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Jiang H, Fu CY. Identification of shared potential diagnostic markers in asthma and depression through bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112064. [PMID: 38608447 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mounting evidence that asthma might exacerbate depression. We sought to examine candidates for diagnostic genes in patients suffering from asthma and depression. METHODS Microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database and used to screen for differential expressed genes(DEGs) in the SA and MDD datasets. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA) was used to identify the co-expression modules of SA and MDD. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operatoes(LASSO) and support vector machine(SVM) were used to determine critical biomarkers. Immune cell infiltration analysis was used to investigate the correlation between immune cell infiltration and common biomarkers of SA and MDD. Finally, validation of these analytical results was accomplished via the use of both in vivo and in vitro studies. RESULTS The number of DEGs that were included in the MDD dataset was 5177, whereas the asthma dataset had 1634 DEGs. The intersection of DEGs for SA and MDD included 351 genes, the strongest positive modules of SA and MDD was 119 genes, which played a function in immunity. The intersection of DEGs and modular hub genes was 54, following the analysis using machine learning algorithms,three hub genes were identified and employed to formulate a nomogram and for the evaluation of diagnostic effectiveness, which demonstrated a significant diagnostic value (area under the curve from 0.646 to 0.979). Additionally, immunocyte disorder was identified by immune infiltration. In vitro studies have revealed that STK11IP deficiency aggravated the LPS/IFN-γinduced up-regulation in M1 macrophage activation. CONCLUSION Asthma and MDD pathophysiology may be associated with alterations in inflammatory processes and immune pathways. Additionally, STK11IP may serve as a diagnostic marker for individuals with the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East hospital,School of Medicine, Tongji university, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Yong Fu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Jelsig AM, Karstensen JG, Overeem Hansen TV. Progress report: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Fam Cancer 2024:10.1007/s10689-024-00362-7. [PMID: 38493229 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-024-00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant polyposis syndrome. Presenting with a remarkable phenotype including development of characteristic gastrointestinal polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentations, and an increased risk of cancer, the syndrome has been subject to many studies concerning the natural course of disease. In most patients, pathogenic germline variants are detected in the STK11 gene including cases of mosaicism and structural variants. Yet, studies assessing the effect of surveillance, understanding of cancer development, as well as clinical studies evaluating chemoprevention are lacking. In addition, the impact of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome on mental health, education, and family planning are insufficiently addressed. In this progress report, we describe current knowledge, clinical phenotype, surveillance strategies, and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Jelsig
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - John Gásdal Karstensen
- The Danish Polyposis Register, Gastro Unit and Department of Clinical Medicine, Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital and University of Copenhagen-, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas V Overeem Hansen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Wang S, Huang G, Wang JX, Tian L, Zuo XL, Li YQ, Yu YB. Altered Gut Microbiota in Patients With Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881508. [PMID: 35910641 PMCID: PMC9326469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of pigmented spots and gastrointestinal polyps and increased susceptibility to cancers. It remains unknown whether gut microbiota dysbiosis is linked to PJS. Aim This study aimed to assess the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, including both bacteria and fungi, in patients with PJS and investigate the relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis and PJS pathogenesis. Methods The bacterial and fungal composition of the fecal microbiota was analyzed in 23 patients with PJS (cases), 17 first-degree asymptomatic relatives (ARs), and 24 healthy controls (HCs) using 16S (MiSeq) and ITS2 (pyrosequencing) sequencing for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Differential analyses of the intestinal flora were performed from the phylum to species level. Results Alpha-diversity distributions of bacteria and fungi indicated that the abundance of both taxa differed between PJS cases and controls. However, while the diversity and composition of fecal bacteria in PJS cases were significantly different from those in ARs and HCs, fungal flora was more stable. High-throughput sequencing confirmed the special characteristics and biodiversity of the fecal bacterial and fungal microflora in patients with PJS. They had lower bacterial biodiversity than controls, with a higher frequency of the Proteobacteria phylum, Enterobacteriaceae family, and Escherichia-Shigella genus, and a lower frequency of the Firmicutes phylum and the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Of fungi, Candida was significantly higher in PJS cases than in controls. Conclusion The findings reported here confirm gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with PJS. This is the first report on the bacterial and fungal microbiota profile of subjects with PJS, which may be meaningful to provide a structural basis for further research on intestinal microecology in PJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jue-Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Bo Yu
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Wagner A, Aretz S, Auranen A, Bruno MJ, Cavestro GM, Crosbie EJ, Goverde A, Jelsig AM, Latchford AR, van Leerdam ME, Lepisto AH, Puzzono M, Winship I, Zuber V, Möslein G. The Management of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: European Hereditary Tumour Group (EHTG) Guideline. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030473. [PMID: 33513864 PMCID: PMC7865862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific data to guide the management of Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) are sparse. The available evidence has been reviewed and discussed by diverse medical specialists in the field of PJS to update the previous guideline from 2010 and formulate a revised practical guideline for colleagues managing PJS patients. Methods: Literature searches were performed using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane. Evidence levels and recommendation strengths were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A Delphi process was followed, with consensus being reached when ≥80% of the voting guideline committee members agreed. Recommendations and statements: The only recent guidelines available were for gastrointestinal and pancreatic management. These were reviewed and endorsed after confirming that no more recent relevant papers had been published. Literature searches were performed for additional questions and yielded a variable number of relevant papers depending on the subject addressed. Additional recommendations and statements were formulated. Conclusions: A decade on, the evidence base for recommendations remains poor, and collaborative studies are required to provide better data about this rare condition. Within these restrictions, multisystem, clinical management recommendations for PJS have been formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wagner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-7036913
| | - Stefan Aretz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- National Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Auranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Giulia M. Cavestro
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Emma J. Crosbie
- Department of Gynecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK;
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Anne Goverde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Anne Marie Jelsig
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Andrew R. Latchford
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Polyposis Registry, St. Marks Hospital, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Monique E. van Leerdam
- Department of Gastro-intestinal Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1006BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna H. Lepisto
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Marta Puzzono
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Ingrid Winship
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia;
| | - Veronica Zuber
- Breast Surgery Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gabriela Möslein
- Center for Hereditary Tumors, Ev. BETHESDA Khs. Duisburg, Academic Hospital University of Düsseldorf, 47053 Duisburg, Germany;
