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Orhan C, Er B, Deeh PBD, Bilgic AA, Ojalvo SP, Komorowski JR, Sahin K. Different Sources of Dietary Magnesium Supplementation Reduces Oxidative Stress by Regulation Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in High-Fat Diet Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4162-4170. [PMID: 33409912 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral required for many physiological processes, including ionic balances in ocular tissues. We compared the effects of different Mg-chelates (Mg oxide, MgO vs. Mg picolinate, MgPic) on retinal function in a high-fat diet (HFD) rats. Forty-two rats were divided into six groups and treated orally for 8 weeks as follows: Control, MgO, MgPic, HFD, HFD + MgO, and HFD + MgPic. Mg was administered at 500 mg of elemental Mg/kg of diet. HFD intake increased the levels of retinal MDA and NF-κB, INOS, ICAM, and VEGF but downregulated Nrf2. However, in rats supplemented with MgO and MgPic, the retinal MDA level was decreased, compared with the control and HFD rats. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) were increased in HFD animals given Mg-chelates (p < 0.001), MgPic being the most effective. Mg supplementation significantly decreased the expression levels of NF-κB, INOS, ICAM, and VEGF in HFD rats while increasing the level of Nrf2 (p < 0.001). Mg supplementation significantly decreased the levels of NF-κB, INOS, ICAM, and VEGF and increased Nrf2 level in HFD rats (p < 0.001), with stronger effects seen from MgPic. Mg attenuated retinal oxidative stress and neuronal inflammation and could be considered as an effective treatment for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Alp Bilgic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin Research and Training Hospital, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Eğin S, İlhan M, Bademler S, Gökçek B, Hot S, Ekmekçi H, Ekmekçi ÖB, Tanrıverdi G, Dağıstanlı FK, Kamalı G, Kamalı S, Güloğlu R. Protective effects of pentoxifylline in small intestine after ischemia-reperfusion. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4140-4156. [PMID: 30027781 PMCID: PMC6166353 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518786904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to determine the healing effects of pentoxifylline
on molecular responses and protection against severe ischemic damage in the
small intestine. Methods Thirty-six Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. The superior
mesenteric artery was clamped for 120 minutes, and reperfusion was performed
for 60 minutes. Saline (0.4 mL), pentoxifylline (1 mg/kg), and
pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to the rats in
the C1, P1, and P3 groups, respectively, 60
minutes before ischemia and to the rats in the C2, P2,
and P4 groups, respectively, during reperfusion onset.
Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1
beta, and interleukin-6 in serum and tissue were measured by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay. Intestinal ischemic injury was histopathologically
evaluated by the Chiu score and immunohistochemical staining. Results All serum and tissue molecular responses were significantly blunted in the
pentoxifylline-treated groups compared with the controls. Significant
improvement in ischemic damage was demonstrated in the
pentoxifylline-treated groups by histological grading and
immunohistochemical scoring. Conclusions The protective effects of pentoxifylline were confirmed by molecular
responses and histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seracettin Eğin
- 1 Sağlık Bilimleri Universitesi, General Surgery, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet İlhan
- 2 Istanbul Universitesi Istanbul Tıp Fakultesi, General Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bademler
- 2 Istanbul Universitesi Istanbul Tıp Fakultesi, General Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berk Gökçek
- 1 Sağlık Bilimleri Universitesi, General Surgery, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Hot
- 1 Sağlık Bilimleri Universitesi, General Surgery, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Ekmekçi
- 3 Istanbul Universitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakultesi, Biochemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Balcı Ekmekçi
- 3 Istanbul Universitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakultesi, Biochemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanrıverdi
- 4 Istanbul Universitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakultesi, Histology and Embryology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gülçin Kamalı
- 6 Sağlık Bilimleri Universitesi, Pathology, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sedat Kamalı
- 1 Sağlık Bilimleri Universitesi, General Surgery, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Güloğlu
- 2 Istanbul Universitesi Istanbul Tıp Fakultesi, General Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
