1
|
Chang JH, Chuang HC, Hsiao G, Hou TY, Wang CC, Huang SC, Li BY, Lee YL. Acteoside exerts immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and ameliorates Th2-mediated allergic asthma by inducing Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108603. [PMID: 35123286 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in directing T-cell responses and are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Acteoside, an active phenylethanoid glycoside, is widely distributed in many medicinal plants. Herein, we explored the immunomodulatory effects of acteoside on bone marrow-derived DCs in vitro, and further investigated the immunosuppressive ability of acteoside to manipulate T helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated allergic asthma in mice. Following lipopolysaccharide activation, 50 μM of acteoside significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, whereas it enhanced secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, by DCs. However, these effects of acteoside on DCs were reversed by pretreatment with CH223191, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist. Additionally, coculture of acteoside-treated DCs with CD4+ T cells promoted the generation of forkhead box P3-positive (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) via AhR activation. Using a murine asthma model, our results demonstrated that oral administration of 50 mg/kg of acteoside decreased levels of Th2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, whereas the level of IL-10 and the frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs were augmented. Moreover, acteoside treatment markedly inhibited the elevated serum level of ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E, attenuated the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, and reduced inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Additionally, histological results reveled that acteoside ameliorated pulmonary inflammation in asthmatic mice. Taken together, these results indicated that acteoside exhibits immunomodulatory effects on DCs and plays an anti-inflammatory role in the treatment of allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jer-Hwa Chang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Hou
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chiung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yi Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Złotkowska D, Stachurska E, Fuc E, Wróblewska B, Mikołajczyk A, Wasilewska E. Differences in Regulatory Mechanisms Induced by β-Lactoglobulin and κ-Casein in Cow's Milk Allergy Mouse Model-In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020349. [PMID: 33503831 PMCID: PMC7911159 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of various proteins, including modified ones, in food which exhibit diverse immunogenic and sensitizing properties increases the difficulty of predicting host immune responses. Still, there is a lack of sufficiently reliable and comparable data and research models describing allergens in dietary matrices. The aim of the study was to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) in comparison to those elicited by κ-casein (κ-CN), in vivo and ex vivo, using naïve splenocytes and a mouse sensitization model. Our results revealed that the humoral and cellular responses triggered by β-lg and κ-CN were of diverse magnitudes and showed different dynamics in the induction of control mechanisms. β-Lg turned out to be more immunogenic and induced a more dominant Th1 response than κ-CN, which triggered a significantly higher IgE response. For both proteins, CD4+ lymphocyte profiles correlated with CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells induction and interleukin 10 secretion, but β-lg induced more CD4+CD25+Foxp3- Tregs. Moreover, ex vivo studies showed the risk of interaction of immune responses to different milk proteins, which may exacerbate allergy, especially the one caused by β-lg. In conclusion, the applied model of in vivo and ex vivo exposure to β-lg and κ-CN showed significant differences in immunoreactivity of the tested proteins (κ-CN demonstrated stronger allergenic potential than β-lg), and may be useful for the estimation of allergenic potential of various food proteins, including those modified in technological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (E.W.); Tel.: +48-89-523-46-75 (D.Z.); +48-89-523-46-03 (E.W.)
| | - Emilia Stachurska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
| | - Ewa Fuc
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ewa Wasilewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (E.W.); Tel.: +48-89-523-46-75 (D.Z.); +48-89-523-46-03 (E.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klimek L, Brehler R, Hamelmann E, Kopp M, Ring J, Treudler R, Jakob T, Worm M, Pfaar O. Entwicklung der subkutanen Allergen-Immuntherapie (Teil 1): von den Anfängen zu immunologisch orientierten Therapiekonzepten. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Evolution of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (part 1): from first developments to mechanism-driven therapy concepts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40629-019-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
5
|
Schülke S. Induction of Interleukin-10 Producing Dendritic Cells As a Tool to Suppress Allergen-Specific T Helper 2 Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:455. [PMID: 29616018 PMCID: PMC5867300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are gatekeepers of the immune system that control induction and polarization of primary, antigen-specific immune responses. Depending on their maturation/activation status, the molecules expressed on their surface, and the cytokines produced DCs have been shown to either elicit immune responses through activation of effector T cells or induce tolerance through induction of either T cell anergy, regulatory T cells, or production of regulatory cytokines. Among the cytokines produced by tolerogenic DCs, interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a key regulatory cytokine limiting und ultimately terminating excessive T-cell responses to microbial pathogens to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Because of their important role in preventing autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, allergic reactions, or in controlling chronic inflammation DCs have become an interesting tool to modulate antigen-specific immune responses. For the treatment of allergic inflammation, the aim is to downregulate allergen-specific T helper 2 (Th2) responses and the associated clinical symptoms [allergen-driven Th2 activation, Th2-driven immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, IgE-mediated mast cell and basophil activation, allergic inflammation]. Here, combining the presentation of allergens by DCs with a pro-tolerogenic, IL-10-producing phenotype is of special interest to modulate allergen-specific immune responses in the treatment of allergic diseases. This review discusses the reported strategies to induce DC-derived IL-10 secretion for the suppression of allergen-specific Th2-responses with a focus on IL-10 treatment, IL-10 transduction, and the usage of both whole bacteria and bacteria-derived components. Interestingly, while IL-10-producing DCs induced either by IL-10 treatment or IL-10 transduction are arrested in an immature/semi-mature state, treatment of DCs with live or killed bacteria as well as isolated bacterial components results in the induction of both anti-inflammatory IL-10 and pro-inflammatory, Th1-promoting IL-12 secretion often paralleled by an enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the stimulated DCs. By the secretion of DC-derived exosomes or CC-chemokine ligand 18, as well as the expression of inhibitory molecules like cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, TNF receptor superfamily member 4, Ig-like transcript-22/cluster of differentiation 85, or programmed death-1, IL-10-producing DCs have been repeatedly shown to suppress antigen-specific Th2-responses. Therefore, DC-based vaccination approaches hold great potential to improve the treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Vice President's Research Group 1, Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarjan HN, Yajurvedi HN. Chronic stress induced duration dependent alterations in immune system and their reversibility in rats. Immunol Lett 2018; 197:31-43. [PMID: 29481825 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to find out whether severity of stress effects on immunity increases with duration of exposure and recovery depends on duration of exposure. Adult male rats (n = 30) were subjected to restraint (1 h) followed by forced swimming exercise (15 min) after a gap of 4 h daily for 2, 4 and 8 weeks and allowed to recover for 6 weeks after each exposure period. Exposure of rats to stress resulted in duration dependent significant decreases in leukocyte count, phagocytic indices of neutrophils, number of bone marrow stem cells and serum levels of IL-12 and increases in apoptotic index of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum levels of IL-10. The alterations in counts of neutrophils, total immunoglobulin content, phagocytic index, apoptotic index of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum levels of IL-10 returned to control levels in recovery group rats of 2 and 4 weeks exposure but not in that of 8 weeks exposure. However, alterations in number and apoptotic index of bone marrow stem cells returned to control levels in 2, 4 and 8 weeks stress recovery groups. The results for the first time reveal that increase in duration of exposure results in more severe damage in immune system and that shorter the exposure period, faster the recovery. In addition, in vitro study for the first time showed that corticosterone causes apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow stem cells in dose dependent manner. Hence death of leukocytes and their stem cells is the major cause of stress induced immune dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H N Sarjan
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570 006, India.
