1
|
Helal NS, Omran Z, Moussa M. Assessment of survivin and p27 expression as potential prognostic markers in urothelial cell carcinoma of urinary bladder in Egyptian patients. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide with urothelial carcinoma (UC) being the main histologic subtype. Survivin is an apoptosis inhibitor that is associated with tumor proliferation and invasion. P27 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that negatively regulates cell proliferation. The expression of both proteins was variable among different solid tumors including UC.
Methods
We aimed to investigate the expression of survivin and P27 in UC of urinary bladder and correlate their expressions with histopathological parameters in an attempt at studying the possibility of their use as targeted therapies. The investigation was performed through immunohistochemical staining for both proteins on sections belonging to 60 UCs and 12 mild chronic cystitis cases (controls). Immunopositivity (number of positive cases) and expression score (percentage of positive urothelial cells) were evaluated.
Results
Both survivin and P27 were absent in urothelial cells of mild chronic cystitis lesions while expressed in 60% and 43.3% of UCs, respectively. High score of survivin and low score of P27 were associated with poor prognostic factors of UC (solid pattern, high grade, and deep tumors). By logistic regression test, survivin expression can be a predictive risk factor associated with solid pattern and high-grade UC, while P27 expression can be a predictive risk factor associated low-grade UC.
Conclusion
High survivin and low P27 expression scores were associated with the studied prognostic factors of UC. Both proteins may play a role in UC progression and can have a value as prognostic and/or diagnostic markers of UC, as well as targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Huo B, Song Y, Tan B, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Chang L. Research on the mechanisms of taraxerol for the treatment of gastric cancer effect based on network pharmacology. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:20587384211063962. [PMID: 34986036 PMCID: PMC8743941 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211063962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern pharmacological studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Taraxacum mongolicum possesses anti-cancer activity. Taraxerol (TRX) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from T. mongolicum, which is widely used in clinical treatment, and its anti-cancer effects have been extensively studied. However, the effects and molecular mechanism of TRX in gastric cancer (GC) have not been fully explicated. METHODS We used public databases to derive information on potential targets of TRX and proteins related to GC. Also, STRING and R3.6.2 software were used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI). The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were done to explain the potential mechanism underlying the regulatory role of TRX in GC. The role of TRX in GC was verified by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, apoptosis analysis, Transwell assay, and wound healing assay, and the key signaling pathways were verified. RESULTS We identified 135 potential targets for the treatment of GC via network pharmacological analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that steroid hormone receptor activity and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were the biological processes and pathways with the highest degree of enrichment. Additionally, cellular experiments revealed that TRX inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells as well as induced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in GC cells. CONCLUSION Here, we used multi-target and multi-pathway network pharmacological analysis to verify the anti-cancer activity of TRX in GC. Also, in vitro experimental data were used to derive the potential molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Huo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Bibo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fengbin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology Pharmacology, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chang
- HeBei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 3 Xing yuan Road, Lu quan District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zamir-Nasta T, Pazhouhi M, Ghanbari A, Abdolmaleki A, Jalili C. Expression of cyclin D1, p21, and estrogen receptor alpha in aflatoxin G1-induced disturbance in testicular tissue of albino mice. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:182-192. [PMID: 34084205 PMCID: PMC8102931 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.310525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Aflatoxin (AF) is a mycotoxin produced by various strains of the Aspergillus family. AFG1 as one of the most important types is highly found in cereals and grains. AF affects sperm production or even its quality. This study was designed to test the effects of AFG1 on mice testicular tissue. Experimental approach Twenty-four Albino mice were divided into four groups of 6 each; a control group (0.2 mL corn oil and ethanol), three treatment groups with different periods (20 μg/kg AFG1 for 7, 15, and 35 consecutive days). All treatments were applied intraperitoneally. Biosynthesis of cyclin D1, p21, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Levels of cyclin D1, p21, and ERα mRNA were evaluated by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Tubular differentiation index (TDI), reproductive index (RI), and spermiogenesis indices were also analyzed. Findings/Results AFG1 increased the percentage of seminiferous tubules with negative TDI, RI, and SPI compared to the control group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR and IHC analyses illustrated time-dependent enhancement in p21 expression and cyclin D1 biosynthesis in AFG1-treated groups significantly (P < 0.05). While the protein and mRNA levels of ERα were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion and implications The chronic exposure to AFG1 reduced the expression and synthesis of ERα, increased the expression and synthesis of p21 and cyclin D1, impaired apoptosis, which in turn could impair spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toraj Zamir-Nasta