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Li BR, Sun T, Jiang YL, Ning SB. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:576-582. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i9.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), an autosomal dominant inherited disease, is caused by germinal mutations of the STK11. It is characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomas, mucocutaneous pigmentation and increased cancer risk. Germline mutations in STK11 cause a harmful effect on cell apoptosis, G1 arrest, and cell polarization, which leads to polyp formation and cancer occurrence. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy is widely used in removal of PJS polyps in the small bowel and it is proved to be safe and effective. We suggest to screen polyps and cancer in PJS patients, which seems to benefit these patients in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Rong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yu-Liang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Shou-Bin Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
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Qiu Y, Xuan T, Yin M, Gao Z, Guo P, Chen X, Ye Y, Shen Z. Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of gene mutations in a Chinese pedigree with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:735-739. [PMID: 30997075 PMCID: PMC6452494 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome-wide sequencing information of PJS is still lacking. Our result demonstrates that c.862+2T>C variant on STK11 as an important foundation of molecular mechanism in this familial PJS. Variants in KDR and MLL3 may play important roles in the initiation and development of this familial PJS polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudian Qiu
- Peking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | | | - Mujun Yin
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhidong Gao
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Peking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yingjiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zhanlong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
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A 23-Nucleotide Deletion in STK11 Gene Causes Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and Malignancy in a Chinese Patient Without a Positive Family History. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3014-3020. [PMID: 28986664 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal-dominant genetic disease caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, STK11, which is characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomas, melanin spots on the lips and the extremities, and an increased risk of developing both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal malignancies. METHODS AND RESULTS We treated a PJS patient without a positive family history, who possessed typical clinical manifestations including polyp canceration. In order to explore the genotype of this patient, blood samples were collected from all the available family members. The whole coding region and the flanking regions of the STK11 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Molecular analysis of the STK11 gene here revealed a 23-nucleotide deletion (c.426-448delCGTGCCGGAGAAGCGTTTCCCAG) in exon 3, resulting in a change of 13 codons and a truncating protein (p.S142SfsX13). This mutation was not found in normal individuals in this family including her parents or in 100 control individuals. Protein structure prediction indicated a dramatic loss of the kinase domain and complete loss of the C-terminal regulatory domain. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here enlarge the spectrum of STK11 mutation both disease-causing and malignancy-causing.
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8
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LKB1 as a Tumor Suppressor in Uterine Cancer: Mouse Models and Translational Studies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 943:211-241. [PMID: 27910069 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The LKB1 tumor suppressor was identified in 1998 as the gene mutated in the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS), a hereditary cancer predisposition characterized by gastrointestinal polyposis and a high incidence of cancers, particularly carcinomas, at a variety of anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and female reproductive tract. Women with PJS have a high incidence of carcinomas of the uterine corpus (endometrium) and cervix. The LKB1 gene is also somatically mutated in human cancers arising at these sites. Work in mouse models has highlighted the potency of LKB1 as an endometrial tumor suppressor and its distinctive roles in driving invasive and metastatic growth. These in vivo models represent tractable experimental systems for the discovery of underlying biological principles and molecular processes regulated by LKB1 in the context of tumorigenesis and also serve as useful preclinical model systems for experimental therapeutics. Here we review LKB1's known roles in mTOR signaling, metabolism, and cell polarity, with an emphasis on human pathology and mouse models relevant to uterine carcinogenesis, including cancers of the uterine corpus and cervix.
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Chen C, Zhang X, Wang D, Wang F, Pan J, Wang Z, Liu C, Wu L, Lu H, Li N, Wei J, Shi H, Wan H, Zhu M, Chen S, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Yang L, Liu J. Genetic Screening and Analysis of LKB1 Gene in Chinese Patients with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3628-3640. [PMID: 27721366 PMCID: PMC5070620 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. It severely decreases patient quality of life and leads elevated cancer risk. Germline mutation of LKB1 is the leading cause of familial PJS. MATERIAL AND METHODS To characterize the germline mutation of LKB1 gene in Chinese familial and sporadic PJS patients, 14 PJS families, 5 sporadic PJS patients, and 250 healthy adults were collected and genomic DNAs of peripheral blood were extracted. Mutation screenings of LKB1 were performed using MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification), PCR, direct sequencing, and PCR-DHPLC (denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography). RESULTS A total of 12 kinds of germline mutations were found in 9 familial PJS patients, most of which were point mutations (7/12); 4 large deletions of LKB1 were also observed. Of the 12 mutations, 7 were pathogenic (2 were de novo), 4 were just polymorphisms, and 1 was indefinitely pathogenic. No pathogenic mutation in exons of the LKB1 gene was detected in the 5 sporadic PJS patients. The mutation detection rate for the LKB1 gene was 85.7% in our Chinese familial PJS and 63.2% in all Chinese PJS patients. Eight familial PJS patients were identified with pathogenic germline mutations in 14 unrelated families (57.1%). Further methylation detection and analysis showed promoter methylation in carcinomatous polyps. CONCLUSIONS LKB1 gene germline mutation with pathogenic effect is a common cause of familial PJS in Chinese patients; however, it is not the only molecular pathogen of PJS. Methylation in the LKB1 gene promoter region may cause carcinomatous change in intestinal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Deqiang Wang
- The Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenkai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Haijun Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Zhu
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Senqing Chen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jiong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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First report of somatic mosaicism for mutations in STK11 in four patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Fam Cancer 2016; 15:57-61. [PMID: 26386697 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-015-9839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome characterised by gastrointestinal polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation. Mutations in STK11, a serine-threonine protein kinase, have been associated with PJS in up to 100 % of published series. The hypothesis that a further genetic locus for PJS exists is controversial. No mutations in any other genes have been described in association with PJS. To date, no instances of somatic mosaicism for STK11 have been described. DNA extracted from peripheral lymphocytes and buccal cells was screened by sequence analysis for mutations in STK11. Dosage analysis was undertaken by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Four patients have been shown to have mosaicism in STK11: two had mosaic deletions of specific exons (2-3 and 3-10) of the STK11 gene; one had a mosaic nonsense mutation in exon 5; and one had a mosaic frameshift mutation in exon 8. This report details the first four reported cases of somatic mosaicism for STK11 associated with PJS. This shows that techniques in addition to direct sequencing such as MLPA must be used to assess for large scale genomic deletions in patients meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for PJS. This also adds further weight to the hypothesis of a single genetic locus for PJS.