| | - H N Yajurvedi
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570 006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polukort SH, Rovatti J, Carlson L, Thompson C, Ser-Dolansky J, Kinney SRM, Schneider SS, Mathias CB. IL-10 Enhances IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Responses and Is Essential for the Development of Experimental Food Allergy in IL-10-Deficient Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4865-76. [PMID: 27183617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a key pleiotropic cytokine that can both promote and curb Th2-dependent allergic responses. In this study, we demonstrate a novel role for IL-10 in promoting mast cell expansion and the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Oral OVA challenge in sensitized BALB/c mice resulted in a robust intestinal mast cell response accompanied by allergic diarrhea, mast cell activation, and a predominance of Th2 cytokines, including enhanced IL-10 expression. In contrast, the development of intestinal anaphylaxis, including diarrhea, mast cell activation, and Th2 cytokine production, was significantly attenuated in IL-10(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) controls. IL-10 also directly promoted the expansion, survival, and activation of mast cells; increased FcεRI expression on mast cells; and enhanced the production of mast cell cytokines. IL-10(-/-) mast cells had reduced functional capacity, which could be restored by exogenous IL-10. Similarly, attenuated passive anaphylaxis in IL-10(-/-) mice could be restored by IL-10 administration. The adoptive transfer of WT mast cells restored allergic symptoms in IL-10(-/-) mice, suggesting that the attenuated phenotype observed in these animals is due to a deficiency in IL-10-responding mast cells. Lastly, transfer of WT CD4 T cells also restored allergic diarrhea and intestinal mast cell numbers in IL-10(-/-) mice, suggesting that the regulation of IL-10-mediated intestinal mast cell expansion is T cell dependent. Our observations demonstrate a critical role for IL-10 in driving mucosal mast cell expansion and activation, suggesting that, in its absence, mast cell function is impaired, leading to attenuated food allergy symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Polukort
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Jeffrey Rovatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Logan Carlson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Chelsea Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Jennifer Ser-Dolansky
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199; and
| | - Shannon R M Kinney
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199; and Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Clinton B Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119; Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In 2012 there were 135,943 infants of multiple pregnancies born in the United States, nearly a 2-fold increase since 1980, with twins accounting for 96% of all multiple births. To date, most perinatal morbidities associated with multiple births have proven resistant to technological or pharmaceutical interventions. Maternal nutrition can have a profound effect on the course and outcome of multiple pregnancy, with the goal of achieving optimal intrauterine growth and birthweights, and minimizing prenatal and perinatal complications for the mother and her children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Luke
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steveling EH, Lao-Araya M, Koulias C, Scadding G, Eifan A, James LK, Dumitru A, Penagos M, Calderón M, Andersen PS, Shamji M, Durham SR. Protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of grass allergen immunotherapy tablet for seasonal allergic rhinitis: time course of nasal, cutaneous and immunological outcomes. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:43. [PMID: 26682038 PMCID: PMC4682243 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis is characterised by inflammation of the nasal mucosa upon exposure to common aeroallergens, affecting up to 20–25 % of the population. For those patients whose symptoms are not controlled by standard medical treatment, allergen specific immunotherapy is a therapeutic alternative. Although several studies have shown changes in immunologic responses as well as long term tolerance following treatment with a sublingual allergy immunotherapy tablet, a detailed time course of the early mechanistic changes of local and systemic T and B cell responses and the effects on B cell repertoire in the nasal mucosa have not been fully examined. Methods/design This is a randomized, double-blind, single-centre, placebo controlled, two arm time course study based in the United Kingdom comparing sublingual allergy immunotherapy tablet (GRAZAX®, ALK-Abello Horsholm, Denmark) plus standard treatment with placebo plus standard treatment. Up to 50 moderate to severe grass pollen allergic participants will be enrolled to ensure randomisation of at least 44. Further, we shall enrol 20 non-atopic volunteers. Screening will be completed before eligible atopic participants are randomised to one of the two treatment arms in a 1 to 1 ratio. The primary endpoint will be the total nasal symptom score assessed over 60 min following grass pollen nasal allergen challenge after 12 months of treatment. Clinical assessments and/or mechanistic analyses on blood, nasal fluid, brushing and biopsies will be performed at baseline at 1, 2, 3, 4 (coinciding with the peak pollen season), 6 and 12 months of treatment. After 12 months of treatment, unblinding will take place. Those atopic participants receiving active treatment will continue therapy for another 12 months followed by a post treatment phase of 12 months. Assessments and collection of biologic samples from these participants will take place again at 24 and at 36 months from the start of treatment. The 20 healthy, non-atopic controls will undergo screening and one visit only coinciding with the 12 month visit for the atopic participants. Discussion The trial will end in April 2017. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov and the trial identifying number is NCT02005627. Trial registration: Primary Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, Trial Identifying number: NCT02005627, Secondary identifying numbers: EudraCT number: 2013-003732-72 REC: 13/EM/0351, Imperial College London (Sponsor): 13IC0847, Protocol Version 6.0, Date: 16.05.2014 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13601-015-0087-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Helen Steveling
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Mongkol Lao-Araya
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Christopher Koulias
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Guy Scadding
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Aarif Eifan
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Alina Dumitru
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Martin Penagos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Moisés Calderón
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | | | - Mohamed Shamji
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Torii I, Shimizu S, Daimon T, Shinohara Y, Kudo T, Sato A, Tsujimura T. Exposure to High Doses of Lipopolysaccharide during Ovalbumin Sensitization Prevents the Development of Allergic Th2 Responses to a Dietary Antigen. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:205-15. [PMID: 25378805 PMCID: PMC4217231 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are driven by aberrant T helper (Th) 2 cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
influences the development of Th2-mediated diseases, but its role in food allergy and
tolerance remains unclear. To address this issue, we established mouse models presenting
allergic or tolerant responses to ovalbumin (OVA). Mice sensitized with crude OVA
developed Th2 responses including acute diarrhea, increases in serum OVA-specific IgE,
dominant production of serum OVA-specific IgG1, increases in Th2-type cytokines and
proliferation of mast cells in duodenal and colonic tissues. Sensitization of mice with
crude OVA and LPS abrogated Th2-type responses observed in allergic mice. The level of
OVA-specific proliferation in mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells was comparable
in allergic and tolerant mice, indicating that the tolerance is not caused by anergy and
apoptosis of antigen-primed T cells. Expression of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines was
suppressed in whole spleen cells and/or purified spleen CD4+ T cells of
tolerant mice, indicating that the tolerance was not caused by the shift from Th2 to Th1.