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Pazhouhi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Amir Abdolmaleki
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Said N. Roles of SPARC in urothelial carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67574-67585. [PMID: 27564266 PMCID: PMC5341897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein that is implicated in myriad physiological and pathological conditions characterized by extensive remodeling and plasticity. The functions and disease association of SPARC in cancer is being increasingly appreciated as it plays multi-faceted contextual roles depending on the cancer type, cell of origin and the unique cancer milieu at both primary and metastatic sites. Herein we will review our current knowledge of the role of SPARC in the multistep cascades of urinary bladder carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis from preclinical models and clinical data and shine the light on its prognostic and therapeutic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Said
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bozdoğan Ö, Atasoy P, Batislam E, Başar MM, Başar H. Significance of p57Kip2 Down-Regulation in Oncogenesis of Bladder Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:556-62. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors have important roles in the oncogenesis of various tumors including urothelial cancer. The aim of this study was to establish the importance of p57Kip2, a unique cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in the oncogenesis of bladder carcinoma. This article also focused on another cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27Kip1, and telomerase enzyme and examined the relationship between these proteins. Material and Methods Thirty-one patients with urothelial carcinomas of the bladder and 7 cases with normal urinary bladder mucosa were included in the study. Immunohistochemical study was performed by monoclonal antibodies of p27Kip1, p57Kip2, and the telomerase subunit (hTERT). All immunohistochemical preparations were evaluated by an immunohistochemical histological score. Results p57Kip2 and p27Kip1 expression were seen in all of the cases of normal mucosa. In carcinoma cases, 8 of 31 (25.8%) showed p57Kip2 nuclear positivity and 20 of 31 (64.5%) expressed nuclear p27Kip1. HSCOREs of carcinoma cases showed lower scores of nuclear p57Kip2 and p27Kip1 than normal mucosa, but only HSCOREs of nuclear p57Kip2 (P = 0 001) showed statistical significance. Despite unknown significance, cytoplasmic p57Kip2 and p27Kip1 were also evaluated. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that carcinomas expressed higher HSCOREs of hTERT than normal mucosa, and there was a significant difference (P = 0.026) between muscle invasive carcinomas and normal mucosa. Conclusions The data showed that p57Kip2 down-regulation along with p27Kip1 is a well-established feature of urothelial carcinoma. Probably, this down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors supports the proliferation phase of oncogenesis. In the study, we also showed that hTERT expression was up-regulated in higher stages of urothelial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Önder Bozdoğan
- Pathology Department, Kirikkale University Medical School, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Pinar Atasoy
- Pathology Department, Kirikkale University Medical School, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ertan Batislam
- Urology Department, Kirikkale University Medical School, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - M Murad Başar
- Urology Department, Kirikkale University Medical School, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Halil Başar
- Urology Department, Kirikkale University Medical School, Kirikkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bioinformatic identification of prognostic signature defined by copy number alteration and expression of CCNE1 in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e282. [PMID: 28082741 PMCID: PMC5291834 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients frequently fail to respond to treatment and experience disease progression because of their clinical and biological diversity. In this study, we identify a prognostic molecular signature for predicting the heterogeneity of NMIBC by using an integrative analysis of copy number and gene expression data. We analyzed the copy number and gene expression profiles of 404 patients with bladder cancer obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium. Of the 14 molecules with significant copy number alterations that were previously reported, 13 were significantly correlated with copy number and expression changes. Prognostic gene sets based on the 13 genes were developed, and their prognostic values were verified in three independent patient cohorts (n=501). Among them, a signature of CCNE1 and its coexpressed genes was significantly associated with disease progression and validated in the independent cohorts. The CCNE1 signature was an independent risk factor based on the result of a multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=6.849, 95% confidence interval=1.613–29.092, P=0.009). Finally, gene network and upstream regulator analyses revealed that NMIBC progression is potentially mediated by CCND1-CCNE1-SP1 pathways. The prognostic molecular signature defined by copy number and expression changes of CCNE1 suggests a novel diagnostic tool for predicting the likelihood of NMIBC progression.
