1
|
Haritwal T, Kalra N, Agrawala PK. Mitigation of radiation injury to reproductive system of male mice by Trichostatin A. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 881:503522. [PMID: 36031339 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), derived from the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus, is a hydroxamic acid having various biological properties such as histone deacetylase inhibition, anticancer and radiomitigative action. However the mitigative activity of TSA against radiation-induced damages in the mouse reproductive system has not yet been elucidated. The present study unraveled the effects of 2 Gy whole body irradiation (60Co γ- radiation) on C57BL/6 mice male reproductive system including structural damages to testes, increase in apoptosis and reduction in germ cell viability, reduced fertility as well as increased genomic instability in the next generation. Moreover, hematological study and micronuclei assay were used to record chances of radiation-induced hematologic cancer and disruption of genomic integrity in F1 generation. Interestingly, TSA administration 1 and 24 h post-irradiation attenuated radiation-induced morphological damage and cellular apoptosis in testes. In male mice, TSA restored hematological parameters and micronuclei frequency to normal levels, restored sperm viability, and helped them overcome radiation-induced temporary sterility 5 weeks after the irradiation. Thus our results showed that TSA reduced the probability of radiation-induced hematologic cancers as well as genotoxicity and restored genomic integrity in the progenies of paternally exposed mice by reducing radiation-induced apoptosis in spermatogenic cells and restoring cell proliferation. This study suggested that TSA could be used as potential radiomitigator for male reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teena Haritwal
- Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Paban K Agrawala
- Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swati, Chadha VD. Role of epigenetic mechanisms in propagating off-targeted effects following radiation based therapies - A review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108370. [PMID: 34083045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an important diagnostic and treatment modality, ionizing radiation (IR) is also known to cause genotoxicity and multiple side effects leading to secondary carcinogenesis. While modern cancer radiation therapy has improved patient recovery and enhanced survival rates, the risk of radiation-related adverse effects has become a growing challenge. It is now well-accepted that IR-induced side effects are not exclusively restricted to exposed cells but also spread to distant 'bystander' cells and even to the unexposed progeny of the irradiated cells. These 'off-targeted' effects involve a plethora of molecular events depending on the type of radiation and tumor tissue background. While the mechanisms by which off-targeted effects arise remain obscure, emerging evidence based on the non-mendelian inheritance of various manifestations of them as well as their persistence for longer periods supports a contribution of epigenetic factors. This review focuses on the major epigenetic phenomena including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA mediated silencing and their versatile role in the manifestation of IR induced off-targeted effects. As short- and long-range communication vehicles respectively, the role of gap junctions and exosomes in spreading these epigenetic-alteration driven off-targeted effects is also discussed. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the possible therapeutic potentials of these epigenetic mechanisms and how beneficial outcomes could potentially be achieved by targeting various signaling molecules involved in these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Vijayta D Chadha
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ritchie HE, Oakes DJ, Hegedus E, Hill M, Kennedy D. Counselling regarding paternal exposures: Can we do better? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 57:162-167. [PMID: 28276580 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MotherSafe is a free telephone-based counselling service for the general public and healthcare providers concerned about exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Calls relating to paternal exposures are less common, but can cause distress to the person concerned. This review seeks to identify the key concerns and what information is available to address these concerns. AIMS To review calls made to MotherSafe about paternal exposures to teratogens during the 16 year period, 2000-2015, and to document any patterns or changes in calls over the period. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective descriptive assessment of a prospectively collected database (2000-2015) was undertaken. Telephone counselling records identified the drugs of concern regarding paternal exposures. The information about paternal exposures provided in consumer and production information was also reviewed. RESULTS Of a total of 253 103 calls received at MotherSafe between 2000 and 2015, 1072 calls (0.4%) were regarding paternal exposures. The majority of these calls related to immunomodifiers (19%), hair loss products (11%) and antidepressant medications. CONCLUSIONS Paternal exposures represent a small proportion of all the counselling calls made to MotherSafe. The study highlighted the deficient and often misleading information about paternal exposures found in most consumer and product information sheets or via the internet. The study indicates the important role of Teratogen Information Services like Mothersafe in providing evidence-based information to both consumers and healthcare providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Elizabeth Ritchie
