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Jiang L, Li S, Wu D, Jiang A, Liu Z, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Gao X, Liu W, Yang Z, Wei Z. Chicken heterophils extracellular traps act as early effectors against cyclopiazonic acid dependent upon NADPH oxidase, ROS and glycolysis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2113-2122. [PMID: 35508807 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, which is present in contaminated crops and food, causing severe toxicity to humans and animals. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are a novel host innate immune mechanism of chicken heterophils against pathogen infection. However, whether CPA can cause immunotoxicity of heterophils on HETs release remains unclear. Here, we attempt to detect the effects of CPA on HETs release, and further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. We exposed heterophils to 2.5, 5, 10 μM CPA for 90 min. The results showed that CPA induced the release of HETs in heterophils, consisting of DNA-modified citrullinated histone 3 and elastase. The quantitative analysis of HETs content was positively correlated with CPA concentration. CPA also promoted reactive oxygen species production and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. In addition, CPA-triggered HETs formation was reduced by NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling pathway and glycolysis inhibitors, indicating that CPA-induced HETs were related to the production of ROS dependent on NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling pathways, as well as glycolysis. Our study describes the underlying mechanism of CPA-induced HETs release, which may provide a further understanding of the immunotoxicology of CPA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqiu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and infections are major causes for the high incidence of morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease. Both complications are directly or indirectly associated with disturbed functions or altered apoptotic rates of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. Normal responses of immune cells can be reduced, leading to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, giving rise to inflammation and subsequently to cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the impact of kidney dysfunction on the immune system. Renal failure results in disturbed renal metabolic activities with reduced renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D production, which adversely affects the immune system. Decreased kidney function also leads to reduced glomerular filtration and the retention of uremic toxins. A large number of uremic toxins with detrimental effects on immune cells have been identified. Besides small water-soluble and protein-bound compounds originating from the intestinal microbiome, several molecules in the middle molecular range, e.g., immunoglobulin light chains, retinol-binding protein, the neuropeptides Met-enkephalin and neuropeptide Y, endothelin-1, and the adipokines leptin and resistin, adversely affect immune cells. Posttranslational modifications such as carbamoylation, advanced glycation products, and oxidative modifications contribute to uremic toxicity. Furthermore, high-density lipoprotein from uremic patients has an altered protein profile and thereby loses its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Cohen
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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Syed-Ahmed M, Narayanan M. Immune Dysfunction and Risk of Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019; 26:8-15. [PMID: 30876622 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and infections are directly or indirectly associated with an altered immune response, which leads to a high incidence of morbidity and mortality, and together, they account for up to 70% of all deaths among patients with chronic kidney dysfunction. Impairment of the normal reaction of the innate and adaptive immune systems in chronic kidney disease predisposes patients to an increased risk of infections, virus-associated cancers, and a diminished vaccine response. On the other hand, an abnormal, exaggerated reaction of the immune systems can also occur in this group of patients, resulting in increased production and decreased clearance of proinflammatory cytokines, which can lead to inflammation and its sequelae (eg, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease). Epigenetically, modifications in hematopoietic stem cells involving a shift from lymphoid to myeloid cell lineage may underlie uremia-associated immunological senescence, which is not reversed by renal replacement therapy, including kidney transplantation. Measures aimed at attenuating the immune abnormalities in chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease should be an area of focused research as this could potentially lead to a better understanding and, thus, development of therapies that could reduce the disastrously high death rate in this patient population. The aim of the present article is to review the characteristics, causes, and mechanisms of the immune dysfunction related to chronic kidney disease.