Collapse
|
7
|
Expressions of p16 and p27 in urothelial carcinoma and their prognostic value. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 30:453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
8
|
Abstract
The determination of prognosis in bladder cancer is currently based on staging methods that rely primarily on the pathological stage of a tumor with limited objective correlates. The development and progression of bladder cancer involve alterations in several cellular pathways. Dysregulation in markers associated with cell-cycle regulation has been the most extensively examined molecular aberration in this cancer. Individual alterations of these markers have been associated with disease outcome, with several observations suggesting that their prognostic potential is independent of pathological stage. While many individual molecules in the cell growth receptor signaling, p53, and retinoblastoma (Rb) pathways have been identified, there is a general lack of consensus on which markers can be adopted in the clinical setting. More recent studies have suggested that the combination of markers as concise panels may be more beneficial in determining the degree of aggressiveness of a given tumor and its impending outcome than individual markers alone. This review will discuss alterations in molecules within pathways controlling cell-cycle regulation in the context of bladder cancer, and their impact on patient outcome when examined individually and in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban P Mitra
- Department of Pathology and Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kapur P, Lotan Y, King E, Kabbani W, Mitra AP, Mosbah A, Abol-Enein H, Ghoneim M, Youssef RF. Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder: value of cell cycle biomarkers. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:822-30. [PMID: 21571954 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp76kuvotbkqry] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary adenocarcinomas of the urinary bladder are uncommon, and the molecular pathways are currently not well defined. In this study, we assessed the association between biologic markers and clinicopathologic characteristics in a cohort of 21 patients with primary urinary bladder adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for cell cycle-specific markers, including p53, p21, p27, Ki-67, and cyclin E, were performed on sections of a tissue microarray construct. The tumors were high grade in 12 (57%) and pT2 or higher in 18 (86%); lymph nodes were involved in 6 cases (29%); and there was pathologic evidence of schistosomiasis in 14 (67%). The best prognostic combination of markers was combined alterations in p27 and Ki-67 and was associated with stage (P = .012), grade (P = .005), DNA ploidy (P = .005), and lymph node involvement (P = .04). Stage, lymph node involvement, combined alterations of p27 and Ki-67, and combined alterations of all 5 biomarkers were associated with increased probability of disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality (P < .05).
Collapse
|
10
|
Triptolide inhibits cell growth and induces G0- G1 arrest by regulating P21wap1/cip1 and P27 kip1 in human multiple myeloma RPMI-8226 cells. Chin J Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-010-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
11
|
Viklund IM, Kuznetsov NV, Löfberg R, Daperno M, Sostegni R, Astegiano M, Rizzetto M, von Stein O, D'Amato M, von Stein P, Pettersson S. Identification of a new WASP and FKBP-like (WAFL) protein in inflammatory bowel disease: a potential marker gene for ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:921-30. [PMID: 18654788 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown cause that lacks molecular markers for diagnosis. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major forms of IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate gene expression patterns in UC and characterize newly identified marker genes potentially linked to disease pathogenesis of UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsies were taken from eight UC patients, from inflamed and non-inflamed parts of the colon. Gene expression was investigated by subtractive suppression hybridization (SSH), and further study of a selected gene was performed by Northern blot, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and in vitro monocyte differentiation. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-one differentially expressed genes were found and classified into functional groups. In this paper, we report one gene with unknown function to be differentially expressed in UC but not Crohn's disease by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Due to its predicted protein architecture, we call this gene Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and FKBP-like (WAFL). Initial pilot experiments suggest WAFL to participate in innate immune functions. CONCLUSION The SSH result supports the current view of UC to be a chronic inflammatory disorder with aberrant expression of epithelial barrier proteins, cell fate-related factors, and disturbed metabolism. The new gene, WAFL, reported in this study, appears to be conditionally regulated in myeloid cells. This indicates that WAFL may be connected to innate immune-host responses. As such, it represents an interesting, hitherto unknown player in IBD where there is a need for further elucidation on the molecular and cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Viklund