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Reyhan E, Irkorucu O, Surmelioglu A, Ozkara S, Deger KC, Aziret M, Erdem H, Cetinkunar S, Demirturk P, Sehirli AO. Efficacy of pentoxifylline and tadalafil in rat model of ischemic colitis. J INVEST SURG 2015; 27:349-53. [PMID: 25361018 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2014.971204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of tadalafil against pentoxifylline in rat model of ischemic colitis (IC). MATERIAL-METHODS Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were subjected to laparotomy and left colon devascularization to create an IC model and then randomly placed into four groups. Group-1 (sham group) was administered 0.9% NaCl following laparotomy, group 2 (control group) was administered 0.9% NaCl following induced IC, group 3 was given pentoxifylline (n = 8), and group 4 was given tadalafil. On the third day; macroscopic findings, Gomella's ischemic area and Wallace scoring, histopathological analysis, and Chiu scoring were performed, and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement in ischemic colon tissue was carried out through chemical analysis. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in acidic fluid, bowel dilatation, and serosal change (p < .05). The ischemic area measured 63.3 mm(2) in the control group, 2.8 mm(2) in the pentoxifylline group (p = .0001), and 2.4 mm(2) (p = .0001) in the tadalafil group. A significant difference was seen between the sham group and the control and pentoxifylline groups (p < .01), in terms of Wallace score and Chiu classification. Similarly, a significant difference was determined between the control group and pentoxifylline and tadalafil groups (p < .01), but no significant difference was established between the pentoxifylline group and tadalafil group (p = .33). MDA measurement was found on an average to be 63.7 in the control group, 22.7 in group 3 and 22.8 in group 4 (p = 001). CONCLUSION Although tadalafil is superior to pentoxifylline, both drugs are considered to have positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Reyhan
- 1Department of General Surgery, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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Told R, Fuchsjäger-Mayrl G, Wolzt M, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Schmetterer L, Garhofer G. Interaction between leukocytes and erythrocytes in the human retina: effects of pentoxifylline on hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction during increased neutrophil counts. Microvasc Res 2014; 92:85-90. [PMID: 24444783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pentoxifylline, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, shows vasodilator effects in certain vascular beds and reduces blood viscosity. We have previously shown that under states of vasoconstriction an interaction between circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes may play a role in the control of blood flow. The reason for this observation is not entirely clear but may be related to a mechanical interaction between red and white blood cells. In the present study we hypothesized that pentoxifylline may alter this interaction during oxygen-induced vasoconstriction. METHODS 24 healthy male subjects participated in this double masked, randomized, placebo-controlled 2 way cross over trial. In order to increase white blood cell count (WBC) count, 300 μg of G-CSF was administered intravenously. Vasoconstriction of retinal vessels was induced by oxygen inhalation. 400mg of pentoxifylline or placebo was infused at two different study days. White blood cell flux was assessed with the blue-field entoptic technique. Vessel calibers were measured with a dynamic vessel analyzer (DVA) and red blood cell velocity (RBCV) was determined with laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). Retinal blood flow was calculated based on retinal vessel diameters and RBCV. RESULTS Administration of G-CSF induced a significant increase in WBC, both in the placebo and the pentoxifylline group (p<0.01 for both groups). Retinal vessel diameter, RBCV, calculated retinal blood flow and white blood cell flow were not altered by administration of pentoxifylline. Hyperoxia induced a pronounced decrease in retinal blood flow parameters. No difference was observed between groups during oxygen breathing in vessel diameters (p=0.54), RBCV (p=0.34), calculated retinal blood flow (p=0.3) and white blood cell flow (p=0.26). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that short time administration of pentoxifylline does not alter the oxygen-induced effect on ocular blood flow parameters during leukocytosis. Whether long-term treatment could improve retinal blood flow under states of vasoconstriction remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Told
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhofer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Le Campion ER, Jukemura J, Coelho AM, Patzina R, Carneiro D'Albuquerque LA. Effects of intravenous administration of pentoxifylline in pancreatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury. HPB (Oxford) 2013; 15:588-94. [PMID: 23458290 PMCID: PMC3731579 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic strategies to reduce the occurrence of pancreatic ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury might improve outcomes in human pancreas and kidney transplantation. In addition to its haemorrheologic effects, pentoxifylline has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-κB activation. This group has previously demonstrated that pentoxifylline induces an anti-inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis and liver I-R models. This led to the hypothesis that pentoxifylline might reduce pancreatic and renal lesions and the systemic inflammatory response in pancreatic I-R injury. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of pentoxifylline administration in a rat model of pancreatic I-R injury. METHODS Pancreatic I-R was performed in Wistar rats over 1 h by clamping the splenic vessels. The animals submitted to I-R were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 20, control) rats received saline solution administered i.v. at 45 min after ischaemia, and Group 2 (n = 20) rats received pentoxifylline (25 mg/kg) administered i.v. at 45 min after ischaemia. Blood samples were collected to enable the determination of amylase, creatinine, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10. Pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, pancreas histology and pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also assessed. RESULTS Significant reductions in serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were observed in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05). No differences in pancreatic MDA content or serum amylase levels were observed between the two groups. The histologic score was significantly lower in pentoxifylline-treated animals, denoting less severe pancreatic histologic damage. CONCLUSIONS Pentoxifylline administration reduced the systemic inflammatory response, the pancreatic histological lesion and renal dysfunction in pancreatic I-R injury and may be a useful tool in pancreas and kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Raymond Le Campion
- Division of Digestive Tract Transplantation (LIM/37), Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lloris Carsi JM, Cejalvo Lapeña D, Toledo AH, Zaragoza Fernandez C, Toledo Pereyra LH. Pentoxifylline Protects the Small Intestine After Severe Ischemia and Reperfusion. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2013; 11:250-8. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.2012.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tong N, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Yin L, Wu X. Diosmin protects rat retina from ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012; 28:459-66. [PMID: 22509733 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diosmin, a natural flavone glycoside, possesses antioxidant activity and has been used to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the administration of diosmin has a protective effect against I/R injury induced using the high intraocular pressure (IOP) model in rat retina, and to determine the possible antioxidant mechanisms involved. METHODS Retinal I/R injury was induced in the rats by elevating the IOP to 110 mmHg for 60 min. Diosmin (100 mg/kg) or vehicle solution was administered intragastrically 30 min before the onset of ischemia and then daily after I/R injury until the animals were sacrificed. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the retinal tissues were determined 24 h after I/R injury. At 7 days post-I/R injury, electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded, and the density of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was estimated by counting retrograde tracer-labeled cells in whole-mounted retinas. Retinal histological changes were also examined and quantified using light microscopy. RESULTS Diosmin significantly decreased the MDA levels and increased the activities of T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the retina of rats compared with the ischemia group (P<0.05), and suppressed the I/R-induced reduction in the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG (P<0.05). The thickness of the entire retina, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and outer retinal layer and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer were significantly less after I/R injury (P<0.05), and diosmin remarkably ameliorated these changes on retinal morphology. Diosmin also attenuated the I/R-induced loss of RGCs of the rat retina (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Diosmin protected the retina from I/R injury, possibly via a mechanism involving the regulation of oxidative parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianting Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Shi Y, Wu X, Gong Y, Qiu Y, Zhang H, Huang Z, Su K. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Curr Eye Res 2011; 35:930-7. [PMID: 20858115 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.494820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has a protective effect on retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, and to determine the possible antioxidant mechanisms. METHODS Seventy-six female Wistar rats were randomized evenly into Sham, I/R injury model (M group), model plus vehicle (MV), and model plus CAPE (MC) groups. Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 110 mmHg for 60 min. Rats in the MV and MC groups were injected with vehicle and CAPE (10 µmol/kg i.p.), respectively, before reperfusion and once a day for one or seven days after I/R. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the retinal tissues were determined 24 hr after I/R. Retinal cells apoptosis was detected 24 hr after I/R injury by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling staining. On day 7 after reperfusion, the electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded, and the retinal histology was examined and quantified using light microscopy. RESULTS CAPE significantly decreased the MDA levels and increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the retina compared with the ischemia group (p< 0.05). CAPE attenuated the I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cells of the rat retina. CAPE also suppressed the I/R-induced reduction in the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG (p<0.05). The thickness of the entire retina, inner nuclear layer, and inner plexiform layer and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer in the MC group were significantly greater than those in the M group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CAPE can protect the rat retina from I/R injury by enhancing the antioxidation ability and inhibiting the apoptosis of retinal cells, which suggests that CAPE is potentially useful for treating I/R-induced eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Effect of oral pentoxifylline on cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Retina 2007; 27:1020-5. [PMID: 18040238 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3180603071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether oral pentoxifylline, a xanthine-derived hemorheologic agent, decreases cystoid macular edema (CME) and improves visual acuity in eyes with a perfused central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). METHODS Retrospective chart review of consecutive patients on pentoxifylline (400 mg po TID) for CRVO was performed. Inclusion criteria included CME, pentoxifylline use for at least 1 month, and a follow-up period of at least 4 months. Exclusion criteria included nonperfused or indeterminate CRVO, the presence of neovascularization, and previous or concurrent laser therapy or any other treatment for CRVO. Statistical analysis of collected data was performed. RESULTS Eleven patients were identified. All patients had a perfused CRVO. The mean best-corrected Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity was 60 letters (Snellen equivalent 20/128) before the initiation of oral pentoxifylline. The mean time from onset of CRVO to start of pentoxifylline therapy was 5 months (range, 1-12 months). The mean duration of pentoxifylline use was 5.3 months (range, 2.5-10.2 months). The mean follow-up period was 8 months (range, 2.7-16.5 months). Cystoid macular edema had improved in 64% (7/11) of eyes at last follow-up as measured by biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography. The visual acuity was not significantly changed at 62 letters (20/128 +2) (Student t-test, P = 0.7) at last follow-up. There were no significant side effects from pentoxifylline. One patient had mild gastrointestinal disturbance. CONCLUSION Pentoxifylline has a favorable adverse effect profile, and can reduce CME in eyes with CRVO. Visual acuity does not appear to change significantly. A larger, randomized, multiarmed clinical trial evaluating the effects of pentoxifylline as an adjunctive treatment modality may be of benefit since even a small positive effect in altering the natural history of CME related to CRVO may be of value for these patients.
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Yilmaz T, Aydemir O, Ozercan IH, Ustundağ B. Effects of Vitamin E, Pentoxifylline and Aprotinin on Light-Induced Retinal Injury. Ophthalmologica 2007; 221:159-66. [PMID: 17440277 DOI: 10.1159/000099295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A considerable amount of clinical and experimental evidence exists suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the etiology of light-induced retinal injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of vitamin E, pentoxifylline (PTX) and aprotinin against light-induced retinal injury in guinea pigs. METHODS Thirty adult male guinea pigs were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. The first group was used as control. The guinea pigs were kept in cyclic light for 2 weeks before the experiments. The animals were maintained in 12-hour light-dark cycles, before and after exposure to intense white fluorescent light, for as long as 12 h and then returned to cyclic light. Groups 3-5 received intraperitoneal injections of vitamin E, PTX and aprotinin, respectively. One eye of each animal was selected for histopathological evaluation and the other for biochemical assay. Retinal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the thickness of the outer nuclear layers were measured. RESULTS The compounds had the following relationships: vitamin E more than PTX more than aprotinin in preventing light-induced retinal damage. All 3 gave significant protection against the formation of MDA. Retinas of all 3 treatment groups had been protected from light-induced injury. CONCLUSION The intraperitoneal vitamin E, PTX and aprotinin supplementations may strengthen the antioxidant defense system because of decreased ROS, and these agents may play a role in treating light-induced retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Yilmaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biochemistry, Firat University, School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey.