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diana Joy Oakes
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hegedus
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Majella Hill
- Mothersafe, The Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Debra Kennedy
- Mothersafe, The Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baker TR, King-Heiden TC, Peterson RE, Heideman W. Dioxin induction of transgenerational inheritance of disease in zebrafish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 398:36-41. [PMID: 25194296 PMCID: PMC4262573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD) is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist, an endocrine disruptor, and a potent global pollutant. TCDD exposure is associated with diseases of almost every organ system, and its toxicity is highly conserved across vertebrates. While the acute developmental effects of dioxin exposure have been extensively studied, the ability of early sublethal exposure to produce toxicity in adulthood or subsequent generations is poorly understood. This type of question is difficult to study because of the time frame of the effects. With human subjects, such a study could span more than a lifetime. We have chosen zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model because they are vertebrates with short generation times and consistent genetic backgrounds. Zebrafish have very modest housing needs, facilitating single and multigenerational studies with minimal time and expense. We have used this model to identify transgenerational effects of TCDD on skeletal development, sex ratio, and male-mediated decreases in reproductive capacity. Here we compare these findings with transgenerational effects described in laboratory rodent species. We propose that the zebrafish is a cost-effective model system for evaluating the transgenerational effects of toxic chemicals and their role in the fetal basis of adult disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracie R Baker
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tisha C King-Heiden
- Department of Biology and River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Warren Heideman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Graf AV, Dunaeva TY, Maklakova AS, Maslova MV, Sokolova NA. Transgenerational effects of prenatal stress of different etiology. BIOL BULL+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359012050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Shiao YH, Leighty RM, Wang C, Ge X, Crawford EB, Spurrier JM, McCann SD, Fields JR, Fornwald L, Riffle L, Driver C, Kasprzak KS, Quiñones OA, Wilson RE, Travlos GS, Alvord WG, Anderson LM. Molecular and organismal changes in offspring of male mice treated with chemical stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:392-407. [PMID: 22674528 DOI: 10.1002/em.21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Both gene methylation changes and genetic instability have been noted in offspring of male rodents exposed to radiation or chemicals, but few specific gene targets have been established. Previously, we identified the gene for ribosomal RNA, rDNA, as showing methylation change in sperm of mice treated with the preconceptional carcinogen, chromium(III) chloride. rDNA is a critical cell growth regulator. Here, we investigated the effects of paternal treatments on rDNA in offspring tissue. A total of 93 litters and 758 offspring were obtained, permitting rigorous mixed-effects models statistical analysis of the results. We show that the offspring of male mice treated with Cr(III) presented increased methylation in a promoter sequence of the rDNA gene, specifically in lung. Furthermore polymorphic variants of the multi-copy rDNA genes displayed altered frequencies indicative of structural changes, as a function of both tissue type and paternal treatments. Organismal effects also occurred: some groups of offspring of male mice treated with either Cr(III) or its vehicle, acidic saline, compared with those of untreated mice, had altered average body and liver weights and levels of serum glucose and leptin. Males treated directly with Cr(III) or acidic saline presented serum hormone changes consistent with a stress response. These results establish for the first time epigenetic and genetic instability effects in a gene of central physiological importance, in offspring of male mice exposed preconceptionally to chemicals, possibly related to a stress response in these males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Horng Shiao