- Strategic Research Center IRIS, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Birkhahn M, Mitra AP, Cote RJ. Molecular markers for bladder cancer: the road to a multimarker approach. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 7:1717-27. [PMID: 18062746 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.12.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the seventh most common malignancy worldwide, with almost 14,000 patients dying from this disease in the USA alone. Because of the need for long-term and frequent follow-up, as well as the paucity of sensitive and specific noninvasive tests, bladder cancer management has the highest cost per patient among all cancer types. Several molecular markers, especially members of the cell cycle regulation and apoptosis pathways, have been investigated. However, no individual marker has been prognostically powerful enough to change clinical management. The combined analysis of a panel of markers spanning different pathways is the most promising approach. We give an overview of the most important molecular markers functioning in crucial pathways and focus on their role in multimarker analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birkhahn
- Heilig Geist-Krankenhaus, Department of Urology, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shariat SF, Ashfaq R, Sagalowsky AI, Lotan Y. Association of cyclin D1 and E1 expression with disease progression and biomarkers in patients with nonmuscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2008; 25:468-75. [PMID: 18047954 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association of cyclin D1 and E1 expression with bladder cancer presence, clinical and molecular characteristics, and disease progression in patients with nonmuscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for cyclin D1, cyclin E1, p53, p21, p27, pRB, KI-67, and survivin was performed on a tissue microarray containing specimens from 9 normal controls and 74 patients with Ta, Tis, and/or T1 urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cyclin D1 and E1 immunoreactivity were considered low when samples showed less than 10% and 30% nuclear reactivity, respectively. RESULTS Normal bladder urothelium from all 9 control patients showed uniformly intense expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1. Cyclin D1 and E1 expression were low in 23 of 74 (31.1%) and 27 of 74 (36.5%) specimens. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that low expression of cyclin E1 was significantly associated with an increased probability of tumor recurrence and progression in univariate, but not multivariate analysis. Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was not associated with any pathologic characteristics or clinical outcomes. Low cyclin E1 expression was significantly associated with altered expression of p53, pRB, KI-67, and survivin. CONCLUSIONS Tissue expression of cyclin D1 or E1 seems not to add independent prognostic value to standard features in patients with nonmuscle -invasive urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chang HR, Lian JD, Lo CW, Huang HP, Wang CJ. Aristolochic acid-induced cell cycle G1 arrest in human urothelium SV-HUC-1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:396-402. [PMID: 17049707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) has been implicated in urothelial carcinoma in humans. To evaluate the impact of AA on the human urinary tract epithelium cells, a study of SV-HUC-1 cells cultured with mixture of AA (AAM; 41% AA I, 56% AA II) was conducted. Cell viability was assayed in cultures exposed to 0.0125-0.2mM AAM for 1, 3, and 5 days, a concentration-dependent inhibition on the growth of SV-HUC-1 cells was demonstrated. Cell cycle distribution determined by flow cytometry revealed an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase (from 37.6% to 49.2%). Regarding the cell cycle control proteins, the levels of p53, p21 and p27 increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated a decrease in the formation of cyclin E/cdk2 complex, but not cyclin D1/cdk4 complex, which leads to an increase in the free form of cdk2. Additionally, a decrease in the phospho-Rb correlates with an increase in Rb/E2F-1 complex which prevents the release of E2F transcription factor, thus preventing the transcription of the genes required for cell proliferation. Our results provide evidence that AAM induce cell cycle arrest in SV-HUC-1 cells. Whether this cell cycle block is associated with AA-related human urothelial carcinoma requires further study to clarify.