On the other hand, interleukin (IL)-10, a regulatory cytokine produced by regulatory T
cells, was upregulated in whole spleen cells and purified spleen CD4+ T cells
of tolerant mice. Furthermore, spleen CD4+ T cells from tolerant mice
suppressed the growth of CD4+ T cells from DO11.10 mice in co-culture. These
results indicate that tolerance is induced in allergic mice by simultaneous exposure to
LPS during sensitization with OVA and that a population of T cells producing IL-10 plays
an important role in the tolerance induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Torii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Daimon
- Department of Biostatistics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kudo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cappella A, Durham SR. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic respiratory diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1499-512. [PMID: 23095870 PMCID: PMC3660772 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen specific immunotherapy involves the repeated administration of allergen products in order to induce clinical and immunologic tolerance to the offending allergen. Immunotherapy is the only etiology-based treatment that has the potential for disease modification, as reflected by longterm remission following its discontinuation and possibly prevention of disease progression and onset of new allergic sensitizations. Whereas subcutaneous immunotherapy is of proven value in allergic rhinitis and asthma there is a risk of untoward side effects including rarely anaphylaxis. Recently the sublingual route has emerged as an effective and safer alternative. Whereas the efficacy of SLIT in seasonal allergy is now well-documented in adults and children, the available data for perennial allergies and asthma is less reliable and particularly lacking in children. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety and longterm benefits of SCIT and SLIT and highlights new findings regarding mechanisms, potential biomarkers and recent novel approaches for allergen immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cappella
- Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - Stephen R. Durham
- Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2012; 32:23-63. [PMID: 22428854 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 901] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties that plays a central role in limiting host immune response to pathogens, thereby preventing damage to the host and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of IL-10 is associated with enhanced immunopathology in response to infection as well as increased risk for development of many autoimmune diseases. Thus a fundamental understanding of IL-10 gene expression is critical for our comprehension of disease progression and resolution of host inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss modes of regulation of IL-10 gene expression in immune effector cell types, including signal transduction, epigenetics, promoter architecture, and post-transcriptional regulation, and how aberrant regulation contributes to immunopathology and disease progression.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is allergen-specific, allergen dose- and time-dependent and is associated with long-term clinical and immunological tolerance that persists for years after discontinuation. Successful immunotherapy is accompanied by the suppression of numbers of T-helper 2 (Th2) effector cells, eosinophils, basophils, c-kit+mast cells and neutrophils infiltration in target organs, induction of IL-10 and/or TGF-β+Treg cells and increases in 'protective' non-inflammatory blocking antibodies, particularly IgG4 and IgA2 subclasses with inhibitory activity. These events are accompanied by a reduction and/or a redirection of underlying antigen-specific Th2-type T cell-driven hypersensitivity to the allergen(s) used for therapy. This suppression occurs within weeks or months as a consequence of the appearance of a population of regulatory T cells that exert their effects by mechanisms involving cell-cell contact, but also by the release of cytokines such as IL-10 (increases IgG4) and TGF-β (increases specific IgA). The more delayed-in-time appearance of antigen-specific T-helper 1 responses and alternative mechanisms such as Th2 cell anergy and/or apoptosis may also be involved. The mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy are similar to those following a subcutaneous administration of allergen, whereas it is likely that additional events following antigen presentation in the sublingual mucosa and regional lymph nodes are involved. These insights have resulted in novel approaches and portend future biomarkers that may be surrogate or predictive of the clinical response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Shamji
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kang JY, Kim JW, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Lee SH, Kwon SS, Kim YK, Moon HS, Song JS, Park SH, Lee SY. Inhibitory effects of anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies on airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. J Asthma 2010; 47:374-80. [PMID: 20528589 DOI: 10.3109/02770901003801972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling is one of the cardinal features of asthma and is thought to play a pivotal role in refractory or persistent asthma. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) has a major effect on the pathogenesis of asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of anti-IgE antibody not only on airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, but also on airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. METHODS The authors developed a mouse model of chronic asthma in which ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized female BALB/c-mice were exposed to intranasal OVA administration twice a week for 3 months. Anti-IgE antibodies were administered intravenously starting on the 38th day and once a month thereafter for 3 months during the intranasal OVA challenge. RESULTS Mice that were chronically exposed to OVA developed sustained eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and showed increased levels of collagen, hydroxyproline, and alpha-smooth muscle actin, as compared with control mice. Treatment with anti-IgE antibody inhibited the development of AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, and airway remodeling. Moreover, anti-IgE antibody treatment reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, although it did not affect the levels of IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, and activin A. CONCLUSION These results suggest that anti-IgE antibody treatment modulates the airway inflammation and remodeling associated with chronic allergen challenge. The inhibition of inflammation may be related to the regulation of Th2 cytokines. However, the mechanisms underlying the blocking of airway remodeling by anti-IgE antibody remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:S306-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
Cho SJ, Kim HW, Kim BY, Cho SI. Sam So Eum, a herb extract, as the remedy for allergen-induced asthma in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21:578-83. [PMID: 18387835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied administering Sam So Eum (SSE) as a herbal medicine to treat asthma in mice and we discussed the mechanism of restoring the immuno-modulating cytokines such as IL-10 and IFN-gamma. The mice treated with SSE did not show any significant variation in their body weight and they looked very similar to the controlled ones. The SSE-treated mice showed reduced levels of airway responsiveness to methacholine, and these levels were initially elevated by the induction of asthma compared to the control group. The SSE elevated production level of IFN-gamma, which was down-regulated upon induction of asthma. This result implies that SSE can change the Th1/Th2 ratio through Th1-skewing reactions, and that SSE can decrease airway hyperresponsiveness by changing the Th1/Th2 ratio. The treatment with SSE also restored the IL-10 level to that of the naive condition. This means that SSE reduced the airway inflammation through this pathway. The ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibody (total Ig) production in the serum was also decreased upon SSE treatment. Prednisolone (PD) was used as positive control. The effectiveness of SSE was almost the same as that of PD. These results suggest the possibility of using SSE for the treatment of patients with asthma, and its therapeutic efficacy involves restoring the IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stock P, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. The role of anti-IgE therapy in combination with allergen specific immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. BioDrugs 2008; 21:403-10. [PMID: 18020623 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200721060-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies that interfere specifically with immunologic mechanisms underlying allergen-induced pathology are currently in clinical evaluation. Among these is anti-IgE, which directly targets IgE serum antibodies, thus inhibiting the central mechanism of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. Application of anti-IgE antibodies effectively reduces IgE serum levels regardless of allergen specificity. Anti-IgE therapy has been successfully tested in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy, showing significant efficacy in reducing symptom scores and the use of rescue medications. However, such therapy is limited by high costs and the requirements for permanent or every-season treatment. The advantage of specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the potential to alter the course of the disease, which has been demonstrated in patients with allergic rhinitis, insect venom allergy and, to a lesser degree, asthma. The broader application of SIT is restricted by sometimes life-threatening adverse effects. The combination of anti-IgE with SIT was suggested to be superior to each single treatment protocol in children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis. In a randomized, double-blind trial to assess the efficacy and safety of anti-IgE (omalizumab) or placebo in combination with SIT (birch pollen or grass pollen), the combination therapy reduced symptom load, the sum of daily symptom severity score plus rescue medication use, over the birch and grass pollen seasons by nearly 50% over SIT alone. These data show that the combination of anti-IgE plus SIT may be beneficial for the treatment of allergic diseases, offering improved efficacy, limited adverse effects, and potential immune-modifying effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Stock