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Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Rocha S, Lima JLFC, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. Calcium Pathways in Human Neutrophils-The Extended Effects of Thapsigargin and ML-9. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110204. [PMID: 30423935 PMCID: PMC6262620 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In neutrophils, intracellular Ca2+ levels are regulated by several transporters and pathways, namely SERCA [sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase], SOCE (store-operated calcium entry), and ROCE (receptor-operated calcium entry). However, the exact mechanisms involved in the communication among these transporters are still unclear. In the present study, thapsigargin, an irreversible inhibitor of SERCA, and ML-9, a broadly used SOCE inhibitor, were applied in human neutrophils to better understand their effects on Ca2+ pathways in these important cells of the immune system. The thapsigargin and ML-9 effects in the intracellular free Ca2+ flux were evaluated in freshly isolated human neutrophils, using a microplate reader for monitoring fluorimetric kinetic readings. The obtained results corroborate the general thapsigargin-induced intracellular pattern of Ca2+ fluctuation, but it was also observed a much more extended effect in time and a clear sustained increase of Ca2+ levels due to its influx by SOCE. Moreover, it was obvious that ML-9 enhanced the thapsigargin-induced emptying of the internal stores. Indeed, ML-9 does not have this effect by itself, which indicates that, in neutrophils, thapsigargin does not act only on the influx by SOCE, but also by other Ca2+ pathways, that, in the future, should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José L F C Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Cohen G, Raupachova J, Borchhardt K, Hörl WH. Cinacalcet effect on polymorphonuclear leucocytes of kidney transplant patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:476-82. [PMID: 23521420 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) play a key role in the nonspecific immune defence. Cinacalcet reduces serum calcium levels in kidney transplant recipients with mineral bone disorder associated with chronic kidney disease. We investigated essential functions of PMNLs of kidney transplant recipients with and without hypercalcaemia and with and without cinacalcet therapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Oxidative burst, phagocytosis, apoptosis and intracellular calcium concentrations of PMNLs from normocalcaemic kidney transplant patients without (KT-NC) or with cinacalcet intake (KT-NC/CI), hypercalcaemic kidney transplant patients (KT-HC) and healthy subjects (HS) were investigated. RESULTS Stimulation of oxidative burst of PMNLs from KT-HC patients by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate or Escherichia coli was significantly attenuated compared with PMNLs from KT-NC, KT-NC/CI and HS. Apoptosis of PMNLs from KT-HC patients was significantly decreased compared with cells from KT-NC, KT-NC/CI and HS. Apoptosis correlated significantly with serum calcium concentrations. Intracellular calcium concentrations and phagocytosis of PMNLs did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that stimulation of PMNL oxidative burst and apoptosis is significantly diminished in kidney transplant patients with hypercalcaemia, while kidney transplant patients with serum calcium levels normalized by cinacalcet have normal PMNL functions despite immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Cohen
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Yin H, Xie F, Zhang J, Yang Y, Deng B, Sun J, Wang Q, Qu X, Mao H. Combination of interferon-α and 5-fluorouracil induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:34-42. [PMID: 21474236 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical reports have proven that the combination therapy of interferon-alpha plus 5-fluorouracil is remarkably effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of this therapy is not well understood. Here, we demonstrated that the combination therapy synergistically inhibited the growth of Fas-negative HCC cells, arrested cell-cycle progression and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the combination therapy significantly increased the protein expression of caspase-8, activated Bid and cytochrome c. Meanwhile, the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL was reduced and intracellular calcium elevated obviously during the early stage of treatment. Therefore, mitochondrial pathway was involved in the apoptosis of Fas-negative HCC cells induced by IFN-α/5-FU and Ca(2+) partially promoted the beneficial effect against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Yin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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7