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Chromosome aberration assays are employed to detect the induction of chromosome breakage (clastogenesis) in somatic and germ cells by direct observation of the chromosomal damage during metaphase analysis, or by indirect observation of chromosomal fragments. Thus, various types of cytogenetic change can be detected such as structural chromosome aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), ploidy changes, and micronuclei. Following the induction of the chromosomal damage, most of the aberrations and abnormalities detected by these assays can be detrimental or even lethal to the cell. Their presence, however, indicates a potential to also induce more subtle and therefore transmissible chromosomal damage which survives cell division to produce heritable cytogenetic changes. Usually, induced cytogenetic damage is accompanied by other genotoxic damage such as gene mutations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Weis E, Schoen H, Victor A, Spix C, Ludwig M, Schneider-Raetzke B, Kohlschmidt N, Bartsch O, Gerhold-Ay A, Boehm N, Grus F, Haaf T, Galetzka D. Reduced mRNA and protein expression of the genomic caretaker RAD9A in primary fibroblasts of individuals with childhood and independent second cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25750. [PMID: 21991345 PMCID: PMC3185005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of secondary cancer in childhood cancer survivors is largely unclear. Exposure of normal somatic cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy can damage DNA and if not all DNA lesions are properly fixed, the mis-repair may lead to pathological consequences. It is plausible to assume that genetic differences, i.e. in the pathways responsible for cell cycle control and DNA repair, play a critical role in the development of secondary cancer. Methodology/Findings To identify factors that may influence the susceptibility for second cancer formation, we recruited 20 individuals who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second cancer as well as 20 carefully matched control individuals with childhood malignancy but without a second cancer. By antibody microarrays, we screened primary fibroblasts of matched patients for differences in the amount of representative DNA repair-associated proteins. We found constitutively decreased levels of RAD9A and several other DNA repair proteins in two-cancer patients, compared to one-cancer patients. The RAD9A protein level increased in response to DNA damage, however to a lesser extent in the two-cancer patients. Quantification of mRNA expression by real-time RT PCR revealed lower RAD9A mRNA levels in both untreated and 1 Gy γ-irradiated cells of two-cancer patients. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, our results support the idea that modulation of RAD9A and other cell cycle arrest and DNA repair proteins contribute to the risk of developing a second malignancy in childhood cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Schoen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Victor
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aslihan Gerhold-Ay
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Boehm
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Ocular Proteomics and Immunology Center, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Ocular Proteomics and Immunology Center, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ilnytskyy Y, Kovalchuk O. Non-targeted radiation effects-an epigenetic connection. Mutat Res 2011; 714:113-25. [PMID: 21784089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a pivotal diagnostic and treatment modality, yet it is also a potent genotoxic agent that causes genome instability and carcinogenesis. While modern cancer radiation therapy has led to increased patient survival rates, the risk of radiation treatment-related complications is becoming a growing problem. IR-induced genome instability has been well-documented in directly exposed cells and organisms. It has also been observed in distant 'bystander' cells. Enigmatically, increased instability is even observed in progeny of pre-conceptually exposed animals, including humans. The mechanisms by which it arises remain obscure and, recently, they have been proposed to be epigenetic in nature. Three major epigenetic phenomena include DNA methylation, histone modifications and small RNA-mediated silencing. This review focuses on the role of DNA methylation and small RNAs in directly exposed and bystander tissues and in IR-induced transgenerational effects. Here, we present evidence that IR-mediated effects are maintained by epigenetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Ilnytskyy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonisoli-Alquati A, Møller AP, Rudolfsen G, Saino N, Caprioli M, Ostermiller S, Mousseau TA. The effects of radiation on sperm swimming behavior depend on plasma oxidative status in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 159:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
11
|
Nomura T. Biological consequences and health concerns from low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation in mice and humans. HEALTH PHYSICS 2011; 100:266-268. [PMID: 21595064 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181e9b10d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
12
|