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11
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Meserve EEK, Nucci MR. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: Pathobiology, Pathologic Manifestations, and Suggestions for Recommending Genetic Testing in Pathology Reports. Surg Pathol Clin 2016; 9:243-268. [PMID: 27241107 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), in most cases, is attributed to mutation in STK11/LKB1 and is clinically characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and predisposition to certain neoplasms. There are currently no recommended gynecologic screening or clinical surveillance guidelines beyond those recommended for the general population; however, cervical cytology samples must be examined with a high level of suspicion for cervical adenocarcinoma. It is considered prudent to note the established association with PJS and recommend referral for genetic counseling. Complete surgical excision after a diagnosis of atypical lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E K Meserve
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marisa R Nucci
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Lu H, Zhu L, Lian L, Chen M, Shi D, Wang K. Genetic variations in the PRKCG gene and osteosarcoma risk in a Chinese population: a case-control study. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5241-7. [PMID: 25663494 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common malignant tumor, which exists widely in the bone of children and adolescents. Protein kinase C gamma (PRKCG) gene, which encodes γPKC, plays important roles in tumor promotion, cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between PRKCG polymorphisms and the risk of osteosarcoma. Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PRKCG were retrieved from the HapMap database and genotyped by the method of SNapShot in a hospital-based study containing 388 patients and 388 healthy individuals. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the association SPSS 20.0 statistical software package was used to analyze statistical data. Our results suggested that the T/C variant of rs454006 located in the intron 3 region of PRKCG gene was significantly associated with an increased risk of osteosarcoma (CC vs. TT, OR = 1.91; 95 % CI 1.29-2.85; P = 0.001; CC vs. TT+TC, OR = 2.14, 95 % CI = 1.48-3.09, P = 0.001; C vs. T, OR = 1.32, 95 % CI = 1.08-1.62, P = 0.008). Similarly, the rs3745406 T/C variant can also elevate the risk of osteosarcoma in the dominant model (OR = 1.45, 95 % CI = 1.08-1.96, P = 0.014), homozygous model (OR = 1.68, 95 % CI = 1.10-2.59, P = 0.002), and allelic model (OR = 1.31, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.61, P = 0.009). However, there were no significant differences in genotypes and allele frequencies of rs2547362 (T>C), rs8103851 (C>G), and rs2242245 (T>C) SNPs between osteosarcoma patients and healthy controls. The results showed that carrier of rs454006*C allele and rs3745406*C might elevate the risk of osteosarcoma. Further studies are needed to validate the coalition between PRKCG gene polymorphisms and risk of osteosarcoma relying on a larger population that included the participants in different ethnicity and hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huading Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China,
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13
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Novel and recurrent mutations of STK11 gene in six Chinese cases with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1856-61. [PMID: 24604241 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene is the main causal gene in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Abnormal STK11 may increase cancer risk of PJS patients via affecting its target proteins such as P53, AMPK, and PTEN. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of six Chinese PJS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from four Chinese PJS families and two sporadic patients. The entire coding region of the STK11 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by direct sequencing. Functions of mutants were assessed by PolyPhen-2, Swiss-Model software, and luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Novel mutations (c.842_843insC, c.804_805insG, and c.922T>G) and recurrent mutations (c.526G>A, c.180C>G, and c.1062C>G) were identified. Missense mutation c.922T>G and c.526G>A were predicted as probably damaging by PolyPhen-2, while c.1062C>G was benign. Mutation c.108C>G was a nonsense mutation. The 284Ter mutants of c.842_843insC and c.804_805insG significantly diminished the capacity of P53 activity in 293FT cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that STK11 gene mutations underlie Chinese patients with PJS. Mutation involving partial kinase domain disrupts normal function of STK11. Our results also enlarge the spectrum of STK11 variants in PJS patients.
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Banno K, Kisu I, Yanokura M, Masuda K, Ueki A, Kobayashi Y, Hirasawa A, Aoki D. Hereditary gynecological tumors associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (Review). Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1184-1188. [PMID: 24179492 PMCID: PMC3813608 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant disease that is characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous melanin spots. The tumor suppressor gene, STK11/LKB1, which is located on chromosome 19p13.3, has been reported to be responsible for this condition. PJS is complicated by benign and malignant tumors of various organs and complications from rare diseases, including sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT) and minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA), which have also recently attracted attention in the field of gynecology. Among the total MDA cases, 10% are complications of PJS, and mutations in the STK11 gene are closely associated with the development and prognosis of MDA. Furthermore, a new type of uterine cervical tumor, lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH), has been identified and has been predicted to be a precancerous lesion of MDA. The first case of LEGH induced by a germline STK11 mutation has also been described. A high risk of endometrial cancer in PJS has also been reported. These developments suggest that PJS is an important syndrome of hereditary gynecological tumors that requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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15
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Yajima H, Isomoto H, Nishioka H, Yamaguchi N, Ohnita K, Ichikawa T, Takeshima F, Shikuwa S, Ito M, Nakao K, Tsukamoto K, Kohno S. Novel serine/threonine kinase 11 gene mutations in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients and endoscopic management. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5:102-110. [PMID: 23515270 PMCID: PMC3600545 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v5.i3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) with gastrointestinal (GI) hamartomatous polyps.