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamazaki K, Murray JA, Kita H. Innate immunomodulatory effects of cereal grains through induction of IL-10. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 121:172-178.e3. [PMID: 17919702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the gastrointestinal immune system and the luminal environment play critical roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. Although immunomodulation by microbial factors has been studied extensively, little attention has been given to the potential immunomodulatory effects of ingested foods. OBJECTIVE We characterized the effects of cereal grains on the immune response in human subjects and investigated the mechanism. METHODS PBMCs from healthy individuals were incubated with cereal grain extracts, and cytokine levels in cell-free supernatants were measured. The cellular source of IL-10 and the role of monocytes were investigated by means of flow cytometry and cell-depletion/reconstitution experiments. RESULTS Extracts of cereal grains, including rice and wheat, induced marked IL-10 production from PBMCs. Intracellular cytokine staining and cell-depletion experiments showed that CD14+ monocytes produced IL-10. Importantly, when PBMCs were stimulated with concanavalin A, cereal grains concentration-dependently inhibited their production of IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-gamma; neutralizing IL-10 or removing the monocytes abrogated this inhibitory effect. This cereal grain-induced IL-10 response was polymyxin B sensitive, heat resistant, and inhibited by blocking the Toll-like receptor 4. CONCLUSION Cereal grains have strong innate immunomodulatory effects by inducing marked production of IL-10 from CD14+ monocytes in vitro. LPS or LPS-mimicking activity in cereal grains might be responsible. The potential immunomodulatory effects of cereal grains need further study in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bellinghausen I, König B, Böttcher I, Knop J, Saloga J. Inhibition of human allergic T-helper type 2 immune responses by induced regulatory T cells requires the combination of interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells and transforming growth factor-beta for their induction. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1546-55. [PMID: 17177678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In grass pollen-allergic individuals, T cell anergy can be induced by IL-10-treated dendritic cells (IL-10-DC) resulting in the suppression of T helper type 1 (Th1) as well as Th2 cells. This study was performed to analyse whether such IL-10-DC-treated T cells are able to act as regulatory T cells (Treg) suppressing the function of other T cells in the periphery. As transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is also a potential inducer of Treg, we additionally analysed the inhibitory capacity of TGF-beta-treated T cells in this system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Freshly isolated CD4+ or CD4+ CD25- T cells from grass pollen-allergic donors were stimulated with autologous mature monocyte-derived allergen-pulsed DC in the presence or absence of T cells previously cultured with IL-10-DC- and/or TGF-beta. RESULTS Anergic T cells induced by allergen-pulsed IL-10-treated DC or allergen-pulsed DC and TGF-beta enhanced IL-10 production and strongly inhibited IFN-gamma production of freshly prepared peripheral CD4+ or CD4+ CD25- T cells while proliferation and Th2 cytokine production were only slightly reduced. The combination of allergen-pulsed IL-10-treated DC and TGF-beta had an additional effect leading to a significant suppression also of Th2 cytokine production and proliferation. Suppression was not antigen-specific and was mainly mediated by cell-to-cell contact and by the molecule-programmed death-1 and only partially by CTLA-4, TGF-beta and IL-10. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that regulatory T cells that also suppress Th2 cytokine production are induced by two signals: TGF-beta and IL-10-DC. This is of importance for the regulation of allergic immune responses and might be exploited for future therapeutic strategies for allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a well-established and clinically effective treatment for allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. The immunological mechanisms of the subcutaneously applied immunotherapy have been partially elucidated over the past several years but are not completely understood. This report summarizes the immunological and immunoregulatory changes during SIT of wasp venom allergic patients. The induction of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Bellinghausen
- SFB 548 Allergie und Autoimmunität, Universitäts-Hautklinik Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Immune reactions are stringently regulated and balanced by complex interactions of stimulating and suppressing mechanisms. Dysfunctions of this sophisticated immune regulatory network can lead to a variety of diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and pregnancy disorders. The rediscovery of suppressor T cells a decade ago--now designated as T regulatory cells--set off a huge avalanche of research activities leading to a multitude of preclinical and clinical studies. Herein, we give a comprehensive review about this research on T regulatory cells and the relevance of this suppressive T cell population for the development of innovative immune therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bopp
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mamessier E, Birnbaum J, Dupuy P, Vervloet D, Magnan A. Ultra-rush venom immunotherapy induces differential T cell activation and regulatory patterns according to the severity of allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:704-13. [PMID: 16776670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venom immunotherapy (VIT) induces immune tolerance to hymenoptera venom antigens in allergic patients and is therefore a helpful model for studying modulation of allergic immune response. The objectives were to assess the early effects of ultra-rush VIT on T lymphocyte activation and regulatory profile induction, in all subjects combined and according to the four severity grades of the Mueller classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from 30 vespid-allergic patients were taken before and after the first day of treatment, and before day 15 and day 45 booster injections. IFN-gamma and IL-4 levels were assayed by ELISA, in whole-blood supernatants. IFN-gamma and IL-13-producing T cells, but also natural CD4+CD25+high regulatory T cells and acquired regulatory T cell proportions were assessed by flow cytometry. Results were analysed in the whole population and compared between patients with I-II or III-IV allergic reactions. RESULTS During VIT, IFN-gamma increased in whole blood when IL-4 decreased. Among T cells, the percentage of CD3+IFN-gamma+ cells increased while IL-13-producing T cells decreased. Proportions of CD4+CD25+high cells and IL-10-producing T cells increased with VIT. In I-II subjects, IFN-gamma increased gradually, whereas it remained at low levels in III-IV patients. By contrast, IL-4 decrease was more pronounced in III-IV patients. Increase in CD4+CD25+high T cells occurred early in I-II patients but was delayed in III-IV patients. IL-10-producing T cells increased gradually in both groups but were in a lower proportion in III-IV patients. CONCLUSION A T helper type 2 (Th2)-to-Th1 switch occurs during ultra-rush VIT, in parallel with natural and acquired regulatory T cell increase. These events occur earlier and at a higher level in less severe subjects, suggesting that VIT tolerance induction is easier to achieve in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mamessier