Kovalchuk O, Baulch JE. Epigenetic changes and nontargeted radiation effects--is there a link? ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:16-25. [PMID: 18172877 DOI: 10.1002/em.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is now well accepted that the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure can be noticed far beyond the borders of the directly irradiated tissue. IR can affect neighboring cells in the proximity, giving rise to a bystander effect. IR effects can also span several generations and influence the progeny of exposed parents, leading to transgeneration effects. Bystander and transgeneration IR effects are linked to the phenomenon of the IR-induced genome instability that manifests itself as chromosome aberrations, gene mutations, late cell death, and aneuploidy. While the occurrence of the above-mentioned phenomena is well documented, the exact mechanisms that lead to their development have still to be delineated. Evidence suggests that the IR-induced genome instability, bystander, and transgeneration effects may be epigenetically mediated. The epigenetic changes encompass DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-associated silencing. Recent studies demonstrated that IR exposure alters epigenetic parameters in the directly exposed tissues and in the distant bystander tissues. Transgeneration radiation effects were also proposed to be of an epigenetic nature. We will discuss the role of the epigenetic mechanisms in radiation responses, bystander effects, and transgeneration effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dubrova YE. Genomic instability in the offspring of irradiated parents: Facts and interpretations. RUSS J GENET+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795406100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
14
|
Ryabokon NI, Goncharova RI. Transgenerational accumulation of radiation damage in small mammals chronically exposed to Chernobyl fallout. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2006; 45:167-77. [PMID: 16862442 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation has been the analysis of the long-term development of biological damage in natural populations of a model mammalian species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus, Schreber), which were chronically exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation over 22 animal generations within 10 years following the Chernobyl accident. The time course of the biological end-points (chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells and embryonic lethality) was compared with the time course of the whole-body absorbed dose rate from external and internal exposure in the studied populations inhabiting monitoring sites in Belarus with different ground deposition of radionuclides. The yield of chromosome aberrations and, in lesser degree, embryonic lethality was associated with the radionuclide contamination of the monitoring areas in a dose-dependent manner. As a main feature of the long-term development of biological damage under low dose rate irradiation, permanently elevated levels of chromosome aberrations and an increasing frequency of embryonic lethality have developed over 22 animal generations. This contrasts with the assumption that the biological damage would gradually disappear since in the same period of time the whole-body absorbed dose rate decreased exponentially with a half-value time of about 2.5-3 years. Furthermore, gravid females were captured, and their offspring, born and grown up under contamination-free laboratory conditions, showed the same enhanced level of chromosome aberrations. Therefore the authors suggest that, along with the biological damage attributable to the individual exposure of each animal, the observed cellular and systemic effects reflect the transgenerational transmission and accumulation, via genetic and/or epigenetic pathways, of damage attributable to the chronic low-dose rate exposure of the preceding generations of animals. They also suggest that the level of the accumulated transmissible damage in the investigated populations will decrease in future due to the further recession of the chronic exposure and as a consequence of selection processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda I Ryabokon
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademichnaya street 27, 220072 Minsk, Republic of Belarus.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Duan X, Yuan Z, Li W, Zhou G, Zhou Q, Bing L, Min F, Li X, Xie Y. Chromosomal aberrations induced by (12)C6+ ions and 60Co gamma-rays in mouse immature oocytes. Mutat Res 2006; 595:37-41. [PMID: 16337662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ovaries of Kun-Ming strain mice (3 weeks) were irradiated with different doses of (12)C6+ ion or (60)Co gamma-ray. Chromosomal aberrations were analyzed in metaphase II oocytes at 7 weeks after irradiation. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of (12)C6+ ion was calculated with respect to 60Co gamma-ray for the induction of chromosomal aberrations. The (12)C6+ ion and 60Co gamma-ray dose-response relationships for chromosomal aberrations were plotted by linear quadratic models. The data showed that there was a dose-related increase in frequency of chromosomal aberrations in all the treated groups compared to controls. The RBE values for (12)C6+ ions relative to 60Co gamma-rays were 2.49, 2.29, 1.57, 1.42 or 1.32 for the doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 6.0 Gy, respectively. Moreover, a different distribution of the various types of aberrations has been found for (12)C6+ ion and 60Co gamma-ray irradiations. The dose-response relationships for (12)C6+ ion and 60Co gamma-ray exhibited positive correlations. The results from the present study may be helpful for assessing genetic damage following exposure of immature oocytes to ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Mutation induction in directly exposed cells is currently regarded as the main component of the genetic risk of ionising radiation for humans. However, recent studies showing that exposure to ionising radiation results in elevated mutation rates detectable in the non-irradiated progeny of exposed cells challenge the existing paradigm in radiation biology. This review describes some recent data on radiation-induced genomic instability in vitro and mainly focuses on the in vivo phenomenon of transgenerational instability, where elevated mutation rates are detected in the non-exposed offspring of irradiated parents. The possible mechanisms and implications of transgenerational instability are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Barber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nomura T. Transgenerational effects of radiation and chemicals in mice and humans. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl B:B83-97. [PMID: 17019056 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.b83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Parental exposure of mice to radiation and chemicals causes a variety of adverse effects (e.g., tumors, congenital malformations and embryonic deaths) in the progeny and the tumor-susceptibility phenotype is transmissible beyond the first post-radiation generation. The induced rates of tumors were 100-fold higher than those known for mouse specific locus mutations. There were clear strain differences in the types of naturally-occurring and induced tumors and most of the latter were malignant. Another important finding was that germ-line exposure elicited very weak tumorigenic responses, but caused persistent hypersensitivity in the offspring for the subsequent development of cancer by the postnatal environment. Activations of oncogenes, ras, mos, abl, etc. and mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as p53 were also detected in specific tumors in cancer-prone descendants. However, the majority of tumors observed in the progeny were those commonly observed in the strains that were used and oncogene activations were rarely observed in these tumors. It can be hypothesized that genetic instability modifies tumor occurrence in a transgenerational manner, but so far no links could be established between chromosomal and molecular changes and transmissible tumor risks. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that cumulative changes in many normal but cancer-related genes affecting immunological, biochemical and physiological functions may slightly elevate the incidence of tumors or fasten the tumor development. This hypothesis is supported by our GeneChip analyses which showed suppression and/or over-expression of many such genes in the offspring of mice exposed to radiation. In humans, a higher risk of leukemia and birth defects has been reported in the children of fathers who had been exposed to radionuclides in the nuclear reprocessing plants and to diagnostic radiation. These findings have not been supported in the children of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, who were exposed to higher doses of atomic radiation. However, it will be important to follow the human subjects, especially for adult type cancers and chronic diseases throughout their lives to determine whether the mouse studies can predict human responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Nomura
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ryo H, Nakajima H, Nomura T. Germ-line mutations at a mouse ESTR (Pc-3) locus and human microsatellite loci. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl B:B31-7. [PMID: 17019050 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.b31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined the use of the mouse Pc-3 ESTR (expanded simple tandem repeat) locus and 72 human microsatellite loci as potentially sensitive biomarkers for mutagenic exposures to germ cells in mice and humans respectively. In the mouse work, we treated male mice with TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; a chemical known to induce congenital anomalies in humans and mice) and, analysed the F(1) fetuses for Pc-3 mutations. Although the incidence of anomalies was higher in the TCDD group, there were no induced mutations. However, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was observed in 3 of 7 fetuses born to male mice which were treated with TCDD and which showed abnormal length of Pc-3 allele. In the human studies, the children of Chernobyl liquidators were examined for mutations at a total of 72 (31 autosomal, 1 X-linked and 40 Y-linked) microsatellite loci. This study was prompted by earlier findings of increases in microsatellite mutations in barn swallows and wheat in the highly contaminated areas after the Chernobyl accident. We examined 64 liquidator families (70 children) and 66 control families (70 children). However, no increases in mutation rates were found. The estimated mean dose to the liquidators was about 39 mSv and this might be one possible reason why no increases of mutations could be found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Ryo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Streffer C. Transgenerational transmission of radiation damage: genomic instability and congenital malformation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47 Suppl B:B19-24. [PMID: 17019048 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.47.b19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The congenital malformation gastroschisis has a genetic disposition in the inbred mouse strain HLG/Zte. It is increased after preconceptional irradiation of males or females. Radiation exposures during the meiotic stages are most efficient. This malformation can also be induced by ionising radiation when the exposure takes