METHODS: Six Japanese PJS patients in 3 families were enrolled in this study. Each of the cases had hamartomatous polyposis in the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, along with mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation. Narrow-band imaging (NBI)-magnification endoscopy was employed to detect microvascular and microsurface irregularities in the GI lesions. NBI magnification findings could be classified into three groups (type A, type B, or type C). Endoscopic polypectomy was performed using double-balloon enteroscopy or colonoscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted from a whole blood sample from each subject. All of the coding exons of STK11 gene, its boundary regions, and the promoter region containing the polymorphic regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and direct sequencing was performed to assess the germline mutations.
RESULTS: NBI-magnification endoscopic observation could detect the abnormalities in microvessels and microsurface structures of GI polyps. Overall, we found 5 cases of type A and one case without the examination for the gastric polyps, while there were 4 cases of type B and 2 case of type A for the colorectal polyps. Seventy-nine small-bowel and 115 colorectal polyps over 27 sessions for each were resected endoscopically without significant complications. The only delayed complication included the occurrence of bleeding in a case, and this was successfully managed with hemoclips. Resected polyps contained no malignant components. Based on mutation analysis, all 3 cases in Family I exhibited the +658C>T nonsense mutation in exon 5, which resulted in the production of a truncated protein (Q220X). In Family II, a case had -252C>A and -193C>A in the promoter region. In Family III, a case was found to have the +1062C>G (F342L) mutation in exon 8.
CONCLUSION: We found two novel mutations of STK11 in association with PJS. Endoscopic polypectomy of GI polyps in PJS patients appears to be useful to prevent emergency laparotomies and reduce the cancer risk.
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16
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[Coexistence of Peutz-Jeghers' syndrome and Lynch's syndrome in the same patient]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2012; 35:395-9. [PMID: 22516349 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers' syndrome is an uncommon polyposis syndrome characterized by the presence of hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and mucocutaneous pigmentation (especially in the oral-nasal and perianal areas and hands and feet). Inheritance is autosomal dominant, caused by a germline mutation in the STK11 (LKB1) gene. The risk of breast and gastrointestinal cancer is increased in this syndrome. Lynch's syndrome is also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. This syndrome is caused by a mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes and increases the risk of colon and endometrial cancer, as well as that of other neoplasms (ovary, upper urological tract, gastric, small intestine, pancreas, skin and brain). We present the case of a young woman with colorectal cancer and the coexistence of both syndromes. This association has not previously been reported in the literature.
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Ueki A, Kisu I, Banno K, Yanokura M, Masuda K, Kobayashi Y, Hirasawa A, Aoki D. Gynecological tumors in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2011.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Papp J, Kovacs ME, Solyom S, Kasler M, Børresen-Dale AL, Olah E. High prevalence of germline STK11 mutations in Hungarian Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:169. [PMID: 21118512 PMCID: PMC3012662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation. The genetic predisposition for PJS has been shown to be associated with germline mutations in the STK11/LKB1 tumor suppressor gene. The aim of the present study was to characterize Hungarian PJS patients with respect to germline mutation in STK11/LKB1 and their association to disease phenotype. METHODS Mutation screening of 21 patients from 13 PJS families were performed using direct DNA sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Comparative semi-quantitative sequencing was applied to investigate the mRNA-level effects of nonsense and splice-affecting mutations. RESULTS Thirteen different pathogenic mutations in STK11, including a high frequency of large genomic deletions (38%, 5/13), were identified in the 13 unrelated families studied. One of these deletions also affects two neighboring genes (SBNO2 and GPX4), located upstream of STK11, with a possible modifier effect. The majority of the point mutations (88%, 7/8) can be considered novel. Quantification of the STK11 transcript at the mRNA-level revealed that the expression of alleles carrying a nonsense or frameshift mutation was reduced to 30-70% of that of the wild type allele. Mutations affecting splice-sites around exon 2 displayed an mRNA processing pattern indicative of co-regulated splicing of exons 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS A combination of sensitive techniques may assure a high (100%) STK11 mutation detection frequency in PJS families. Characterization of mutations at mRNA level may give a deeper insight into the molecular consequences of the pathogenic mutations than predictions made solely at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Papp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marietta Eva Kovacs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Solyom
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miklos Kasler
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Oslo, Norway
| | - Edith Olah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Abstract
This article focuses on genetic testing for hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes. Genetic testing is now available in North America for all of the known hereditary colorectal cancer genes. In addition, most of these tests have improved significantly in the past few years with the inclusion of techniques to detect large rearrangements. As a result, clinicians are in a better position than ever to help families with these syndromes to identify the underlying genetic cause. This identification will ensure that they receive appropriate management, and will enable their relatives to determine their precise risks and to tailor their cancer surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hampel
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA.