- UPRES 3287, Université de la Méditerranée, and Service de Pneumo-allergologie, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Marseilles, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu Y, Zhou C, Tao J, Li S. Montelukast prevents the decrease of interleukin-10 and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in inflammatory airway of asthmatic guinea pigs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:531-7. [PMID: 16902598 DOI: 10.1139/y06-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine, whereas nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. In the present study, the effects of montelukast on the level of IL-10 and on the activation of NF-kappaB in the inflammatory airway of asthmatic guinea pigs were investigated. Guinea pigs were sensitized by ovalbumin. Pulmonary inflammation was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The eosinophils in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and blood were separated by density gradient centrifugation and counted under microscope. The level of IL-10 in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. Activation of NF-kappaB in lung tissues was inspected by immunohistochemistry. Montelukast at medium and high doses prevented the decrease of IL-10 in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (n = 8, p < 0.01 vs. asthma model group), inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB in lung tissues (n = 8; medium dose, p < 0.05; high dose, p < 0.01; vs. asthma model group). There was a significantly negative correlation between the level of IL-10 and the activation of NF-kappaB in lung tissues (r = -0.488, p < 0.01). Montelukast reduced the severity of airway inflammation and the number of eosinophils in asthmatic guinea pigs. From all these findings we conclude that montelukast can prevent the decrease of IL-10 and inhibit the activation of NF-kappaB in inflammatory airway of asthmatic guinea pigs, which may be the new important mechanisms of montelukast's anti-airway-inflammation effects in asthmatic guinea pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fitzsimmons CM, McBeath R, Joseph S, Jones FM, Walter K, Hoffmann KF, Kariuki HC, Mwatha JK, Kimani G, Kabatereine NB, Vennervald BJ, Ouma JH, Dunne DW. Factors Affecting Human IgE and IgG Responses to Allergen-Like Schistosoma mansoni Antigens: Molecular Structure and Patterns of in vivo Exposure. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:40-50. [PMID: 17019080 DOI: 10.1159/000095997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human IgE response is associated with allergy and with host defence against parasitic worms. A response to Sm22.6, the dominant IgE antigen in adult Schistosoma mansoni worms, correlates with resistance to re-infection after treatment. Sm22.6 is one of a family of EF-hand containing parasite proteins with sequence similarity to dynein light chain (DLC) and with major non-parasite allergens. Here we compare human IgE and IgG responses to other family members, Sm20.8 and Sm21.7, as well as to SmDLC1, relating these to antigen structure and expression in parasite life stages. METHODS Recombinant antigens were used in ELISA to measure antibody isotype responses in 177 cases from an endemic area, before and 7 weeks after treatment. Parasite antigen expression was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Levels of antibodies to Sm22.6 and Sm20.8 (but not to Sm21.7 or SmDLC1) showed posttreatment increases in all but young children. Many produced IgE to Sm22.6 and Sm20.8 (2 EF-hands), few to Sm21.7 (1 EF-hand) or SmDLC1 (no EF-hands). Sm21.7 was expressed in cercariae, adults and eggs, Sm22.6 and Sm20.8 were concentrated in the adult. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that IgE antigens Sm22.6 and Sm20.8 are only released to boost antibodies when adult worms die, whilst Sm21.7 and SmDLC1 are released constantly from eggs dying in host tissue. IgE responses to these allergen-like molecules may be influenced by patterns of exposure and the number of EF-hand motifs.
Collapse
|
25
|
Han X, Wang S, Fan Y, Yang J, Jiao L, Qiu H, Yang X. Chlamydia Infection Induces ICOS Ligand-Expressing and IL-10-Producing Dendritic Cells That Can Inhibit Airway Inflammation and Mucus Overproduction Elicited by Allergen Challenge in BALB/c Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5232-9. [PMID: 16621988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that the adoptive transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) freshly isolated from Chlamydia-infected mice (iIDCs), unlike those from control naive mice (iNDCs), can inhibit systemic and cutaneous eosinophilia induced by OVA exposure. In the present study, we examined the mechanism by which iIDC inhibits allergen-specific Th2 cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The study revealed that iIDCs exhibited higher surface expression of CD8alpha and the ICOS ligand (ICOS-L), as well as higher IL-10 and IL-12 production than iNDCs. In vitro DC:CD4(+) T cell coculture experiments showed that iIDCs could inhibit allergen-specific Th2 cell differentiation and that the inhibitory effect could be abolished by the blockage of IL-10 or IL-12 activity. More interestingly, the coblockade of IL-10 and the ICOS-L showed synergistic effect in enhancing allergen-driven Th2 cytokine production. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of iIDCs, but not iNDCs, to OVA sensitized mice significantly inhibited airway eosinophilia and mucus overproduction following intranasal challenge with OVA. Overall, the data demonstrate a critical role played by ICOS-L-expressing and IL-10-producing DCs from Chlamydia-infected mice in the infection-mediated inhibition of allergic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Han
- Immune Regulation of Allergy Research Group, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Azuma M, Yagita H, Ueno H. Involvement of programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) in the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:1040-5. [PMID: 16613922 PMCID: PMC1857191 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Involvement of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands has been demonstrated in experimental allergic airway disease. Here, the authors aimed to examine whether PD-1 and its ligands are involved in the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EC) in mice. METHODS EC was induced in Balb/c mice by active immunisation with short ragweed pollen (RW) in alum. 10 days later (day 10), the mice were challenged with eye drops containing RW. 24 hours after the challenge, conjunctivas, spleens, and sera were harvested for histological analysis, cytokine assays, and measurement of RW specific Ig levels. The actively immunised mice were treated with anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2 antibodies (Abs), or normal rat immunoglobulin G (nrIgG) during either the induction (day 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) or the effector (2 hours before RW challenge on day 10) phase. RESULTS Ab treatment during the induction phase did not affect eosinophil infiltration although immune responses were modulated. In contrast, treatment with anti-PD-L2 Ab, but not anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 Ab, during the effector phase significantly increased eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva without affecting systemic immune responses. CONCLUSIONS Similar to allergic airway inflammation, PD-L2 is involved in the development of EC during the effector phase but not the induction phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-city 783-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K. New insights into the mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 5:525-30. [PMID: 16264333 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000191237.43502.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Specific immunotherapy represents the only curative treatment of a specific allergy, and is therefore of great interest in terms of immunological mechanisms and therapeutic developments. RECENT FINDINGS Allergen-specific regulatory T cells are induced after the initiation of specific immunotherapy, and are assumed to suppress effector T cells directly mediating allergic inflammation. Therefore regulatory T cells may play a key role in the re-induction of allergen tolerance. Multiple pathways in many systems are described to promote or enhance regulatory T cells. This review summarizes the current view on immunological mechanisms leading to and coming from regulatory T cells. SUMMARY The highlighted mechanisms may not only contribute to improved specific immunotherapy, but also give insight into a clinically relevant therapy targeting regulatory T cells. The approach of addressing endogenous regulatory mechanisms specifically controlling inflammation instead of targeting inflammation itself is relevant for future pharmacological developments.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bullens DMA, De Swerdt A, Dilissen E, Kasran A, Kroczek RA, Cadot P, Casaer P, Ceuppens JL. House dust mite-specific T cells in healthy non-atopic children. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1535-41. [PMID: 16393318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that allergen-specific T cells can also be found in the blood of healthy individuals. Both IL-10 and IFN-gamma might modulate the induction and maintenance of allergen-specific tolerance. AIM To study the phenotype and functional characteristics of allergen-specific T cells in healthy non-atopic children. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 13 symptomatic house dust mite (HDM)-allergic children and from nine matched healthy control children were stimulated with recombinant (r)Der p 2, a major allergen from HDMs. RESULTS Stimulation with rDer p 2 resulted in Th2 cytokine production in cultures of PBMC from allergic but not from healthy children. In contrast, IL-10 and IFN-gamma were induced in PBMC cultures from both healthy and HDM-allergic children. Intracellular staining revealed that IL-10 and IFN-gamma are largely produced by the same T cells. Stimulation of T cells from healthy children with rDer p 2 also induced expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS) on a small T cell subset. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific memory T cells from healthy non-atopic children produce IL-10 and IFN-gamma (but not Th2 cytokines) and express ICOS upon stimulation. These cells might be responsible for a normal immune balance after allergen encounter in non-atopics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M A Bullens
