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Li C, Li Y, Zeng Q, Zhou Y, Su H, Han Y, Li C. Celastrol nano-emulsions selectively regulate apoptosis of synovial macrophage for alleviating rheumatoid arthritis. J Drug Target 2024; 32:724-735. [PMID: 38712874 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2352757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammation. Excessive proliferation and inadequate apoptosis of synovial macrophages are the crucial events of RA. Therefore, delivering therapeutic molecules to synovial macrophages specifically to tackle apoptotic insufficiency probably can be an efficient way to reduce joint inflammation and bone erosion. Based on the characteristics of dextran sulphate (DS) specifically binding scavenger receptor A (SR-A) on macrophage and celastrol (CLT) inducing apoptosis, we designed synovial macrophage-targeted nano-emulsions encapsulated with CLT (SR-CLTNEs) and explored their anti-RA effect. After intravenous injection, fluorescence-labelled SR-CLTNEs successfully targeted inflammatory joints and synovial macrophages in a mouse model of RA, with the macrophage targeting efficiency of SR-CLTNEs, CLTNEs and free DID was 20.53%, 13.93% and 9.8%, respectively. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that SR-CLTNEs effectively promoted the apoptosis of macrophages, reshaped the balance between apoptosis and proliferation, and ultimately treated RA in a high efficiency and low toxicity manner. Overall, our work demonstrates the efficacy of using SR-CLTNEs as a novel nanotherapeutic approach for RA therapy and the great translational potential of SR-CLTNEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Operating Room, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Scientific & Education, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, PR China
| | - Huaiyu Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
| | - Yangyun Han
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Deyang People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deyang, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chengdu, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
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Malemud CJ. Defective T-Cell Apoptosis and T-Regulatory Cell Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2018; 7:E223. [PMID: 30469466 PMCID: PMC6316166 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, systemic autoimmune disease that mostly affects small and large synovial joints. At the molecular level, RA is characterized by a profoundly defective innate and adaptive immune response that results in a chronic state of inflammation. Two of the most significant alterations in T-lymphocyte (T-cell) dysfunction in RA is the perpetual activation of T-cells that result in an abnormal proliferation state which also stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts within the joint synovial tissue. This event results in what we have termed "apoptosis resistance", which we believe is the leading cause of aberrant cell survival in RA. Finding therapies that will induce apoptosis under these conditions is one of the current goals of drug discovery. Over the past several years, a number of T-cell subsets have been identified. One of these T-cell subsets are the T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Under normal conditions Treg cells dictate the state of immune tolerance. However, in RA, the function of Treg cells become compromised resulting in Treg cell dysfunction. It has now been shown that several of the drugs employed in the medical therapy of RA can partially restore Treg cell function, which has also been associated with amelioration of the clinical symptoms of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Foley Medical Building, 2061 Cornell Road, Suite 207, Cleveland, OH 44122-5076, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Saravanan S, Hairul Islam VI, Thirugnanasambantham K, Pazhanivel N, Raghuraman N, Gabriel Paulraj M, Ignacimuthu S. Swertiamarin ameliorates inflammation and osteoclastogenesis intermediates in IL-1β induced rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:451-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kloesch B, Becker T, Dietersdorfer E, Kiener H, Steiner G. Anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of the polyphenol curcumin on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:400-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jorgensen C, Apparailly F. Prospects for gene therapy in inflammatory arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010; 24:541-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a significant unmet medical need despite significant therapeutic advances. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and includes many cell types, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in the synovial intimal lining also play a key role by producing cytokines that perpetuate inflammation and proteases that contribute to cartilage destruction. Rheumatoid FLS develop a unique aggressive phenotype that increases invasiveness into the extracellular matrix and further exacerbates joint damage. Recent advances in understanding the biology of FLS, including their regulation regulate innate immune responses and activation of intracellular signaling mechanisms that control their behavior, provide novel insights into disease mechanisms. New agents that target FLS could potentially complement the current therapies without major deleterious effect on adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Bartok
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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7
