Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger-syndrome): case report and differential diagnosisto related dermato-ocular syndromes

Clinical and molecular analysis of NF-?B essential modulator in Chinese incontinentia pigmenti patients

OBJECTIVE

To analyze clinical manifestation and gene of NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) in 12 pediatric incontinentia pigmenti (IP) patients.

METHODS

Twelve pediatric probands with three of their mothers were enrolled in this study. Physical examinations were undertaken for all patients and questionnaires requesting additional medical and developmental data were sent to the patients' families. The deletion of exon 4-10 and all 10 exons of NEMO gene were analyzed in these cases. Skin biopsy was performed in one case.

RESULTS

All 15 patients had skin pigmentation abnormality and were diagnosed according to classic skin lesions. The prevalence of the dental, neurologic system, hair abnormality, and definite family history were 80.0%, 41.67%, 58.33%, and 25.0%, respectively. Histopathological examination was consistent with the diagnosis of IP with ectodermal dysplasia. In NEMO gene, deletion of exons 4-10 were noted in three cases and two of their mothers. A deletion of 19545 T in exon 6 was noted in one case and her mother. A 21690 T to C mutation in intron 8 of NEMO were found in another one case and her mother.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that skin lesion are the most prominent findings in clinics and the traditional diagnosis of IP is based on classic melanin pigmentation. Nucleotide deletion of exons 4-10 and single nucleotide mutation/polymorphism were found in these patients, which might account for etiopathogenesis of IP.

Unusual neonatal presentation of incontinentia pigmenti with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a case report

Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) is a multisystem disorder with classical changing skin lesions. The other systems that are involved include the central nervous system, eye, hair, teeth, musculoskeletal system and, occasionally, the cardiovascular system. We report a neonate with a diagnosis of incontinentia pigmenti who presented at birth with pulmonary hypertension. This presentation has not been described in the literature.

The rare phakomatoses

This article outlines the clinical, central nervous system, and neuropathologic features,pathogenesis, genetics, molecular biology, and neuroimaging characteristics of the rare vascular phakomatoses, melanophakomatoses, and organoid phakomatoses.

Incontinentia pigmenti associated with cerebral palsy and cerebral leukomalacia: a case report and literature review

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a multisystem disorder with characteristic cutaneous signs. After the skin, the central nervous system is the next most affected system. We report a child with IP and left-sided hemiparesis and cerebral periventricular leukomalacia on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI findings would support ischemia sustained perinatally.

Insights into the pathogenesis of cerebral lesions in incontinentia pigmenti

We report the case of a neonate with incontinentia pigmenti and seizures on day 4 of life who underwent magnetic resonance imaging and angiography scanning at 8, 13, and 21 days of age. The serial magnetic resonance images demonstrated the evolution of acute microvascular hemorrhagic infarcts in the periventricular white matter in the first week of life. The associated magnetic resonance angiogram findings consisted of decreased branching and poor filling of intracerebral vessels. This report adds important insights into the nature and timing of cerebral lesions in incontinentia pigmenti.