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, Catholic University of Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Satoguina JS, Weyand E, Larbi J, Hoerauf A. T regulatory-1 cells induce IgG4 production by B cells: role of IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4718-26. [PMID: 15814696 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed to find out whether T cells with a regulatory profile could regulate the secretion of IgG4. Using tetanus Ag we found that PBMC of healthy human donors responded to exogenous IL-10 by down-regulating IgG1 and increasing IgG4 secretion. IgE was not affected. To investigate the direct effect of IL-10-producing T cells on B cells, we generated T cell clones (TCC) with two different cytokine profiles: first, IL-10high, IL-2low, IL-4low TCC, and second, IL-10low, IL-2high, IL-4high. The T cell-dependent Ab secretion was measured by coculturing purified CD19+ B cells and the TCC. Interestingly, we found that IgG4 production in the coculture correlated with the TCC production of IL-10 (r2 = 0.352, p = 0.0001), but not with IL-2, IL-4, nor IFN-gamma. IgE showed only a trend with regard to IL-4. Further, there was decreased Ab secretion in the absence of T-B cell contact. IL-10 also induced IgG4 when added to a Th1 TCC-B cell coculture system. The present study thus shows that in T-B cell coculture, IL-10, if induced by the TCC or added to the system, down-regulates the immune response by inducing IgG4 secretion. This establishes a direct implication of IL-10 in humoral hyporesponsiveness, particularly in compartments where the T-B cell interplay determines the subsequent immune response. The correlation between IgG4 and IL-10 (r2 = 0.352) indicates that IL-10 is an important but not the only factor for IgG4 induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Satoguina
- Institute of Medical Parasitology, Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Immunological Changes on Allergic Response after Beevenom Immunotherapy. J Pharmacopuncture 2004. [DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2004.7.3.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
32
|
Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Cytokines in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:157-68. [PMID: 15110799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is one of the smallest free-living bacteria known. Along with other unique characteristics of this genus, it lacks the typical peptidoglycan cell wall of most eubacteria. Best known for causing tracheobronchitis and atypical pneumonia in humans, this pathogen also causes a number of extrapulmonary syndromes such as meningitis/encephalitis and arthritis. Recent studies also suggest that infection may be associated with chronic conditions such as asthma. Although the mechanisms of M. pneumoniae pathogenesis remain to be elucidated, one important component of M. pneumoniae infections is the induction of proinflammatory and other cytokines in both acute and chronic conditions. In this review, we survey the induction of cytokines by M. pneumoniae in different model systems, and we discuss the possible role of induced cytokines in M. pneumoniae pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Proteomics Research Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310031, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bullens DMA, Van Den Keybus C, Dilissen E, Kasran A, Ceuppens JL. Allergen-specific T cells from birch-pollen-allergic patients and healthy controls differ in T helper 2 cytokine and in interleukin-10 production. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:879-87. [PMID: 15196274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T helper (Th)2 cells play an important role in the development of IgE-mediated diseases, with local overproduction of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) at the site of allergic inflammation. Furthermore, IL-10 has been suggested to play a modulatory role in the induction and maintenance of allergen-specific tolerance in human atopic diseases. AIM We studied whether circulating allergen-specific Th2 cells persist outside the season of exposure in patients mono-sensitized to birch pollen and whether healthy control individuals also have allergen-specific Th2 cells. We also studied whether IL-10-producing allergen-specific T cells can be found in circulation either in healthy controls or in allergic patients. METHODS Blood was drawn outside the birch-pollen season from 15 birch-pollen-allergic patients, with seasonal respiratory symptoms and with (n=12) or without (n=3) oral allergy syndrome, and from 10 matched healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in vitro with recombinant Bet v 1 allergen, control antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) and anti-CD3/CD80. In part of the cultures, rIL-4 was added in order to reinforce the allergen-specific Th2 cell responses. RESULTS In the presence of rBet v 1, T cells from allergic patients, but not from healthy controls, produced IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. IL-5 production by patients' T cells was further enhanced by adding more IL-4. In contrast, rBet v 1 together with IL-4-induced significant IL-10 production in control subjects but not in patients. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were equally induced by polyclonal stimulation in allergic patients and controls, but in the presence of IL-4, polyclonally induced IL-10 production was lower in the patient group. CONCLUSION rBet v 1-specific Th2 cells circulate outside the season of exposure in the blood of birch-pollen-allergic subjects but not in healthy controls. Allergen-specific T cells were also demonstrated in controls but these cells produce IL-10 when stimulated with rBet v 1 in the presence of IL-4. Our data reveal a different allergen-induced cytokine profile in birch-pollen-allergic patients vs. controls, and suggest that a regulatory mechanism involving IL-4-induced allergen-specific IL-10 production might be defective in allergic subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M A Bullens
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hamelmann E, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Wahn U. Is there a role for anti-IgE in combination with specific allergen immunotherapy? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 3:501-10. [PMID: 14612676 DOI: 10.1097/00130832-200312000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A line of novel therapeutic approaches that try to interfere more specifically with the immunological mechanisms underlying allergen-induced pathology are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The most advanced of these is anti-IgE, which directly targets IgE serum antibodies, thus inhibiting the central mechanism of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. In addition, a lot of interest has recently been focused on allergen-specific immunotherapy due to its potential to cure allergic diseases. In the present review, state-of-the-art treatment of allergic diseases with anti-IgE and allergen-specific immunotherapy is summarized, and the potential of combination therapy with both treatment options is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Application of anti-IgE antibodies effectively reduces IgE serum levels regardless of allergen specificity. This treatment has been successfully tested in patients with allergic rhinitis, asthma and food allergy, showing significant efficacy in reducing symptom scores and rescue medication use. Anti-IgE therapy is limited by high costs and the necessity for permanent or every-season treatment. The strongest argument in favor of allergen-specific immunotherapy is the potential to cure allergic diseases, which has been demonstrated in patients with allergic rhinitis, insect venom allergy and, to a lesser degree, asthma. The broader application of allergen-specific immunotherapy is restricted by sometimes life-threatening side effects. A combination of anti-IgE and allergen-specific immunotherapy was shown to be superior to each single treatment protocol in children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis, as demonstrated by efficacy of symptom scores and rescue medication use. SUMMARY There are strong arguments for a combination of anti-IgE plus allergen-specific immunotherapy for treatment of allergic diseases: improved efficacy, limited side effects, and potential curative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eckard Hamelmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Martin SF. T Lymphocyte-Mediated Immune Responses to Chemical Haptens and Metal Ions: Implications for Allergic and Autoimmune Disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 134:186-98. [PMID: 15178887 DOI: 10.1159/000078765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical haptens and metal ions interact with proteins and thereby become