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Chiang C, Chang C, Peh H, Chen S, Yu B, Chen M, Nagahata H. Calcium homeostasis and its relationship to superoxide production in blood and milk neutrophils of lactating goats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 133:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hwang TL, Su YC, Chang HL, Leu YL, Chung PJ, Kuo LM, Chang YJ. Suppression of superoxide anion and elastase release by C18 unsaturated fatty acids in human neutrophils. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1395-408. [PMID: 19295184 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800574-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of 18-carbon fatty acids (C(18) FAs) on human neutrophil functions and their underlying mechanism were investigated. C(18) unsaturated (U)FAs potently inhibited superoxide anion production, elastase release, and Ca(2+) mobilization at concentrations of <10 microM in formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-activated human neutrophils. However, neither saturated FA nor esterified UFAs inhibited these neutrophil functions. The inhibitory potencies of C(18) UFAs decreased in the following order: C(18):1 > C(18):2 > C(18):3 > C(18):4. Notably, the potency of attenuating Ca(2+) mobilization was closely correlated with decreasing cellular responses. The inhibitions of Ca(2+) mobilization by C(18) UFAs were not altered in a Ca(2+)-containing Na(+)-deprived medium. Significantly, C(18) UFAs increased the activities of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) in neutrophils and isolated cell membranes. In contrast, C(18) UFAs failed to alter either the cAMP level or phosphodiesterase activity. Moreover, C(18) UFAs did not reduce extracellular Ba(2+) entry in FMLP- and thapsigargin-activated neutrophils. In summary, the inhibition of neutrophil functions by C(18) UFAs is attributed to the blockade of Ca(2+) mobilization through modulation of PMCA. We also suggest that both the free carboxy group and the number of double bonds of the C(18) UFA structure are critical to providing the potent anti-inflammatory properties in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Cohen G, Raupachova J, Wimmer T, Deicher R, Hörl WH. The uraemic retention solute para-hydroxy-hippuric acid attenuates apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from healthy subjects but not from haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:2512-9. [PMID: 18319358 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) apoptosis contributes to the dysregulation of the non-specific immune system in uraemia. Intracellular Ca(2+) modulates PMNL apoptotic cell death. We investigated the effect of para-hydroxy-hippuric acid (PHA), an erythrocyte plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor accumulating in uraemic sera, and of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of the sarko/endoplasmatic Ca(2+)-ATPase, on PMNL apoptosis. METHODS Apoptosis of PMNLs from healthy subjects and from haemodialysis (HD) patients was assessed after incubation for 20 h by evaluating morphological features under the fluorescence microscope and by measuring the DNA content and caspase activities by flow cytometry. The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was determined by measurement of fura-2 fluorescence using the 340/ 380 nm dual wavelength excitation. RESULTS Spontaneous apoptosis of PMNLs from healthy subjects and from HD patients did not differ. PHA significantly attenuated, while CPA increased, the apoptotic cell death of PMNLs from healthy subjects. The PHA effect was not observed with PMNLs from HD patients, irrespective of whether the blood was drawn before or after HD treatment. Baseline [Ca(2+)](i) was increased in PMNLs obtained from HD patients before dialysis but reversed after dialysis. The PHA effects were not mediated via [Ca(2+)](i). The chemotactic peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) induced a [Ca(2+)](i) increase and reduced PMNL survival. Extracellular Ca(2+) did not affect CPA- and fMLP-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS PHA, without affecting [Ca(2+)](i), attenuates apoptosis of healthy but not of uraemic PMNLs. CPA and fMLP enhance PMNL apoptosis independently of Ca(2+) influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Cohen
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Sandoval AJ, Riquelme JP, Carretta MD, Hancke JL, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Store-operated calcium entry mediates intracellular alkalinization, ERK1/2, and Akt/PKB phosphorylation in bovine neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1266-77. [PMID: 17684040 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0307196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil's responses to G protein-coupled chemoattractants are highly dependent on store-operated calcium (Ca(2+)) entry (SOCE). Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a primary chemoattractant, simultaneously increases cytosolic-free Ca(2+), intracellular pH (pH(i)), ERK1/2, and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) phosphorylation. In this study, we looked at the efficacy of several putative SOCE inhibitors and whether SOCE mediates intracellular alkalinization, ERK1/2, and Akt/PKB phosphorylation in bovine neutrophils. We demonstrated that the absence of external Ca(2+) and the presence of EGTA reduced the intracellular alkalinization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by PAF, apparently via SOCE influx inhibition. Next, we tested the efficacy of several putative SOCE inhibitors such as 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), capsaicin, flufenamic acid, 1-{beta-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl}-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (SK&F 96365), and N-(4-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]phenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide (BTP2) on Ca(2+) entry induced by PAF or thapsigargin. 2-APB was the most potent SOCE inhibitor, followed by capsaicin and flufenamic acid. Conversely, SK&F 96365 reduced an intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) peak but SOCE partially. BTP2 did not show an inhibitory effect on [Ca(2+)](i) following PAF stimuli. 2-APB strongly reduced the pH(i) recovery, whereas the effect of flufenamic acid and SK&F 96365 was partial. Capsaicin and BTP2 did not affect the pH(i) changes induced by PAF. Finally, we observed that 2-APB reduced the ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation completely, whereas the inhibition with flufenamic acid was partial. The results suggest that 2-APB is the most potent SOCE inhibitor and support a key role of SOCE in pH alkalinization and PI-3K-ERK1/2 pathway control. Finally, 2-APB could be an important tool to characterize Ca(2+) signaling in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro J Sandoval