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12
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Ji Q, Zhang L, Lv R, Jia H, Xu J. Pentoxifylline decreases up-regulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and cytokine production in the rat retina following transient ischemia. Ophthalmologica 2006; 220:217-24. [PMID: 16785751 DOI: 10.1159/000093074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether pentoxifylline (PTX) could influence the increased cytokine gene expression in the retina flowing transient ischemia, and if so, whether it acts through the modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: control group, saline-treated group, and PTX-treated group. Increased intraocular pressure was applied for 90 min to induce retinal ischemia, and reperfusion was established by lowering the bottle to eye level. The reperfusion period lasted for 48 h. In the PTX-treated group, an initial dose of 20 mg PTX was injected via tail vein at the beginning of reperfusion. Then the rat received infusion of PTX at a rate of 6 mg/kg/h throughout the entire reperfusion period. The retinal tissues were collected at the end of 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of reperfusion, respectively, for biochemical analysis. Histological examination was done on the tissues collected at the end of 48 h after reperfusion. RESULTS Histological examination revealed reduction of overall retinal thickness and thinning of the inner retinal layer in saline-treated rats after 48-hour reperfusion. However, PTX treatment significantly reduced the loss of overall retinal thickness and thinning of inner retinal layers. Dramatic increase in NF-kappaB activation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) production and mRNA expression were observed in the saline-treated group after reperfusion, with the peak reached around 12 h. In the PTX-treated group, NF-kappaB activation, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production and mRNA expression were significantly reduced at each corresponding time point compared to the saline-treated group. CONCLUSION PTX decreased the up-regulated activation of NF-kappaB and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in rat retinas following ischemia/reperfusion. This may contribute to significantly reduce the loss of overall retinal thickness and thinning of inner retinal layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China.
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13
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McCarty MF. A taurine-supplemented vegan diet may blunt the contribution of neutrophil activation to acute coronary events. Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:419-25. [PMID: 15288360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are activated in the coronary circulation during acute coronary events (unstable angina and myocardial infarction), often prior to the onset of ischemic damage. Moreover, neutrophils infiltrate coronary plaque in these circumstances, and may contribute to the rupture or erosion of this plaque, triggering thrombosis. Activated neutrophils secrete proteolytic enzymes in latent forms which are activated by the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) generated by myeloperoxidase. These phenomena may help to explain why an elevated white cell count has been found to be an independent coronary risk factor. Low-fat vegan diets can decrease circulating leukocytes--neutrophils and monocytes--possibly owing to down-regulation of systemic IGF-I activity. Thus, a relative neutropenia may contribute to the coronary protection afforded by such diets. However, vegetarian diets are devoid of taurine - the physiological antagonist of HOCl--and tissue levels of this nutrient are relatively low in vegetarians. Taurine has anti-atherosclerotic activity in animal models, possibly reflecting a role for macrophage-derived myeloperoxidase in the atherogenic process. Taurine also has platelet-stabilizing and anti-hypertensive effects that presumably could reduce coronary risk. Thus, it is proposed that a taurine-supplemented low-fat vegan diet represents a rational strategy for diminishing the contribution of activated neutrophils to acute coronary events; moreover, such a regimen would work in a number of other complementary ways to promote cardiovascular health. Moderate alcohol consumption, the well-tolerated drug pentoxifylline, and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors--zileuton, boswellic acids, fish oil--may also have potential in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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Osborne NN, Casson RJ, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Graham M, Melena J. Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004; 23:91-147. [PMID: 14766318 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. At the cellular level, ischemic retinal injury consists of a self-reinforcing destructive cascade involving neuronal depolarisation, calcium influx and oxidative stress initiated by energy failure and increased glutamatergic stimulation. There is a cell-specific sensitivity to ischemic injury which may reflect variability in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors on a given cell. A number of animal models and analytical techniques have been used to study retinal ischemia, and an increasing number of treatments have been shown to interrupt the "ischemic cascade" and attenuate the detrimental effects of retinal ischemia. Thus far, however, success in the laboratory has not been translated to the clinic. Difficulties with the route of administration, dosage, and adverse effects may render certain experimental treatments clinically unusable. Furthermore, neuroprotection-based treatment strategies for stroke have so far been disappointing. However, compared to the brain, the retina exhibits a remarkable natural resistance to ischemic injury, which may reflect its peculiar metabolism and unique environment. Given the increasing understanding of the events involved in ischemic neuronal injury it is hoped that clinically effective treatments for retinal ischemia will soon be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville N Osborne
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AW, UK.
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