recognizable by T and B lymphocytes. They induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by various cell types due to triggering of innate immune responses. This is an important prerequisite for the activation of the adaptive immune system and the development of diseases like allergic contact dermatitis and adverse drug and autoimmune reactions. Our increasing knowledge about the molecular basis of hapten and metal ion recognition by T cells and about the pathomechanisms of contact hypersensitivity and chemical-induced autoimmune reactions allows concomitant progress in the development of modern strategies for immunotherapy and will hopefully enable more specific intervention in hapten- and metal ion-induced human diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Clinical Research Group Allergology, Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bellinghausen I, Klostermann B, Böttcher I, Knop J, Saloga J. Importance of the inducible costimulator molecule for the induction of allergic immune responses and its decreased expression on T helper cells after venom immunotherapy. Immunology 2004; 112:80-6. [PMID: 15096187 PMCID: PMC1782455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible costimulator (ICOS), a newly identified member of the CD28 receptor family that is induced after T-cell activation, and its ligand (ICOSL), being expressed on activated monocytes and dendritic cells play a key role in T-cell-mediated immune responses. As ICOS costimulation also seems to regulate T helper 2 effector cells, the aim of this study was to analyse the function of this molecule in allergic immune responses and their specific therapy, mainly venom immunotherapy (VIT). CD4+ T cells from grass pollen-, or bee or wasp venom-allergic donors were stimulated in the presence of autologous mature dendritic cells, which were pulsed with different allergen doses. In this system, costimulation of ICOS strongly enhanced the production of the T helper 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10 and, to a lesser extent, secretion of the T helper 1 cytokine, interferon-gamma. Expression of ICOS on CD4+ T cells was induced, in a dose-dependent manner, after a few days of stimulation with allergen-pulsed dendritic cells, reaching a peak on day 6. The upregulation of ICOS after stimulation with venom allergens was significantly reduced after VIT. Addition of exogenous IL-10 (which is induced during VIT) to the co-cultures before VIT also led to an inhibition of ICOS expression, while blocking of IL-10 in co-cultures after VIT partially restored the expression of ICOS. These data indicate that the inhibition of T cells after immunotherapy also involves decreased induction of the costimulatory molecule ICOS, which, in turn, seems to be dependent on the presence of IL-10, also associated with the inhibited status of T cells after VIT. This makes the ICOS-ICOSL pathway a potential target for therapeutic intervention in T helper 2-mediated diseases, such as allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ito T, Ito N, Bettermann A, Tokura Y, Takigawa M, Paus R. Collapse and restoration of MHC class-I-dependent immune privilege: exploiting the human hair follicle as a model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:623-34. [PMID: 14742267 PMCID: PMC1602279 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The collapse of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I-dependent immune privilege can lead to autoimmune disease or fetal rejection. Pragmatic and instructive models are needed to clarify the as yet obscure controls of MHC class I down-regulation in situ, to dissect the principles of immune privilege generation, maintenance, and collapse as well as to develop more effective strategies for immune privilege restoration. Here, we propose that human scalp hair follicles, which are abundantly available and easily studied, are ideally suited for this purpose: interferon-gamma induces ectopic MHC class I expression in the constitutively MHC class-I-negative hair matrix epithelium of organ-cultured anagen hair bulbs, likely via interferon regulatory factor-1, along with up-regulation of the MHC class I pathway molecules beta(2)microglobulin and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP-2). In the first report to identify natural immunomodulators capable of down-regulating MHC class I expression in situ in a normal, neuroectoderm-derived human tissue, we show that ectopic MHC class I expression in human anagen hair bulbs can be normalized by treatment with alpha-MSH, IGF-1, or TGF-beta1, all of which are locally generated, as well as by FK506. These agents are promising candidates for immune privilege restoration and for suppressing MHC class I expression where this is clinically desired (eg, in alopecia areata, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune uveitis, mumps orchitis, and fetal or allograft rejection).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Babiuk S, Skowronski DM, De Serres G, HayGlass K, Brunham RC, Babiuk L. Aggregate content influences the Th1/Th2 immune response to influenza vaccine: evidence from a mouse model. J Med Virol 2004; 72:138-42. [PMID: 14635022 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During the 2000-2001 season, a newly identified oculo-respiratory syndrome (ORS) was detected across Canada as an adverse effect to one influenza vaccine. The implicated vaccine contained a higher than expected proportion of unsplit and aggregated influenza virions. Clinical and epidemiologic features of ORS were suggestive of type 2-like influences on the immune response. We hypothesized that the implicated vaccine from the 2000-2001 season would induce greater Th2-like polarization relative to the non-implicated vaccine from the same season. Three groups consisting of eight mice each were either immunized with implicated vaccine, immunized with non-implicated vaccine or not immunized. Antigen-specific cellular responses were characterized based on the balance of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) and Th1 (IFN-gamma) cytokines in vitro. We confirm that vaccine aggregates deviate the immune response to a greater Th2 cytokine pattern with potential implications for vaccine screening, safety, and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mas VR, Fisher RA, Maluf DG, Archer KJ, Contos MJ, Mills SA, Shiffman ML, Wilkinson DS, Oliveros L, Garrett CT, Ferreira-Gonzalez A. Polymorphisms in cytokines and growth factor genes and their association with acute rejection and recurrence of hepatitis C virus disease in liver transplantation. Clin Genet 2004; 65:191-201. [PMID: 14756669 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute rejection (AR) and recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are complications after liver transplantation (LTx). Genetic factors play a role in cytokine production as a consequence of polymorphisms within cytokine genes. Our goal was to identify genetic factors that might be associated with AR and recurrence of HCV in liver transplant recipients (LTxRs). We studied 77 Caucasian LTxRs and 100 Caucasian healthy individuals. We studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha[TNF-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta1, and angiotensin-converting enzyme genes by SNaPSHOT trade mark Multiplex assay. SNPs were classified as high producers (HP), intermediate producers (IP), or low producers (LP), and their association with AR and recurrence of HCV were studied. The frequency of TNF-alpha IP and HP genotypes was significantly higher in LTxRs with AR in comparison to patients without AR (TNF-alpha HP -238: 63 vs 20%, p < 0.001; TNF-alpha HP -308: 47.4 vs 20%, p = 0.02). The frequency of IL-6 IP and HP genotypes was higher in patients with AR episodes, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.14). However, when we analyzed the simultaneous presence of pro-inflammatory genotypes in the same patient, we found a significant difference between patients with and without AR, respectively (42.1 vs 14.6%, p = 0.012). Moreover, the frequency of the IL-10 LP genotype was higher in LTx patients with AR (p = 0.001) compared to patients without AR. There was an association between pro-inflammatory genotypes and HCV recurrence. Our data suggest that cytokine gene polymorphisms might play a role in AR and HCV recurrence in LTxRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V R Mas
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 403 North 13th Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0248, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K. Immunological mechanisms in specific immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 25:377-90. [PMID: 15007636 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-003-0147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) represents the only curative treatment of allergy and is, therefore, of particular interest for immunological and pharmacological research. The current understanding of immunological mechanisms underlying SIT focuses on regulatory T cells (T regs), which balance Th1 and Th2 effector functions. This ensures that allergens are recognized, but tolerated by the immune system. There is clear evidence that SIT restores the disturbed balance of T regs and effector cells in allergic patients. Current efforts are focused to improve SIT regimens to make them more applicable in atopy and asthma. The current review provides an overview on the mechanisms of SIT and possible adjuvant treatment strategies on the background of the T reg concept.