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20
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Gronwald J, Byrski T, Huzarski T, Oszurek O, Janicka A, Szymanska-Pasternak J, Górski B, Menkiszak J, Rzepka-Górska I, Lubinski J. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2008; 6:88-98. [PMID: 19804604 PMCID: PMC2735784 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-6-2-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Centre, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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21
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de Leng WWJ, Jansen M, Carvalho R, Polak M, Musler AR, Milne ANA, Keller JJ, Menko FH, de Rooij FWM, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Giardiello FM, Weterman MAJ, Offerhaus GJA. Genetic defects underlying Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and exclusion of the polarity-associated MARK/Par1 gene family as potential PJS candidates. Clin Genet 2007; 72:568-73. [PMID: 17924967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
LKB1/STK11 germline inactivations are identified in the majority (66-94%) of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) patients. Therefore, defects in other genes or so far unidentified ways of LKB1 inactivation may cause PJS. The genes encoding the MARK proteins, homologues of the Par1 polarity protein that associates with Par4/Lkb1, were analyzed in this study because of their link to LKB1 and cell polarity. The genetic defect underlying PJS was determined through analysis of both LKB1 and all four MARK genes. LKB1 point mutations and small deletions were identified in 18 of 23 PJS families using direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis identified exon deletions in 3 of 23 families. In total, 91% of the studied families showed LKB1 inactivation. Furthermore, a MARK1, MARK2, MARK3 and MARK4 mutation analysis and an MARK4 quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis to identify exon deletions on another eight PJS families without identified LKB1 germline mutation did not identify mutations in the MARK genes. LKB1 defects are the major cause of PJS and genes of the MARK family do not represent alternative PJS genes. Other mechanisms of inactivation of LKB1 may cause PJS in the remaining families.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W J de Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Mehenni H, Resta N, Guanti G, Mota-Vieira L, Lerner A, Peyman M, Chong KA, Aissa L, Ince A, Cosme A, Costanza MC, Rossier C, Radhakrishna U, Burt RW, Picard D. Molecular and clinical characteristics in 46 families affected with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1924-33. [PMID: 17404884 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene LKB1/STK11 are responsible for the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentation, hamartomatous polyps, and an increased risk of associated malignancies. In this study, we assessed the presence of pathogenic mutations in the LKB1/STK11 gene in 46 unrelated PJS families, and also carried genotype-phenotype correlation in regard of the development of cancer in 170 PJS patients belonging to these families. All LKB1/STK11 variants detected with single-strand conformational polymorphism were confirmed by direct sequencing, and those without LKB1/STK11 mutation were further submitted to Southern blot analysis for detection of deletions/rearrangements. Statistical analysis for genotype-phenotype correlation was performed. In 59% (27/46) of unrelated PJS cases, pathogenic mutations in the LKB1/STK11 gene, including 9 novel mutations, were identified. The new mutations were 2 splice site deletion-insertions, 2 missenses, 1 nonsense, and 4 abnormal splice sites. Genotype-phenotype analysis did not yield any significant differences between patients carrying mutations in LKB1/STK11 versus those without mutations, even with respect to primary biliary adenocarcinoma. This study presents the molecular characterization and cancer occurrence of a large cohort of PJS patients, increases the mutational spectrum of LKB1/STK11 allelic variants worldwide, and provides a new insight useful for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling of PJS families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mehenni
- Centre Médico-Chirurgical Rond-Point-Plainpalais et Département de biologie cellulaire, Unité de recherche des maladies prédisposant aux cancers gastro-intestinaux, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
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23
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Sanchez-Cespedes M. A role for LKB1 gene in human cancer beyond the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Oncogene 2007; 26:7825-32. [PMID: 17599048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Germline LKB1 mutations are responsible for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Tumors at several locations frequently arise in these patients, confirming that LKB1 is linked to cancer predisposition and is therefore a bona fide tumor-suppressor gene. In humans, the LKB1 gene is located in the short arm of chromosome 19, which is frequently deleted in many tumors of sporadic origin. However, LKB1 alterations in tumors other than those of PJS are rarely reported. Notably, this is not the case for non-small-cell lung cancer, where nearly half of the tumors harbor somatic and homozygous inactivating mutations in LKB1. The present review considers the frequency and pattern of LKB1 gene mutations in sporadic cancers of various origins, and the role of the encoded protein in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sanchez-Cespedes
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Abstract
This review focuses on remarkable recent findings concerning the mechanism by which the LKB1 protein kinase that is mutated in Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome operates as a tumor suppressor. We discuss evidence that the cellular localization and activity of LKB1 is controlled through its interaction with a catalytically inactive protein resembling a protein kinase, termed STRAD, and an armadillo repeat-containing protein, named mouse protein 25 (MO25). The data suggest that LKB1 functions as a tumor suppressor by not only inhibiting proliferation, but also by exerting profound effects on cell polarity and, most unexpectedly, on the ability of a cell to detect and respond to low cellular energy levels. Genetic and biochemical findings indicate that LKB1 exerts its effects by phosphorylating and activating 14 protein kinases, all related to the AMP-activated protein kinase. The work described in this review shows how a study of an obscure cancer syndrome can uncover new and important regulatory pathways, relevant to the understanding of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council, Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
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25
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Chow E, Meldrum CJ, Crooks R, Macrae F, Spigelman AD, Scott RJ. An updated mutation spectrum in an Australian series of PJS patients provides further evidence for only one gene locus. Clin Genet 2006; 70:409-14. [PMID: 17026623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic predisposition Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) has been shown to be associated with mutations in the serine threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene but only a proportion of probands have been shown to harbour changes in the gene. The remaining patients were proposed to be either associated with a second PJS gene or they harboured more cryptic mutations within the STK11 gene itself. With the introduction of the multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) assay, large sequence losses or gains can be more readily identified. In this report we have screened 33 PJS patients from unrelated families, employing a combination of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, direct DNA sequencing and the MLPA assay to identify deleterious changes in the STK11 gene. The results revealed that 24 (73%) of patients diagnosed with PJS-harboured pathogenic mutations in the STK11 gene, including 10 (36%) with exonic or whole-gene deletions. No phenotypic differences were identified in patients harbouring large deletions in the STK11 gene compared to patients harbouring missense or nonsense mutations. Mutation analysis in PJS should include techniques such as MLPA to identify large exonic or whole-gene deletions and rearrangements. The high proportion of families with identifiable mutations in the STK11 gene using this range of techniques suggests that most, if not all PJS, is attributable to mutations in the STK11 gene, perhaps including as yet undiscovered changes in promoter or enhancer sequences or other cryptic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chow
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Volikos E, Robinson J, Aittomäki K, Mecklin JP, Järvinen H, Westerman AM, de Rooji FWM, Vogel T, Moeslein G, Launonen V, Tomlinson IPM, Silver ARJ, Aaltonen LA. LKB1 exonic and whole gene deletions are a common cause of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. J Med Genet 2006; 43:e18. [PMID: 16648371 PMCID: PMC2564523 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.039875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LKB1/STK11 germline mutations cause Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). The existence of a second PJS locus is controversial, the evidence in its favour being families unlinked to LKB1 and the low frequency of LKB1 mutations found using conventional methods in several studies. Exonic and whole gene deletion or duplication events cannot be detected by routine mutation screening methods. OBJECTIVE To seek evidence for LKB1 germline deletions or duplications by screening patients meeting clinical criteria for PJS but without detected mutations on conventional screening. METHODS From an original cohort of 76 patients, 48 were found to have a germline mutation by direct sequencing; the remaining 28 were examined using multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis to detect LKB1 copy number changes. RESULTS Deletions were found in 11 of the 28 patients (39%)--that is, 14% of all PJS patients (11/76). Five patients had whole gene deletions, two had the promoter and exon 1 deleted, and in one patient exon 8 was deleted. Other deletions events involved: loss of exons 2-10; deletion of the promoter and exons 1-3; and loss of part of the promoter. No duplications were detected. Nine samples with deletions were sequenced at reported single nucleotide polymorphisms to exclude heterozygosity; homozygosity was found in all cases. No MLPA copy number changes were detected in 22 healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS These results lessen the possibility of a second PJS locus, as the detection rate of germline mutations in PJS patients was about 80% (59/76). It is suggested that MLPA, or a suitable alternative, should be used for routine genetic testing of PJS patients in clinical practice.