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DcR3 protects THP-1 macrophages from apoptosis by increasing integrin α4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:593-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kamada K, Arita N, Tsubaki T, Takubo N, Fujino T, Soga Y, Miyazaki T, Yamamoto H, Nose M. Expression of sphingosine kinase 2 in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis contributing to apoptosis by a sphingosine analogue, FTY720. Pathol Int 2009; 59:382-9. [PMID: 19490468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles in synovial tissues from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have yielded useful information on the pathogenetic process of the synovitis. In one group of them, sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2), a nuclear protein regulating cell proliferation, seemed to be highly expressed, undergoing a different pathogenetic process of synovitis. In the present study it was clarified that SPHK2 was expressed in the synovial fibroblasts of the synovial tissues obtained from the knee joints of the RA patients. In the cultured synovial fibroblasts from these patients, SPHK2 was more highly expressed than that in the human macrophage cell line, THP-1 and human dermal fibroblasts. SPHK2 was expressed in and around the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm and cell surface by the administration of epidermal growth factor, associated with the increased expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate. A sphingosine analogue, FTY720, which is activated by phosphorylation specifically by SPHK2, mediated apoptotic signaling of the cultured synovial fibroblasts. These findings suggest that SPHK2 may regulate the autonomous proliferation of synovial fibroblasts as one of the predisposing genes to RA and could be a target for a novel therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kamada
- Department of Pathogenomics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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Biswal S, Resnick DL, Hoffman JM, Gambhir SS. Molecular Imaging: Integration of Molecular Imaging into the Musculoskeletal Imaging Practice. Radiology 2007; 244:651-71. [PMID: 17709823 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2443060295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic musculoskeletal diseases such as arthritis, malignancy, and chronic injury and/or inflammation, all of which may produce chronic musculoskeletal pain, often pose challenges for current clinical imaging methods. The ability to distinguish an acute flare from chronic changes in rheumatoid arthritis, to survey early articular cartilage breakdown, to distinguish sarcomatous recurrence from posttherapeutic inflammation, and to directly identify generators of chronic pain are a few examples of current diagnostic limitations. There is hope that a growing field known as molecular imaging will provide solutions to these diagnostic puzzles. These techniques aim to depict, noninvasively, specific abnormal cellular, molecular, and physiologic events associated with these and other diseases. For example, the presence and mobilization of specific cell populations can be monitored with molecular imaging. Cellular metabolism, stress, and apoptosis can also be followed. Furthermore, disease-specific molecules can be targeted, and particular gene-related events can be assayed in living subjects. Relatively recent molecular and cellular imaging protocols confirm important advances in imaging technology, engineering, chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics that have coalesced into a multidisciplinary and multimodality effort. Molecular probes are currently being developed not only for radionuclide-based techniques but also for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, MR spectroscopy, ultrasonography, and the emerging field of optical imaging. Furthermore, molecular imaging is facilitating the development of molecular therapies and gene therapy, because molecular imaging makes it possible to noninvasively track and monitor targeted molecular therapies. Implementation of molecular imaging procedures will be essential to a clinical imaging practice. With this in mind, the goal of the following discussion is to promote a better understanding of how such procedures may help address specific musculoskeletal issues, both now and in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Biswal
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-062B, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Hayashi S, Miura Y, Nishiyama T, Mitani M, Tateishi K, Sakai Y, Hashiramoto A, Kurosaka M, Shiozawa S, Doita M. Decoy receptor 3 expressed in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts protects the cells against Fas-induced apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1067-75. [PMID: 17393415 DOI: 10.1002/art.22494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a newly identified member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is a soluble receptor that binds to members of the TNF family, including FasL, LIGHT, and TNF-like molecule 1A. DcR3 is mostly expressed in tumor cells, and it competitively inhibits binding of TNF to TNFRs. The present study was undertaken to investigate DcR3 expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and to analyze the effects of DcR3 on Fas-induced apoptosis in RA FLS. METHODS Expression of DcR3 in FLS was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. FLS were incubated with DcR3-Fc chimera protein or transfected with DcR3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) using the lipofection method, before induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by Fas in FLS was detected with TUNEL staining and Western blotting of caspase 8 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Finally, FLS were incubated with TNFalpha prior to Fas-induced apoptosis, expression of DcR3 was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, and apoptosis was measured. RESULTS DcR3 was expressed in both RA FLS and OA FLS. DcR3-Fc protein inhibited Fas-induced apoptosis in FLS. Down-regulation of DcR3 in FLS by siRNA increased Fas-induced apoptosis. TNFalpha increased DcR3 expression and inhibited Fas-induced apoptosis in RA FLS, but not in OA FLS. CONCLUSION DcR3 expressed in RA FLS is increased by TNFalpha and protects the cells against Fas-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that DcR3 may be a possible therapeutic target in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation
- Fas Ligand Protein/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Synovial Membrane/drug effects
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hayashi
- Division of Orthopedic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Wu Y, Liu J, Feng X, Yang P, Xu X, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Synovial fibroblasts promote osteoclast formation by RANKL in a novel model of spontaneous erosive arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3257-68. [PMID: 16200600 DOI: 10.1002/art.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Erosion of cartilage and bone is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to explore the roles of hyperproliferating synovial fibroblasts and macrophages in abnormal osteoclast formation, using the recently described BXD2 mouse model of RA. METHODS Cell distribution in the joints was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining to identify osteoclasts. To identify the defective cells in BXD2 mice, mouse synovial fibroblasts (MSFs) were cultured with bone marrow-derived macrophages. Osteoclast formation was assayed by TRAP staining and bone resorption pit assay, and the cytokine profiles of the MSFs and macrophages were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In BXD2 mice, TRAP-positive osteoclasts were found at sites of active bone erosion, in close proximity to hyperproliferating synovial fibroblasts. On coculture, MSFs from BXD2 mice, but not C57BL/6 mice, produced high levels of RANKL messenger RNA, induced macrophages to form osteoclasts, and actively eroded bone slices, through a mechanism(s) that could be blocked by pretreatment with osteoprotegerin. Although macrophages from BXD2 mice expressed higher basal levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 than those from C57BL/6 mice, abnormal osteoclast formation was not due to enhanced sensitivity of the BXD2 mouse macrophages to RANKL. TNFalpha, produced by both BXD2 MSFs and BXD2 mouse macrophages, had a strong stimulatory effect on RANKL expression. CONCLUSION BXD2 MSFs produce RANKL and induce the development of osteoclasts from macrophages. The enhanced production of RANKL is possibly due to autocrine stimulation, together with paracrine stimulation by factors produced by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Wu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Seemayer CA, Neidhart M, Jüngel A, Gay RE, Gay S. Synovial fibroblasts in joint destruction of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Mor A, Abramson SB, Pillinger MH. The fibroblast-like synovial cell in rheumatoid arthritis: a key player in inflammation and joint destruction. Clin Immunol 2005; 115:118-28. [PMID: 15885632 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple cell types are present in the rheumatoid joint, the fibroblast-like synovial cell (FLS) is among the most prominent. It is now appreciated that the FLS is not only space-filling, but is directly responsible for cartilage destruction, and also drives both inflammation and autoimmunity. In this article, we consider the normal role of the FLS in healthy joints, and review evidence that implicates the FLS as a central player in the propagation of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mor
- Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine and The Hospital for Joint Disease, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Beasley TM, Page GP, Brand JPL, Gadbury GL, Mountz JD, Allison DB. Chebyshev's inequality for nonparametric testing with small N and alpha in microarray research. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2004.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu Z, Xu X, Hsu HC, Tousson A, Yang PA, Wu Q, Liu C, Yu S, Zhang HG, Mountz JD. CII-DC-AdTRAIL cell gene therapy inhibits infiltration of CII-reactive T cells and CII-induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1332-41. [PMID: 14597760 PMCID: PMC228459 DOI: 10.1172/jci19209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we described an APC-adenovirus (APC-Ad) FasL cell gene therapy method which could be used to deplete autoreactive T cells in vivo. FasL was toxic, however, and controlled regulation of FasL was not achieved. Here we describe an improved approach to delivering TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in vivo in which collagen II-induced (CII-induced) arthritis-susceptible (CIA-susceptible) DBA/1j mice were treated with CII-pulsed DCs that had been transfected with a novel Ad system. The Ad was engineered to exhibit inducible TRAIL under the control of the doxycycline-inducible (DOX-inducible) tetracycline response element (TRE). Four groups of mice were treated with CII-DC-AdTRAIL+DOX, CII-DC-AdTRAIL (no DOX), CII-DC-AdGFP+DOX, or DC-AdTRAIL+DOX (no CII), beginning 2 weeks after priming with CII in CFA. The incidence of arthritis and infiltration of T cells in the joint was significantly decreased in CII-DC-AdTRAIL+DOX-treated mice. The in vitro splenic T cell proliferative response and induction of IFN-gamma to bovine CII stimulation were also significantly reduced in mice treated with CII-DC-AdTRAIL+DOX. AdTRAIL+DOX was not toxic to DCs or mice but could induce activated T cells to undergo apoptosis in the spleen. Our results suggest that CII-DC-AdTRAIL+DOX cell gene therapy is a safe and effective method for inhibiting the development of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Liu Z, Xu X, Hsu HC, Tousson A, Yang PA, Wu Q, Liu C, Yu S, Zhang HG, Mountz JD. CII-DC-AdTRAIL cell gene therapy inhibits infiltration of CII-reactive T cells and CII-induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200319209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Gadbury GL, Page GP, Heo M, Mountz JD, Allison DB. Randomization tests for small samples: an application for genetic expression data. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9876.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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