place during the preimplantation period especially during the zygote stage. This latter effect can be transmitted to the next mouse generation. Other macroscopically visible or skeletal malformations are not significantly induced under these experimental conditions. These latter malformations are increased by radiation exposures during major organogenesis. The mechanisms for the development of the effects are different. Radiation exposure of the mouse zygote (1 to 3 hours p.c.) also leads to the induction of genomic instability in skin fibroblasts of the fetus. This phenomenon also occurs in a mouse strain (C57BL/6J) which is not susceptible to radiation-induced gastroschisis during the preimplantation period. The genomic instability is transmitted to the next mouse generation. During genomic instability chromatide breaks are dominating as in non-exposed cells. With respect to "spontaneous" malformations gastroschisis is dominating in HLG/Zte mice. Late radiation effects seem to have similar patterns as observed in non-exposed subjects, however, the rates are increased after irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Streffer
- Institute for Science and Ethics, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Skinner MK, Anway MD. Seminiferous cord formation and germ-cell programming: epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1061:18-32. [PMID: 16467254 PMCID: PMC5941287 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1336.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular control of embryonic testis development was investigated through an analysis of the embryonic testis transcriptome to identify potential regulatory factors for male sex determination and testis morphogenesis. One critical factor identified is neurotropin 3 (NT3). At the onset of male sex determination, Sertoli cells initiate differentiation and express NT3 to act as a chemotactic factor for mesonephros cells to migrate and associate with Sertoli-germ cell aggregates to promote cord formation. Promoter analysis suggests that NT3 may be an initial downstream gene to SRY and helps promote testis morphogenesis. Endocrine disruptors were used to potentially interfere with embryonic testis development and further investigate this biological process. The estrogenic pesticide methoxychlor and antiandrogenic fungicide vinclozolin were used. Previous studies have shown that methoxychlor and vinclozolin both interfere with embryonic testis cord formation and cause increased spermatogenic cell apoptosis in the adult testis. Interestingly, transient in vivo exposure to endocrine disruptors at the time of male sex determination caused a transgenerational phenotype (F1-F4) of spermatogenic cell apoptosis and subfertility. This apparent epigenetic mechanism involves altered DNA methylation and permanent re-programming of the male germ-line. A series of genes with altered DNA methylation and imprinting are being identified. Observations reviewed demonstrate that a transient embryonic in utero exposure to an endocrine disruptor influences the embryonic testis transcriptome and through epigenetic effects (e.g., DNA methylation) results in abnormal germ-cell differentiation that subsequently influences adult spermatogenic capacity and male fertility, and that this phenotype is transgenerational through the germ-line. The novel observations of transgenerational epigenetic endocrine disruptor actions on male reproduction critically impact the potential hazards of these compounds as environmental toxins. The literature reviewed provides insight into the molecular and cellular control of embryonic testis development, male sex determination, and the programming of the male germ-line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4231, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marchetti F, Wyrobek AJ. Mechanisms and consequences of paternally-transmitted chromosomal abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 75:112-29. [PMID: 16035041 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Paternally-transmitted chromosomal damage has been associated with pregnancy loss, developmental and morphological defects, infant mortality, infertility, and genetic diseases in the offspring, including cancer. There is epidemiological evidence linking paternal exposure to occupational or environmental agents with an increased risk of abnormal reproductive outcomes. There is also a large body of literature on germ cell mutagenesis in rodents showing that treatment of male germ cells with mutagens has dramatic consequences on reproduction, producing effects such as those observed in human epidemiological studies. However, we know very little about the etiology, transmission, and early embryonic consequences of paternally-derived chromosomal abnormalities. The available evidence suggests that: 1) there are distinct patterns of germ cell-stage differences in the sensitivity of induction of transmissible genetic damage, with male postmeiotic cells being the most sensitive; 2) cytogenetic abnormalities at first metaphase after fertilization are critical intermediates between paternal exposure and abnormal reproductive outcomes; and 3) there are maternal susceptibility factors that may have profound effects on the amount of sperm DNA damage that is converted into chromosomal aberrations in the zygote and that directly affect the risk for abnormal reproductive outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchetti
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|