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27
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de Leng WWJ, Keller JJ, Luiten S, Musler AR, Jansen M, Baas AF, de Rooij FWM, Gille JJP, Menko FH, Offerhaus GJA, Weterman MAJ. STRAD in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and sporadic cancers. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:1091-5. [PMID: 16189157 PMCID: PMC1770744 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.026013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS LKB1 is a tumour suppressor gene that is associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a rare autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome. However, germline mutations in the LKB1 gene are found in only about 60% of patients with PJS, suggesting the existence of a second PJS gene. The STRAD gene, encoding an LKB1 interacting protein that activates LKB1, which subsequently leads to polarisation of cells, is an interesting candidate for a second PJS gene and a potential tumour suppressor gene in sporadic carcinomas. METHODS The involvement of STRAD in 42 PJS associated tumours (sporadic lung, colon, gastric, and ovarian adenocarcinomas) was studied using loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of eight microsatellite markers on chromosome 17, including TP53, BRCA1, and STRAD markers. RESULTS Loss of the marker near the STRAD locus was seen in 13 of 29 informative cases, including all gastric adenocarcinomas. Specific LOH of the STRAD marker was found in four of 29 informative cases. For these patients all exons and exon-intron boundaries of the STRAD gene were sequenced, but no somatic mutations were identified. Furthermore, no germline STRAD mutations were found in 10 patients with PJS and family members without LKB1 germline mutation. CONCLUSIONS Despite the frequent occurrence of LOH in the STRAD region, these results indicate that inactivation of the STRAD gene is not essential in the sporadic adenocarcinomas studied, although it is possible that STRAD may be inactivated in different ways. In addition, no evidence was found for the hypothesis that STRAD is a second PJS susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W J de Leng
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Abstract
The human LKB gene (official HUGO symbol, STK11) encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that is defective in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). PJS is an autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome characterized by hamartomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract and mucocutaneous pigmentation. To date, 145 different germline LKB1 mutations have been reported. The majority of the mutations lead to a truncated protein product. One mutational hotspot has been observed. A 1-bp deletion and a 1-bp insertion at the mononucleotide repeat (C6 repeat, c.837-c.842) between the codons 279-281 have been found in six and seven unrelated PJS families, respectively. However, these mutations account only for approximately 7% of all mutations identified in the PJS families (13/193). A review of the literature provides a total of 40 different somatic LKB1 mutations in 41 sporadic tumors and seven cancer cell lines. Mutations occur particularly in lung and colorectal cancer. Most of the somatic LKB1 mutations result in truncation of the protein. A mutational hotspot seems to be a C6 repeat accounting for 12.5% of all somatic mutations (6/48). These results are concordant with the germline mutation spectrum. However, the proportion of the missense mutations seems to be higher among the somatic mutations (45%) than among the germline mutations (21%), and only seven of the mutations are exactly the same in both of the mutation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Launonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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29
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Alhopuro P, Katajisto P, Lehtonen R, Ylisaukko-oja SK, Näätsaari L, Karhu A, Westerman AM, Wilson JHP, de Rooij FWM, Vogel T, Moeslein G, Tomlinson IP, Aaltonen LA, Mäkelä TP, Launonen V. Mutation analysis of three genes encoding novel LKB1-interacting proteins, BRG1, STRADalpha, and MO25alpha, in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1126-9. [PMID: 15756273 PMCID: PMC2361955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LKB1 lead to Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS). However, only a subset of PJS patients harbours LKB1 mutations. We performed a mutation analysis of three genes encoding novel LKB1-interacting proteins, BRG1, STRADα, and MO25α, in 28 LKB1-negative PJS patients. No disease-causing mutations were detected in the studied genes in PJS patients from different European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alhopuro
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - P Katajisto
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - S K Ylisaukko-oja
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - L Näätsaari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - A Karhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - A M Westerman
- Laboratory of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H P Wilson
- Laboratory of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F W M de Rooij
- Laboratory of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Vogel
- Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Moeslein
- Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - I P Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - L A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - T P Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Launonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland. E-mail:
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Jaleel M, McBride A, Lizcano JM, Deak M, Toth R, Morrice NA, Alessi DR. Identification of the sucrose non-fermenting related kinase SNRK, as a novel LKB1 substrate. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1417-23. [PMID: 15733851 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that the LKB1 tumour suppressor protein kinase phosphorylates and activates protein kinases belonging to the AMP activated kinase (AMPK) subfamily. In this study, we identify the sucrose non-fermenting protein (SNF1)-related kinase (SNRK), a largely unstudied AMPK subfamily member, as a novel substrate for LKB1. We demonstrate that LKB1 activates SNRK by phosphorylating the T-loop residue (Thr173), and that the LKB1 regulatory subunits STRAD and MO25 are required for LKB1 to activate SNRK. We find that SNRK is not active when expressed in HeLa cells that lack expression of LKB1, and its activity is restored by expression of wild type LKB1, but not catalytically deficient LKB1. We also present evidence that two other AMPK-related kinases more distantly related to AMPK than SNRK, namely NIM1 and testis-specific serine/threonine kinase-1 (TSSK1) are not substrates for LKB1. Tissue distribution analysis indicates that SNRK protein is mainly expressed in testis, similar to TSSK isoforms, whereas NIM1 is more widely expressed. These results provide evidence that SNRK could mediate some of the physiological effects of LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaboobi Jaleel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Mammalian cytohesins are a family of very similar guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins (GEPs) that activate ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). Cytohesins are multifunctional molecules comprising a Sec7 domain that is responsible for the GEP activity, a PH domain that binds specific phosphatidylinositol phosphates, and a coiled-coil domain responsible for homodimerization and interaction with other proteins. Cytohesin proteins are ubiquitous and have been implicated in several functions including cell spreading and adhesion, chemotaxis, protein trafficking, and cytoskeletal rearrangements, only some of which appear to depend on their ability to activate ARFs. Unlike the GEP activity of BIG1 and BIG2, the acceleration by cytohesins of guanine nucleotide exchange to generate active ARF-GTP is not inhibited by the fungal metabolite brefeldin, A (BFA). This chapter is concerned for the most part with cytohesin-1 and the assay of its GEP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kitaoka F, Shiogama T, Mizutani A, Tsurunaga Y, Fukui H, Higami Y, Shimokawa I, Taguchi T, Kanematsu T. A solitary Peutz-Jeghers-type hamartomatous polyp in the duodenum. A case report including results of mutation analysis. Digestion 2004; 69:79-82. [PMID: 15031625 DOI: 10.1159/000077392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We report a case of solitary Peutz-Jeghers-type hamartomatous polyp of the duodenum in a 22-year-old Japanese woman along with the results of genomic analysis. METHODS/RESULTS The patient was almost asymptomatic, though endoscopic examination revealed a solitary lobular polypoid lesion measuring 3 cm in diameter in the first portion of the duodenum. The lesion was resected endoscopically. Histopathological examination showed hyperplasia with a tree branch-like extension of the lamina propria derived from the muscularis mucosae, consistent with histological features of polyps of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). No mucocutaneous pigmentation of the skin was evident and family history was negative. Analysis of the loss of heterozygosity at the locus of 19p 13.3 and mutation analysis of the STK11/LKB1 gene, which has recently been recognized as a susceptible gene in PJS, were performed. However, no evidence of genomic abnormality was found. CONCLUSION The clinical and investigative findings in our case suggest that the solitary Peutz- Jeghers-type hamartomatous polyp can be regarded as a clinical entity separate from PJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kitaoka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Japan.
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33
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Amos CI, Keitheri-Cheteri MB, Sabripour M, Wei C, McGarrity TJ, Seldin MF, Nations L, Lynch PM, Fidder HH, Friedman E, Frazier ML. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. J Med Genet 2004; 41:327-33. [PMID: 15121768 PMCID: PMC1735760 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.010900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a dominantly inherited disorder often caused by mutations in STK11. Time to onset of symptoms was characterised for a large collection of individuals with PJS who had been tested for STK11 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations were evaluated. METHODS We characterised mutations in 42 independent probands and also used a historical cohort design to study 51 individuals with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome who had completed self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS Mutations were detected in 22/32 (69%) probands with PJS and 0/10 probands referred to rule out PJS. Real-time PCR analysis to quantitate DNA failed to detect any large deletions in PJS participants without STK11 mutations. The median time to onset for gastrointestinal symptoms or polypectomy was 13 years of age but showed a wide variability. Gastric polyps were frequent in PJS participants, with a median age at onset of 16 years. Individuals with missense mutations had a significantly later time to onset of first polypectomy (p = 0.04) and of other symptoms compared with those participants either with truncating mutations or no detectable mutation. CONCLUSION STK11 mutation analysis should be restricted to individuals who meet PJS criteria or their close relatives. Direct sequencing of STK11 yields a high rate of point mutations in individuals who meet phenotypic PJS criteria. Individuals with missense mutations of STK11 typically had a later time to onset for PJS symptoms. The common occurrence of gastric polyps may facilitate chemopreventive studies for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Amos
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center HMB, Houston 77030, USA.