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Condron C, Neary P, Toomey D, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes D. Taurine attenuates calcium-dependent, Fas-mediated neutrophil apoptosis. Shock 2003; 19:564-9. [PMID: 12785013 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000055814.40894.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathway involved in Fas-mediated neutrophil apoptosis remains to be fully elucidated. We examined whether this pathway involved either oxygen-dependent or calcium-dependent mechanisms. We also investigated whether taurine, a powerful antioxidant and regulator of intracellular calcium fluxes, could inhibit Fas-mediated neutrophil apoptosis. Neutrophils were stimulated with Fas monoclonal antibody in the presence or absence of taurine. Fas receptor ligation resulted in significant neutrophil apoptosis at 18 h. Engagement of the Fas receptor rapidly resulted in a significant decrease in intracellular calcium. Apoptosis was inhibited and intracellular calcium levels were maintained in the presence of calcium ionophore A23187 or taurine. Fas ligation did not result in an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. We have demonstrated that Fas-mediated neutrophil apoptosis occurs after a decrease in intracellular calcium and is reactive oxygen intermediate independent. Furthermore, the amino acid taurine attenuates this pathway of neutrophil apoptosis by calcium regulation. This newly identified role of taurine in the inhibition of Fas-mediated neutrophil apoptosis may have significant implications for future manipulation of host pro-inflammatory cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Condron
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Nyormoi O, Mills L, Bar-Eli M. An MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor, 5a, enhances apoptosis induced by ligands of the TNF receptor superfamily in cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:558-69. [PMID: 12728254 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Consequently, MMP inhibitors have been developed as a new class of anticancer drugs, many of which are in clinical trials. The exact mechanism of the antineoplastic activity of MMP antagonists is unknown. To investigate the mechanism, we hypothesized that MMP inhibitors enhance the actions of apoptosis-inducing agents. To test this hypothesis, we treated breast, melanoma, leukemia, osteosarcoma, and normal breast epithelial cells with (2R)-2-[(4-biphenylsulfonyl)amino]-3-phenylproprionic acid (compound 5a), an organic inhibitor of MMP-2/MMP-9, alone or in combination with TNFalpha or other apoptotic agents. FACS analysis showed that 5a interacted synergistically with ligands of the TNF receptor superfamily, including TNFalpha and TNF receptor-like apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and with a Fas-cross-linking antibody (CH11), UV, paclitaxel, thapsigargin, and staurosporin, to induce apoptosis in a cell-type-specific manner. Other MMP inhibitors did not synergize with TNFalpha. Compound 5a did not act directly on the mitochondrion or via changes in protein synthesis. Instead, the mechanism requires ligand-receptor interaction and caspase 8 activation. Investigation of the effect of 5a on tumor growth in vivo revealed that continuous treatment of subcutaneous melanoma with a combination of 5a plus TRAIL reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice. Our data demonstrate that 5a possesses a novel proapoptotic function, thus providing an alternative mechanism for its antineoplastic action. These observations have important implications for combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nyormoi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Kidney dysfunction leads to disturbed renal metabolic activities and to impaired glomerular filtration, resulting in the retention of toxic solutes affecting all organs of the body. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections are the main causes for the increased occurrence of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both complications are directly or indirectly linked to a compromised immune defense. The specific coordinated roles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in maintaining an efficient immune response are affected. Their normal response can be impaired, giving rise to infectious diseases or pre-activated/primed, leading to inflammation and consequently to CVD. Whereas the coordinated removal via apoptosis of activated immune cells is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, inappropriately high apoptotic rates lead to a diminished immune response. In uremia, the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory and between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors is disturbed. This review summarizes the interrelated parameters interfering with the immune response in uremia, with a special focus on the non-specific immune response and the role of uremic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Cohen
- Abteilung für Nephrologie und Dialyse, Univ.-Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Wien A-1090, Austria.
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