Collapse
|
41
|
Farraj AK, Harkema JR, Jan TR, Kaminski NE. Immune responses in the lung and local lymph node of A/J mice to intranasal sensitization and challenge with adjuvant-free ovalbumin. Toxicol Pathol 2003; 31:432-47. [PMID: 12851108 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390213766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic features of IgE-mediated allergic airway diseases include airway infiltration of inflammatory cells (eg, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils) and mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) in airway epithelium. CD4(+) T lymphocytes, specifically those producing a type 2 (Th2) cytokine profile, are necessary for the induction of IgE-mediated allergic airway responses. Most experimental models of IgE-mediated allergic airway disease use systemic (eg, intraperitoneal) administration of an allergen coupled with an adjuvant to sensitize animals. Cytokine changes are measured in a number of ways including in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lymph node cells stimulated ex vivo. The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that intranasal sensitization and challenge of mice with ovalbumin in the absence of an adjuvant will induce the pathologic features that are characteristic of IgE-mediated allergic airway disease. Another objective was to determine if intranasal delivery of this allergen will result in the induction of a profile of cytokine gene expression in the lung and tracheobronchial (TB) lymph node, that is typical of immunologic changes associated with IgE-mediated allergic airway disease. Only mice that were intranasally sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin exhibited pulmonary lesions that included marked MCM in the respiratory epithelium lining the nasal and pulmonary airways, and an associated mixed inflammatory cell influx consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Ovalbumin-treated mice also exhibited enhanced expression of the Th2 cytokine mRNAs IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 in the lung and IL-4 in the TB lymph node, and concurrent increases in ovalbumin-specific IgE in the serum. The results of this study indicate that A/J mice intranasally instilled with ovalbumin without adjuvant have the hallmark histopathologic and immunologic features of IgE-mediated allergic airway disease of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Robson D. Review of the pharmacokinetics, interactions and adverse reactions of cyclosporine in people, dogs and cats. Vet Rec 2003; 152:739-48. [PMID: 12833934 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.24.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is being increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Oral formulations of the drug have found many therapeutic uses, but topical formulations have met with only limited success, probably owing to their poor penetration through the stratum corneum. The concurrent use of ketoconazole to inhibit cyclosporine metabolism has been shown to reduce the required dose and hence the cost of cyclosporine therapy. In human medicine, adverse reactions to the drug, especially nephrotoxicity, are common but in dogs given the commonly used oral dose of 5 mg/kg per day there have been few adverse reactions. However, no toxicity studies lasting longer than 12 months have been carried out in this species. This paper reviews the pharmacokinetics, drug and procedural interactions, contraindications and the adverse reactions to cyclosporine, with particular reference to its use in the treatment of dermatological conditions in dogs, cats and people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Robson
- Melbourne Veterinary Referral Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria 3150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine produced by many cell populations. Its main biological function seems to be the limitation and termination of inflammatory responses and the regulation of differentiation and proliferation of several immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, antigen-presenting cells, mast cells, and granulocytes. However, very recent data suggest IL-10 also mediates immunostimulatory properties that help to eliminate infectious and noninfectious particles with limited inflammation. Numerous investigations, including expression analyses in patients, in vitro and animal experiments suggest a major impact of IL-10 in inflammatory, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. So IL-10 overexpression was found in certain tumors as melanoma and several lymphomas and is considered to promote further tumor development. Systemic IL-10 release is a powerful tool of the central nervous system to prevent hyperinflammatory processes by activation of the neuro-endocrine axis following acute stress reactions. In contrast, a relative IL-10 deficiency has been observed and is regarded to be of pathophysiological relevance in certain inflammatory disorders characterized by a type 1 cytokine pattern such as psoriasis. Recombinant human IL-10 has been produced and is currently being tested in clinical trials. This includes rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, organ transplantation, and chronic hepatitis C. The results are heterogeneous. They give new insight into the immunobiology of IL-10 and suggest that the IL-10/IL-10 receptor system may become a new therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Asadullah
- Head of Corporate Research Business Area Dermatology, Schering AG, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy involves the administration of allergen extracts to achieve clinical tolerance of the allergens which cause symptoms in patients with allergic conditions. Immunotherapy has been shown to be effective in patients with mild forms of allergic disease, and also in those who do not respond well to standard drug therapy. Recent studies suggest that specific immunotherapy may also modify the course of allergic disease, by reducing the risk of developing new allergic sensitizations, and also inhibiting the development of clinical asthma in children treated for allergic rhinitis. Specific immunotherapy remains the treatment of choice for patients with systemic allergic reactions to wasp and bee stings. The precise mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of SIT remain a matter of research and debate. An effect on regulatory T cells seems most probable, associated with switching of allergen-specific B cells towards IgG4 production. Few direct comparisons of specific immunotherapy and drug therapy have been made. Existing data suggest that the effects of specific immunotherapy take longer to come on, but once established, specific immunotherapy will give long-lasting relief of allergic symptoms, whereas the benefits of drugs only last as long as they are continued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Frew
- Medical Specialties Clinical Group, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Mailpoint 810, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- C B Schmidt-Weber
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Str. 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|