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Rong Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ioachim E, Michael M, Salmas M, Michael MM, Stavropoulos NE, Malamou-Mitsi V. Hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression in bladder cancer and their associations with other angiogenesis-related proteins. Urol Int 2007; 77:255-63. [PMID: 17033215 DOI: 10.1159/000094819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha) are closely related protein complexes that activate transcription of target genes in response to hypoxia. The immunohistochemical expression of these two proteins was investigated in 144 bladder cancer tissue samples and correlated with standard clinicopathological features, in order to elucidate their prognostic significance. We also evaluated their possible associations with other angiogenesis related markers such as microvessel density (MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor, thymidine phosphorylase, tenascin, fibronectin, p53 and bcl-2 to further clarify their implication in tumor stroma vascularization. Nuclear HIF-1alpha expression in tumor cells was detected in 57.1% of the cases. A trend of correlation of this expression with poorly differentiated tumors was observed. In addition, HIF-1alpha expression was positively correlated with stromal cells thymidine phosphorylase expression. Tumors that were progressed in muscle-infiltrating disease showed a higher HIF-1alpha expression. A higher HIF-1alpha expression was also observed in tumors with an in situ component. In tumor cells, low HIF-2alpha expression was observed in 6.3%, moderate in 31.9% and high in 61.8% of the cases. A trend of correlation of this expression with MVD was observed. In addition, HIF-2alpha expression was positively correlated with thymidine phosphorylase and fibronectin expression. A lower HIF-2alpha expression was detected in tumors that recurred earlier in univariate methods of analysis. HIF-2alpha was expressed in tumor stroma associated cells in 53.5% of specimens and was correlated with advance tumor stage, thymidine phosphorylase and tenascin expression. There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha between primary and recurrent tumors. In multivariate analysis including T stage, T grade, multifocality and T size, both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression were not considered dependent in the prediction of recurrence or progression. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression may help to predict recurrence or progression to muscle invasive disease but not as independent prognostic factors. In addition, the expression of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, appear to play a role in bladder cancer, vascularization possibly and in cooperation with other angiogenic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ioachim
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shariat SF, Ashfaq R, Sagalowsky AI, Lotan Y. Correlation of cyclin D1 and E1 expression with bladder cancer presence, invasion, progression, and metastasis. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:1568-76. [PMID: 16949911 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the correlation of the expression of cyclin D1 and E1 with the expression of commonly altered cell cycle regulators and bladder cancer presence, staging, and clinical outcomes. We performed immunohistochemical staining for cyclin D1, cyclin E1, p53, p21, p27, and retinoblastoma protein (pRB) on serial cuts from normal urothelium from 9 controls, radical cystectomy specimens from 226 consecutive patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma, and lymph nodes with metastasis from 50 of the 226 cystectomy patients. Cyclin D1 and E1 immunoreactivity were considered low when samples demonstrated less than 10% and 30% nuclear reactivity, respectively. Normal bladder urothelium from all 9 control patients showed uniformly intense expression of cyclin D1 and E1. Cyclin D1 expression was low in 99 (43.8%) of 226 cystectomy specimens and 25 (50.0%) of 50 metastatic lymph node specimens. Cyclin D1 immunoreactivity was not associated with any pathologic characteristics or clinical outcomes. Cyclin E1 expression was low in 125 (55.3%) of 226 cystectomy specimens and 22 (44.0%) of 50 metastatic lymph node specimens. Low cyclin E1 expression was significantly associated with advanced pathologic stage, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node metastases. In multivariate analyses, low cyclin E1 expression was significantly associated with bladder cancer-specific mortality (P = .048), but not disease recurrence (P = .056). Low cyclin E1 expression was significantly associated with altered expression of pRB, p27, and cyclin D1. Low cyclin D1 expression was significantly associated with altered expression of pRB, p21, and cyclin E1. Cyclin E1 expression stratifies patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma into those with more "indolent" behavior and those with features of biologically and clinically aggressive disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Cheney RT, Schwaller J. Genetic alterations in urothelial bladder carcinoma: an updated review. Cancer 2006; 106:1205-16. [PMID: 16470587 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
New oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that play an important role in the pathogenesis of urothelial bladder carcinoma have been discovered. The objectives of this review were to summarize the most important oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in urothelial carcinoma and to address their role in pathogenesis, their prognostic value, and their potential use as therapeutic targets. The collected data led the authors to propose a common pathway in which the fibroblastic growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutation seems to be the earliest genetic abnormality responsible for the transformation from normal tissue to atypia and dysplasia. Three different progression pathways were proposed: The first operative pathway is from dysplasia to superficial papillary pathologic Ta (pTa) tumors to pT1 tumors and, ultimately, to pT2 tumors with FGFR3 and tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) the responsible genes. The second major operative pathway is from dysplasia, to carcinoma in situ, and to solid pT1 and pT2 tumors. The third pathway of progression is from dysplasia to papillary T1 and pT2 tumors. The genes involved in the last 2 pathways are the p53, serine threonine protein kinase 15 (STK15), triple-function domain (TRIO), fragile histidine triad (FHIT), p63 genes; and alterations of 20q and 5p, alterations of adhesions, angiogenesis, and matrix-remodeling gene products also are involved. Finally, murine leukemia viral oncogene homologue 1 (RAF1) and CD9 are involved in the progression from papillary pT1 tumors to pT2 tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yurakh AO, Ramos D, Calabuig-Fariñas S, López-Guerrero JA, Rubio J, Solsona E, Romanenko AM, Vozianov AF, Pellin A, Llombart-Bosch A. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis of the prognostic value of cell-cycle regulators in urothelial neoplasms of the bladder. Eur Urol 2006; 50:506-15; discussion 515. [PMID: 16624482 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of molecular and immunohistochemical markers related to cell-cycle control in terms of recurrence, progression, and survival in urothelial neoplasms of the bladder (UNB). PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical and pathological findings of 84 patients with UNB were assessed. Homozygous deletion (HD) and promoter methylation of p14ARF, p15INK4B, p16INK4A, loss of heterozygosity of the locus 9p21, p53 mutations, and immunohistochemical expression of p53, p16, p14, p21, p27, pRb, Ki67, MDM2, and cyclin D1 proteins were evaluated in relation to overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS In the univariate analysis, RFS was shorter in cases with p14ARF (p=0.006), p15INK4B (p=0.003), p16INK4A (p=0.03) HD, low p14 immunoreactivity index (IRI) (p=0.01) and high Ki67 IRI (p=0.04); HD of the 9p21 locus genes and p14 IRI remained as independent prognostic factors for early UNB recurrence (p=0.006) whereas tumour stage (p=0.00001) and cyclin D1 IRI (p=0.049) were related to worse PFS in the multivariate analysis. In the univariate analysis, IRI for Ki67 (p=0.002), cyclin D1 (p=0.06), p53 (p=0.00008), p16 (p=0.02), p27 (p=0.0005) MDM2 (p=0.01) and p53 mutations (p=0.03) were related to poor OS, and only the Ki67 IRI retained their independent value in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION 9p21 HD and p14 IRI constitute independent predictive factors for UNB recurrence and cyclin D1 IRI and tumour stage for progression. In addition, Ki67 IRI and tumour stage are independent prognostic factors for overall survival in UNB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy O Yurakh
- Institute of Urology, Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Choi HJ, Choi YH, Yee SB, Im E, Jung JH, Kim ND. Ircinin-1 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SK-MEL-2 human melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2005; 44:162-73. [PMID: 16163705 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ircinin-1, a lipid compound (a C25 sesterterpene tetronic acid) isolated from marine sponges (Sarcotragus sp.), on the modulation of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis in SK-MEL-2 human skin cancer cells (mutant p53). Ircinin-1 treatment on SK-MEL-2 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth and induced apoptotic cell death. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that ircinin-1 resulted in G1 arrest in cell cycle progression which was associated with a marked decrease in the protein expression of D-type cyclins and their activating partners Cdk 4 and 6 with concomitant inductions of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. The induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 appears to be transcriptionally upregulated and is p53-independent. In addition, ircinin-1 suppressed the phosphorylation of pRb protein and increased the co-association of pRb or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) with p21WAF1/CIP1 in these cells. Ircinin-1 treatment also resulted in induction of apoptosis as determined by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, alternated ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, cleavages of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and PLC-gamma1, and flow cytometric analysis. Ircinin-1 also induced cytochrome c release, cleavage activations of caspase-3 and -9, and upregulation of Fas and Fas-L. Even though the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) was expressed in ircinin-1-untreated or -treated SK-MEL-2 cells, only the level of cIAP-1, but not XIAP or cIAP-2, was decreased during ircinin-1-induced apoptosis at Western blot and RT-PCR studies. Taken together, these findings suggest that ircinin-1 has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention against skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Joung Choi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pusan Cancer Research Center, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|