1
|
Tran TV, Dang KX, Pham QH, Nguyen UD, Trinh NTT, Hoang LV, Ho SA, Nguyen BV, Nguyen DT, Trinh DT, Tran DN, Orpana A, Stenman UH, Stenman J, Ho TH. Evaluation of the expression levels of BRAF V600E mRNA in primary tumors of thyroid cancer using an ultrasensitive mutation assay. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:368. [PMID: 32357861 PMCID: PMC7195771 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The BRAFV600E gene encodes for the mutant BRAFV600E protein, which triggers downstream oncogenic signaling in thyroid cancer. Since most currently available methods have focused on detecting BRAFV600E mutations in tumor DNA, there is limited information about the level of BRAFV600E mRNA in primary tumors of thyroid cancer, and the diagnostic relevance of these RNA mutations is not known. Methods Sixty-two patients with thyroid cancer and non-malignant thyroid disease were included in the study. Armed with an ultrasensitive technique for mRNA-based mutation analysis based on a two step RT-qPCR method, we analysed the expression levels of the mutated BRAFV600E mRNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of thyroid tissues. Sanger sequencing for detection of BRAFV600E DNA was performed in parallel for comparison and normalization of BRAFV600E mRNA expression levels. Results The mRNA-based mutation detection assay enables detection of the BRAFV600E mRNA transcripts in a 10,000-fold excess of wildtype BRAF counterparts. While BRAFV600E mutations could be detected by Sanger sequencing in 13 out of 32 malignant thyroid cancer FFPE tissue samples, the mRNA-based assay detected mutations in additionally 5 cases, improving the detection rate from 40.6 to 56.3%. Furthermore, we observed a surprisingly large, 3-log variability, in the expression level of the BRAFV600E mRNA in FFPE samples of thyroid cancer tissue. Conclusions The expression levels of BRAFV600E mRNA was characterized in the primary tumors of thyroid cancer using an ultrasensitive mRNA-based mutation assay. Our data inspires further studies on the prognostic and diagnostic relevance of the BRAFV600E mRNA levels as a molecular biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of various genetic and malignant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tien Viet Tran
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kien Xuan Dang
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Quynh Huong Pham
- Department of Genomics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy (IBP), Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung street, Ha Dong district, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ung Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Genomics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy (IBP), Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung street, Ha Dong district, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Thi Trang Trinh
- Department of Genomics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy (IBP), Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung street, Ha Dong district, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luong Van Hoang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy (IBP), Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Son Anh Ho
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy (IBP), Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ba Van Nguyen
- Oncology Centre, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Trong Nguyen
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Tuan Trinh
- Pathology Department, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Ngoc Tran
- Department of Pathology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Arto Orpana
- Laboratory of Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jakob Stenman
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tho Huu Ho
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Genomics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy (IBP), Vietnam Military Medical University, 222 Phung Hung street, Ha Dong district, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mancera N, Smalley KSM, Margo CE. Melanoma of the eyelid and periocular skin: Histopathologic classification and molecular pathology. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:272-288. [PMID: 30578807 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, a potentially lethal malignancy of the periocular skin, represents only a small proportion of the roughly 87,000 new cases of cutaneous melanoma diagnosed annually in the United States. Most of our understanding of melanoma of the eyelid skin is extrapolated from studies of cutaneous melanoma located elsewhere. Recent years have witnessed major breakthroughs in molecular biology and genomics of cutaneous melanoma, some of which have led to the development of targeted therapies. The molecular insights have also kindled interest in rethinking how cutaneous melanomas are classified and assessed for risk. We provide a synopsis of the epidemiology, histopathologic classification, and clinical experience of eyelid melanoma since 1990 and then review major advances in the molecular biology of cutaneous melanoma, exploring how this impacts our understanding of classification and predicting risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Mancera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Departments of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; Cutaneous Oncology The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Curtis E Margo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim SY, Kim SN, Hahn HJ, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Metaanalysis of BRAF mutations and clinicopathologic characteristics in primary melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:1036-46.e2. [PMID: 25819940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF mutations occur in some melanomas. We hypothesized that BRAF mutation rates may differ in melanomas found in Asian compared to white populations. OBJECTIVE We performed a metaanalysis of BRAF mutations and their associations with the clinicopathologic characteristics of primary melanoma (PM), with a subgroup analysis to compare Asian and white patients with PM. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to November 2013. The incidence rates and odds ratios (ORs) of BRAF mutations were calculated using a fixed or random effects model. RESULTS BRAF mutation was associated with younger age (OR = 1.734; P < .001), trunk location (OR = 2.272; P < .001), non-chronically sun damaged skin (OR = 2.833; P < .001), superficial spreading melanoma (OR = 2.081; P < .001), and advanced melanoma stage (OR = 1.551; P = .003). The incidence of BRAF mutations in Asian patients with PM was half that of white patients with PM, but it was linked to the same clinicopathologic characteristics. LIMITATIONS Only a small number of studies have been conducted on Asian patients with PMs. CONCLUSIONS The BRAF mutation in PM was associated with age, anatomic site based on ultraviolet radiation exposure, histologic subtype, and advanced stage of melanoma. The clinicopathologic associations with BRAF mutations were similar in Asian and white patients with PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Nyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Hahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Richter A, Grieu F, Carrello A, Amanuel B, Namdarian K, Rynska A, Lucas A, Michael V, Bell A, Fox SB, Hewitt CA, Do H, McArthur GA, Wong SQ, Dobrovic A, Iacopetta B. A multisite blinded study for the detection of BRAF mutations in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded malignant melanoma. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1659. [PMID: 23584600 PMCID: PMC3625889 DOI: 10.1038/srep01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma patients with BRAF mutations respond to treatment with vemurafenib, thus creating a need for accurate testing of BRAF mutation status. We carried out a blinded study to evaluate various BRAF mutation testing methodologies in the clinical setting. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded melanoma samples were macrodissected before screening for mutations using Sanger sequencing, single-strand conformation analysis (SSCA), high resolution melting analysis (HRM) and competitive allele-specific TaqMan® PCR (CAST-PCR). Concordance of 100% was observed between the Sanger sequencing, SSCA and HRM techniques. CAST-PCR gave rapid and accurate results for the common V600E and V600K mutations, however additional assays are required to detect rarer BRAF mutation types found in 3–4% of melanomas. HRM and SSCA followed by Sanger sequencing are effective two-step strategies for the detection of BRAF mutations in the clinical setting. CAST-PCR was useful for samples with low tumour purity and may also be a cost-effective and robust method for routine diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Richter
- School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stadelmeyer E, Heitzer E, Resel M, Cerroni L, Wolf P, Dandachi N. The BRAF V600K mutation is more frequent than the BRAF V600E mutation in melanoma in situ of lentigo maligna type. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:548-550. [PMID: 24026210 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Stadelmeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Resel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Research Unit for Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nadia Dandachi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Automated universal BRAF state detection within the activation segment in skin metastases by pyrosequencing-based assay U-BRAF(V600). PLoS One 2013; 8:e59221. [PMID: 23555633 PMCID: PMC3608589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly-aggressive type of malignancy with considerable metastatic potential and frequent resistance to cytotoxic agents. BRAF mutant protein was recently recognized as therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma. We present a newly-developed U-BRAFV600 approach – a universal pyrosequencing-based assay for mutation detection within activation segment in exon 15 of human braf. We identified 5 different BRAF mutations in a single assay analyzing 75 different formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of cutaneous melanoma metastases from 29 patients. We found BRAF mutations in 21 of 29 metastases. All mutant variants were quantitatively detectable by the newly-developed U-BRAFV600 assay. These results were confirmed by ultra-deep-sequencing validation (∼60,000-fold coverage). In contrast to all other BRAF state detection methods, the U-BRAFV600 assay is capable of automated quantitative identification of at least 36 previously-published BRAF mutations. Under the precaution of a minimum of 3% mutated cells in front of a background of wild type cells, U-BRAFV600 assay design completely excludes false wild-type results. The corresponding algorithm for classification of BRAF-mutated variants is provided. The single-reaction assay and data analysis automation makes our approach suitable for the assessment of large clinical sample sizes. Therefore, we suggest U-BRAFV600 assay as a most powerful sequencing-based diagnostic tool to automatically identify BRAF state as a prerequisite to targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Blanco Codesido M, Tesainer Brunetto A, Frentzas S, Moreno Garcia V, Papadatos-Pastos D, Pedersen JV, Trani L, Puglisi M, Molife LR, Banerji U. Outcomes of Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Treated with Molecularly Targeted Agents in Phase I Clinical Trials. Oncology 2011; 81:135-40. [DOI: 10.1159/000330206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
8
|
Platz A, Egyhazi S, Ringborg U, Hansson J. Human cutaneous melanoma; a review of NRAS and BRAF mutation frequencies in relation to histogenetic subclass and body site. Mol Oncol 2007; 1:395-405. [PMID: 19383313 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A majority of cutaneous melanomas show activating mutations in the NRAS or BRAF proto-oncogenes, components of the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signal transduction pathway. Consistent data demonstrate the early appearance, in a mutually exclusive manner, of these mutations. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the literature on NRAS and BRAF activating mutations in melanoma tumors with respect to available data on histogenetic classification as well as body site and presumed UV-exposure. Common alterations of the signal transducing network seem to represent molecular hallmarks of cutaneous melanomas and therefore should continue to strongly stimulate design and testing of targeted molecular interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Platz