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Lizcano JM, Göransson O, Toth R, Deak M, Morrice NA, Boudeau J, Hawley SA, Udd L, Mäkelä TP, Hardie DG, Alessi DR. LKB1 is a master kinase that activates 13 kinases of the AMPK subfamily, including MARK/PAR-1. EMBO J 2004; 23:833-43. [PMID: 14976552 PMCID: PMC381014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1085] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the LKB1 tumour suppressor kinase, in complex with the pseudokinase STRAD and the scaffolding protein MO25, phosphorylates and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). A total of 12 human kinases (NUAK1, NUAK2, BRSK1, BRSK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4 and MELK) are related to AMPK. Here we demonstrate that LKB1 can phosphorylate the T-loop of all the members of this subfamily, apart from MELK, increasing their activity >50-fold. LKB1 catalytic activity and the presence of MO25 and STRAD are required for activation. Mutation of the T-loop Thr phosphorylated by LKB1 to Ala prevented activation, while mutation to glutamate produced active forms of many of the AMPK-related kinases. Activities of endogenous NUAK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2/3 and MARK4 were markedly reduced in LKB1-deficient cells. Neither LKB1 activity nor that of AMPK-related kinases was stimulated by phenformin or AICAR, which activate AMPK. Our results show that LKB1 functions as a master upstream protein kinase, regulating AMPK-related kinases as well as AMPK. Between them, these kinases may mediate the physiological effects of LKB1, including its tumour suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Lizcano
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Olga Göransson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria Deak
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nick A Morrice
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Simon A Hawley
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lina Udd
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK. Tel.: +44 1382 344 241; Fax: +44 1382 223 778; E-mail:
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Hearle N, Lucassen A, Wang R, Lim W, Ross F, Wheeler R, Moore I, Shipley J, Houlston R. Mapping of a translocation breakpoint in a Peutz-Jeghers hamartoma to the putative PJS locus at 19q13.4 and mutation analysis of candidate genes in polyp andSTK11-negative PJS cases. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 41:163-9. [PMID: 15287029 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in the serine-threonine kinase gene STK11 (LKB1) cause Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease, characterized by hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation. STK11 mutations only account for about half of PJS cases, and a second disease locus has been proposed at chromosome segment 19q13.4 on the basis of genetic linkage analysis in one family. We identified a t(11;19)(q13;q13.4) in a PJS polyp arising from the small bowel in a female infant age 6 days. Because the breakpoint in 19q13.4 may disrupt the putative PJS disease gene mapping to this region, we mapped the breakpoint and analyzed DNA from the case and a series of STK11-negative PJS cases. Using two-color interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, the breakpoint region was refined to a 0.5-Mb region within 19q13.4. Eight candidate genes mapping to the breakpoint region--U2AF2, EPN1, NALP4, NALP11, NALP5, ZNF444, PTPRH, and KIAA1811--were screened for mutations in germ-line and polyp DNA from the case and from 15 PJS cases that did not harbor germ-line STK11 mutations. No pathogenic mutations in the candidate genes were identified. This report provides further evidence of the existence of a second PJS disease locus at 19q13.4 and excludes involvement of eight candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hearle
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom.
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Boudeau J, Baas AF, Deak M, Morrice NA, Kieloch A, Schutkowski M, Prescott AR, Clevers HC, Alessi DR. MO25alpha/beta interact with STRADalpha/beta enhancing their ability to bind, activate and localize LKB1 in the cytoplasm. EMBO J 2003; 22:5102-14. [PMID: 14517248 PMCID: PMC204473 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LKB1 protein kinase result in the inherited Peutz Jeghers cancer syndrome. LKB1 has been implicated in regulating cell proliferation and polarity although little is known about how this enzyme is regulated. We recently showed that LKB1 is activated through its interaction with STRADalpha, a catalytically deficient pseudokinase. Here we show that endogenous LKB1-STRADalpha complex is associated with a protein of unknown function, termed MO25alpha, through the interaction of MO25alpha with the last three residues of STRADalpha. MO25alpha and STRADalpha anchor LKB1 in the cytoplasm, excluding it from the nucleus. Moreover, MO25alpha enhances the formation of the LKB1-STRADalpha complex in vivo, stimulating the catalytic activity of LKB1 approximately 10-fold. We demonstrate that the related STRADbeta and MO25beta isoforms are also able to stabilize LKB1 in an active complex and that it is possible to isolate complexes of LKB1 bound to STRAD and MO25 isoforms, in which the subunits are present in equimolar amounts. Our results indicate that MO25 may function as a scaffolding component of the LKB1-STRAD complex and plays a crucial role in regulating LKB1 activity and cellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Hawley SA, Boudeau J, Reid JL, Mustard KJ, Udd L, Mäkelä TP, Alessi DR, Hardie DG. Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol 2003; 2:28. [PMID: 14511394 PMCID: PMC333410 DOI: 10.1186/1475-4924-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1280] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade is a sensor of cellular energy charge that acts as a 'metabolic master switch' and inhibits cell proliferation. Activation requires phosphorylation of Thr172 of AMPK within the activation loop by upstream kinases (AMPKKs) that have not been identified. Recently, we identified three related protein kinases acting upstream of the yeast homolog of AMPK. Although they do not have obvious mammalian homologs, they are related to LKB1, a tumor suppressor that is mutated in the human Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome. We recently showed that LKB1 exists as a complex with two accessory subunits, STRADα/β and MO25α/β. Results We report the following observations. First, two AMPKK activities purified from rat liver contain LKB1, STRADα and MO25α, and can be immunoprecipitated using anti-LKB1 antibodies. Second, both endogenous and recombinant complexes of LKB1, STRADα/β and MO25α/β activate AMPK via phosphorylation of Thr172. Third, catalytically active LKB1, STRADα or STRADβ and MO25α or MO25β are required for full activity. Fourth, the AMPK-activating drugs AICA riboside and phenformin do not activate AMPK in HeLa cells (which lack LKB1), but activation can be restored by stably expressing wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, LKB1. Fifth, AICA riboside and phenformin fail to activate AMPK in immortalized fibroblasts from LKB1-knockout mouse embryos. Conclusions These results provide the first description of a physiological substrate for the LKB1 tumor suppressor and suggest that it functions as an upstream regulator of AMPK. Our findings indicate that the tumors in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome could result from deficient activation of AMPK as a consequence of LKB1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Hawley
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jennifer L Reid
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kirsty J Mustard
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lina Udd
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Abstract
LKB1 is a serine-threonine protein kinase mutated in patients with an autosomal dominantly inherited cancer syndrome predisposing to multiple benign and malignant tumours, termed Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Since its discovery in 1998, much research has focused on identification and characterisation of its cellular roles and analysing how LKB1 might be regulated. In this review we discuss exciting recent advances indicating that LKB1 functions as a tumour suppressor perhaps by controlling cell polarity. We also outline the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which LKB1 is regulated in vivo, through interaction with other proteins as well as by protein phosphorylation and prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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