PD-L1 IC score showed more metastasis during follow-up. In this way, the intratumoral IC landscape is a promising tool for prediction of outcome and response to (chemo)radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Lippens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emiel A De Jaeghere
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Tummers
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Gynecology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Gent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amin Makar
- Gynecology, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Gent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Geyter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Van de Vijver
- Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vandecasteele
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Radiation Therapy, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Denys
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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28
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van der Heijden M, Essers PBM, de Jong MC, de Roest RH, Sanduleanu S, Verhagen CVM, Hamming-Vrieze O, Hoebers F, Lambin P, Bartelink H, Leemans CR, Verheij M, Brakenhoff RH, van den Brekel MWM, Vens C. Biological Determinants of Chemo-Radiotherapy Response in HPV-Negative Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicentric External Validation. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1470. [PMID: 31998639 PMCID: PMC6966332 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor markers that are related to hypoxia, proliferation, DNA damage repair and stem cell-ness, have a prognostic value in advanced stage HNSCC patients when assessed individually. Here we aimed to evaluate and validate this in a multifactorial context and assess interrelation and the combined role of these biological factors in determining chemo-radiotherapy response in HPV-negative advanced HNSCC. Methods: RNA sequencing data of pre-treatment biopsy material from 197 HPV-negative advanced stage HNSCC patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy was analyzed. Biological parameter scores were assigned to patient samples using previously generated and described gene expression signatures. Locoregional control rates were used to assess the role of these biological parameters in radiation response and compared to distant metastasis data. Biological factors were ranked according to their clinical impact using bootstrapping methods and multivariate Cox regression analyses that included clinical variables. Multivariate Cox regression analyses comprising all biological variables were used to define their relative role among all factors when combined. Results: Only few biomarker scores correlate with each other, underscoring their independence. The different biological factors do not correlate or cluster, except for the two stem cell markers CD44 and SLC3A2 (r = 0.4, p < 0.001) and acute hypoxia prediction scores which correlated with T-cell infiltration score, CD8+ T cell abundance and proliferation scores (r = 0.52, 0.56, and 0.6, respectively with p < 0.001). Locoregional control association analyses revealed that chronic (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 3.9) and acute hypoxia (HR = 1.9), followed by stem cell-ness (CD44/SLC3A2; HR = 2.2/2.3), were the strongest and most robust determinants of radiation response. Furthermore, multivariable analysis, considering other biological and clinical factors, reveal a significant role for EGFR expression (HR = 2.9, p < 0.05) and T-cell infiltration (CD8+T-cells: HR = 2.2, p < 0.05; CD8+T-cells/Treg: HR = 2.6, p < 0.01) signatures in locoregional control of chemoradiotherapy-treated HNSCC. Conclusion: Tumor acute and chronic hypoxia, stem cell-ness, and CD8+ T-cell parameters are relevant and largely independent biological factors that together contribute to locoregional control. The combined analyses illustrate the additive value of multifactorial analyses and support a role for EGFR expression analysis and immune cell markers in addition to previously validated biomarkers. This external validation underscores the relevance of biological factors in determining chemoradiotherapy outcome in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van der Heijden
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul B M Essers
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique C de Jong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reinout H de Roest
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Sanduleanu
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Caroline V M Verhagen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olga Hamming-Vrieze
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Hoebers
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The D-Lab and The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Harry Bartelink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Verheij
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michiel W M van den Brekel
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Conchita Vens
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Radiotherapy as a Backbone for Novel Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010079. [PMID: 31905723 PMCID: PMC7017108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced immunogenic cell death has been described to contribute to the efficacy of external beam radiotherapy in local treatment of solid tumors. It is well established that radiation therapy can induce immunogenic cell death in cancer cells under certain conditions. Initial clinical studies combining radiotherapy with immunotherapies suggest a synergistic potential of this approach. Improving our understanding of how radiation reconditions the tumor immune microenvironment should pave the way for designing rational and robust combinations with immunotherapeutic drugs that enhance both local and systemic anti-cancer immune effects. In this review, we summarize irradiation-induced types of immunogenic cell death and their effects on the tumor microenvironment. We discuss preclinical insights on mechanisms and benefits of combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy, focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, we elaborate how these observations were translated into clinical studies and which parameters may be optimized to achieve best results in future clinical trials.
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30
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Rébé C, Demontoux L, Pilot T, Ghiringhelli F. Platinum Derivatives Effects on Anticancer Immune Response. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E13. [PMID: 31861811 PMCID: PMC7022223 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapeutic agents belong to the therapeutic arsenal in cancer treatment. In addition to their direct cytotoxic effects, these agents also impact the host immune system, which might enhance or counteract their antitumor activity. The platinum derivative compounds family, mainly composed of carboplatin, cisplatin and oxaliplatin, belongs to the chemotherapeutical arsenal used in numerous cancer types. Here, we will focus on the effects of these molecules on antitumor immune response. These compounds can induce or not immunogenic cell death (ICD), and some strategies have been found to induce or further enhance it. They also regulate immune cells' fate. Platinum derivatives can lead to their activation. Additionally, they can also dampen immune cells by selective killing or inhibiting their activity, particularly by modulating immune checkpoints' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (L.D.); (T.P.); (F.G.)
- INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Demontoux
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (L.D.); (T.P.); (F.G.)
- INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Pilot
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (L.D.); (T.P.); (F.G.)
- INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (L.D.); (T.P.); (F.G.)
- INSERM LNC-UMR1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
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31
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Luo R, Firat E, Gaedicke S, Guffart E, Watanabe T, Niedermann G. Cisplatin Facilitates Radiation-Induced Abscopal Effects in Conjunction with PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade Through CXCR3/CXCL10-Mediated T-cell Recruitment. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7243-7255. [PMID: 31506388 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Localized radiotherapy can cause T-cell-mediated abscopal effects on nonirradiated metastases, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, results of prospective clinical trials have not met the expectations. We therefore investigated whether additional chemotherapy can enhance radiotherapy-induced abscopal effects in conjunction with ICB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In three different two-tumor mouse models, triple therapy with radiotherapy, anti-PD-1, and cisplatin (one of the most widely used antineoplastic agents) was compared with double or single therapies. RESULTS In these mouse models, the response of the nonirradiated tumor and the survival of the mice were much better upon triple therapy than upon radiotherapy + anti-PD-1 or cisplatin + anti-PD-1 or the monotherapies; complete regression of the nonirradiated tumor was usually only observed in triple-treated mice. Mechanistically, the enhanced abscopal effect required CD8+T cells and relied on the CXCR3/CXCL10 axis. Moreover, CXCL10 was found to be directly induced by cisplatin in the tumor cells. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced CD8+T cells and direct cytoreductive effects of cisplatin also seem to contribute to the enhanced systemic effect. Finally, the results show that the abscopal effect is not precluded by the observed transient radiotherapy-induced lymphopenia. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that chemotherapy can enhance radiotherapy-induced abscopal effects in conjunction with ICB. This even applies to cisplatin, which is not classically immunogenic. Whereas previous studies have focused on how to effectively induce tumor-specific T cells, this study highlights that successful attraction of the induced T cells to nonirradiated tumors is also crucial for potent abscopal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elke Firat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Gaedicke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Guffart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tsubasa Watanabe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gabriele Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Kandalaft LE, Odunsi K, Coukos G. Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: Are We There Yet? J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:2460-2471. [PMID: 31403857 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Karam SD, Raben D. Radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:e404-e416. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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