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Of all skin cancers, cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is the most aggressive and the life expectancy of patients with lymphatic or systemic metastases is dramatically reduced. Understandably therefore, scientists and clinicians have focused on improving diagnostic and prognostic techniques. Of these, perhaps the most promising are multimarker real-time RT-PCR and microarray for detection of circulating CMM cells in peripheral blood. While the optimal set of markers is still to be identified that can accurately assess disease severity and progression at all clinical stages of the disease, recent progress has been dramatic. Here we provide an exhaustive review of recent studies in which a variety of markers are assessed. Moreover, the efficacy of the markers relative to clinical stage is discussed in light of experimental findings. From these studies, it is apparent that researchers are now much closer to defining a set of markers of circulating cells that can be utilized in routine diagnostic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Medic
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kirschner M, Helmke B, Starz H, Benner A, Thome M, Deichmann M. Preponderance of the oncogenic V599E and V599K mutations in the B-raf kinase domain is enhanced in melanoma lymph node metastases. Melanoma Res 2005; 15:427-34. [PMID: 16179870 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200510000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Downstream of Ras, the serine/threonine kinase B-raf has been reported to be mutated, amongst other carcinomas, in a substantial subset of primary melanomas, with a preponderance of mutations within the kinase domain, including the activating V599E and V599K transitions. We investigated a representative series of 54 resection specimens of melanoma lymph node metastases for the presence of mutations within the activation segment (exon 15) of the B-raf kinase domain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) gel electrophoresis. Sequencing of cloned PCR-SSCP amplicons resulted in 24 (44%) samples harbouring somatic mutations, which is not significantly different from the mutation frequency found in recently investigated primary cutaneous melanomas (Deichmann M, Thome M, Benner A, Näher H. B-raf exon 15 mutations are common in primary melanoma resection specimens but not associated with clinical outcome. Oncology 2004; 66:411-419). The activating mutation T1796A was present in 20 (83%) of these resection specimens, followed in frequency by the oncogenic g1795A mutation in five (21%) cases. With regard to the B-raf protein sequence, the acidic amino acid transitions V599E and V599K were predicted in 15 (62%) and five (21%) of the 24 positive metastases, respectively. The detection of mutations at this hot spot codon was significantly associated with subsequent visceral metastasis (P=0.03; Fisher's exact test). During the transition from primary melanomas (see reference above) to lymph node metastases, the spectrum of B-raf mutations narrows significantly (P=0.00047). The oncogenic B-raf mutations V599E and V599K, as early events in melanocyte transformation, persist throughout metastasis with important prognostic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Clinics, Arnsburger Weg 1, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deichmann M, Thome M, Benner A, Kirschner M, Hassanzadeh J, Kurzen H. Preponderance of the oncogenic V599E and V599K mutations in B-raf kinase domain is enhanced in melanoma cutaneous/subcutaneous metastases. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:58. [PMID: 15935100 PMCID: PMC1164406 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downstream of Ras, the serine/threonine kinase B-raf has been reported to be mutated, among other carcinomas, in a substantial subset of primary melanomas with a preponderance of mutations within the kinase domain including the activating V599E and V599K transitions. METHODS We here investigated a representative series of 60 resection specimens of cutaneous and subcutaneous melanoma metastases for the presence of mutations within the activation segment (exon 15) of the B-raf kinase domain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Sequencing of cloned PCR-SSCP amplicons resulted in 24 (40%) samples harbouring somatic mutations which is not exceeding the mutation frequency in recently investigated primary melanomas. The activating mutation T1796A was present in 24/60 (40%) resection specimens, followed in frequency by the oncogenic g1795A mutation in 8/60 (13%) cases. As to the B-raf protein sequence, the acidic amino acid transitions V599E and V599K were predicted in 19/60 (32%) and 6/60 (10%) cases, respectively, but were not associated with enhanced risk for subsequent metastasis in patients' follow up. In comparison to the primary melanomas that we recently investigated, the spectrum of predicted B-raf protein mutations narrowed significantly in the cutaneous/subcutaneous metastases. Unexpectedly, V599 and V599E mutations were absent in cutaneous/subcutaneous metastases derived from acrolentiginous melanomas as preceding primary tumours. CONCLUSION During transition from primary melanomas towards cutaneous/subcutaneous metastases, the spectrum of predicted B-raf mutations narrows significantly. Focusing on the V599E and V599K, these oncogenic mutations are likely to affect melanocyte-specific pathways controlling proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Deichmann
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Clinics, Voßbstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne Thome
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Clinics, Voßbstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Benner
- Central Unit of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Clinics, Voßbstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Hassanzadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Clinics, Voßbstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kurzen
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Clinics, Voßbstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzner-Ufer 1–3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|