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Uekawa K, Anfray A, Ahn SJ, Casey N, Seo J, Zhou P, Iadecola C, Park L. tPA supplementation preserves neurovascular and cognitive function in Tg2576 mice. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:4572-4582. [PMID: 38899570 PMCID: PMC11247712 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid beta (Aβ) impairs the cerebral blood flow (CBF) increase induced by neural activity (functional hyperemia). Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is required for functional hyperemia, and in mouse models of Aβ accumulation tPA deficiency contributes to neurovascular and cognitive impairment. However, it remains unknown if tPA supplementation can rescue Aβ-induced neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Tg2576 mice and wild-type littermates received intranasal tPA (0.8 mg/kg/day) or vehicle 5 days a week starting at 11 to 12 months of age and were assessed 3 months later. RESULTS Treatment of Tg2576 mice with tPA restored resting CBF, prevented the attenuation in functional hyperemia, and improved nesting behavior. These effects were associated with reduced cerebral atrophy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but not parenchymal amyloid. DISCUSSION These findings highlight the key role of tPA deficiency in the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction associated with amyloid pathology, and suggest potential therapeutic strategies involving tPA reconstitution. HIGHLIGHTS Amyloid beta (Aβ) induces neurovascular dysfunction and impairs the increase of cerebral blood flow induced by neural activity (functional hyperemia). Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) deficiency contributes to the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction caused by Aβ. In mice with florid amyloid pathology intranasal administration of tPA rescues the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction and reduces brain atrophy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. tPA deficiency plays a crucial role in neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction induced by Aβ and tPA reconstitution may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Uekawa
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sung Ji Ahn
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Nicole Casey
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - James Seo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The probable role of tissue plasminogen activator/neuroserpin axis in Alzheimer's disease: a new perspective. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:377-388. [PMID: 37917293 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia associated with amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. Dysfunction of the neuronal clearance pathway promotes the accumulation of Aβ. The plasminogen-activating system (PAS) is controlled by various enzymes like tissue plasminogen activators (tPA). Neuronal tPA enhances the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which cleaves Aβ; this function is controlled by many inhibitors of PAS, including a plasminogen-activating inhibitor (PAI-1) and neuroserpin. Therefore, the objective of the present narrative review was to explore the potential role of tPA/neuroserpin in the pathogenesis of AD. PAI-1 activity is increased in AD, which is involved in accumulating Aβ. Progressive increase of Aβ level during AD neuropathology is correlated with the over-production of PAI-1 with subsequent reduction of plasmin and tPA activities. Reducing plasmin and tPA activities promote Aβ by reducing Aβ clearance. Neuroserpin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD as it regulates the expression and accumulation of Aβ. Higher expression of neuroserpin inhibits the neuroprotective tPA and the generation of plasmin with subsequent reduction in the clearance of Aβ. These observations raise conflicting evidence on whether neuroserpin is neuroprotective or involved in AD progression. Thus, neuroserpin over-expression with subsequent reduction of tPA may propagate AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, PO Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, PO Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
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Plasminogen Activators in Neurovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094380. [PMID: 33922229 PMCID: PMC8122722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a dynamic structure assembled by endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia and neurons. A carefully coordinated interplay between these cellular and non-cellular components is required to maintain normal neuronal function, and in line with these observations, a growing body of evidence has linked NVU dysfunction to neurodegeneration. Plasminogen activators catalyze the conversion of the zymogen plasminogen into the two-chain protease plasmin, which in turn triggers a plethora of physiological events including wound healing, angiogenesis, cell migration and inflammation. The last four decades of research have revealed that the two mammalian plasminogen activators, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), are pivotal regulators of NVU function during physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we will review the most relevant data on their expression and function in the NVU and their role in neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Abstract
Dementia is a clinical syndrome that affects approximately 47 million people worldwide and is characterized by progressive and irreversible decline of cognitive, behavioral and sesorimotor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for approximately 60-80% of all cases of dementia, and neuropathologically is characterized by extracellular deposits of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau. Significantly, although for a long time it was believed that the extracellular accumulation of Aβ was the culprit of the symptoms observed in these patients, more recent studies have shown that cognitive decline in people suffering this disease is associated with soluble Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction instead of the formation of insoluble Aβ-containing extracellular plaques. These observations are translationally relevant because soluble Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction is an early event in AD that precedes neuronal death, and thus is amenable to therapeutic interventions to prevent cognitive decline before the progression to irreversible brain damage. The plasminogen activating (PA) system is an enzymatic cascade that triggers the degradation of fibrin by catalyzing the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin via two serine proteinases: tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Experimental evidence reported over the last three decades has shown that tPA and uPA play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, these studies have focused on the ability of these plasminogen activators to trigger plasmin-induced cleavage of insoluble Aβ-containing extracellular plaques. In contrast, recent evidence indicates that activity-dependent release of uPA from the presynaptic terminal of cerebral cortical neurons protects the synapse from the deleterious effects of soluble Aβ via a mechanism that does not require plasmin generation or the cleavage of Aβ fibrils. Below we discuss the role of the PA system in the pathogenesis of AD and the translational relevance of data published to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cai M, Jung I, Kwon H, Cho E, Jeon J, Yun J, Lee YC, Kim DH, Ryu JH. Spinosin Attenuates Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Synaptic Dysfunction via Regulation of Plasmin Activity. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:131-136. [PMID: 31791115 PMCID: PMC7059816 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Many agents regulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity show an ameliorative effect on AD pathology, making them potential candidates for AD therapy. In the present study, we investigated spinosin as a regulating agent of synaptic plasticity in AD. Spinosin attenuated amyloid β (Aβ)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment, and improved plasmin activity and protein level in the hippocampi of 5XFAD mice, a transgenic AD mouse model. Moreover, the effect of spinosin on hippocampal LTP in 5XFAD mice was prevented by 6-aminocaproic acid, a plasmin inhibitor. These results suggest that spinosin improves synaptic function in the AD hippocampus by regulating plasmin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jeon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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6
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Park HJ, Jung IH, Kwon H, Yu J, Jo E, Kim H, Park SJ, Lee YC, Kim DH, Ryu JH. The ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa seeds ameliorates the memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 233:73-79. [PMID: 30605739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow (Rhamnaceae) have long been treated as hypnotic agent for sleep disturbances in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine and many previous studies have focused on its effect in central nervous system. AIMS OF STUDY The present study aimed to provide evidence showing that the ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa seeds (EEZS), which may regulate plasmin activity, has the potential to serve as a therapeutic agent for AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synaptic function was determined by measuring long-term potentiation (LTP) in Shaffer-collateral pathway of the hippocampus. Protein levels of plasmin or plasminogen were examined using western blotting. Plasmin activity was measured using ELISA. Cognitive functions were measured using passive avoidance and object recognition tests in the 5XFAD mice. RESULTS Our in vitro analysis revealed that EEZS-treated hippocampal slices from 5XFAD mice, a mouse model of AD, showed significantly higher long-term potentiation levels than did vehicle-treated hippocampal slices from 5XFAD mice (P < 0.05). Additionally, EEZS significantly elevated the plasmin level and activity in the hippocampal slices from 5XFAD mice (P < 0.05). Co-treating the slices with EEZS and 6-aminocaproic acid, a plasmin inhibitor, blocked the ameliorating effects of EEZS on the synaptic deficits that were present in 5XFAD mice. Compatible with the in vitro study, the results of our in vivo investigation showed that administering EEZS orally to 5XFAD mice ameliorated their memory impairments. Orally administered EEZS also elevated the plasmin level and activity in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that EEZS alleviates the AD-like symptoms in 5XFAD mice by regulating of plasmin activity and EEZS may be a suitable treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Park
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Ho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jimin Yu
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunbi Jo
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haneul Kim
- Daehwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, ChoonCheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Machacek C, Donner C, Mühlgrabner V, Petrovčíková E, Zahradníková A, Vičíková K, Hořejší V, Stockinger H, Leksa V. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor mediates plasminogen-induced efferocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:519-530. [PMID: 30657605 PMCID: PMC6392118 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0417-160rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is harnessed in a wide variety of physiological processes, such as fibrinolysis, cell migration, or efferocytosis; and accordingly, it is essential upon inflammation, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and for homeostatic maintenance in general. Previously, we identified a plasminogen receptor in the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222). Here, we demonstrate by means of genetic knockdown, knockout, and rescue approaches combined with functional studies that M6P/IGF2R is up-regulated on the surface of macrophages, recognizes plasminogen exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, and mediates plasminogen-induced efferocytosis. The level of uptake of plasminogen-coated apoptotic cells inversely correlates with the TNF-α production by phagocytes indicating tissue clearance without inflammation by this mechanism. Our results reveal an up-to-now undetermined function of M6P/IGF2R in clearance of apoptotic cells, which is crucial for tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Machacek
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Donner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mühlgrabner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Petrovčíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Zahradníková
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Václav Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Wang J, Yuan Y, Cai R, Huang R, Tian S, Lin H, Guo D, Wang S. Association between Plasma Levels of PAI-1, tPA/PAI-1 Molar Ratio, and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:835-845. [PMID: 29689724 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
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Zwirzitz A, Reiter M, Skrabana R, Ohradanova-Repic A, Majdic O, Gutekova M, Cehlar O, Petrovčíková E, Kutejova E, Stanek G, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Lactoferrin is a natural inhibitor of plasminogen activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8600-8613. [PMID: 29669808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is essential for dissolution of fibrin clots, and in addition, it is involved in a wide variety of other physiological processes, including proteolytic activation of growth factors, cell migration, and removal of protein aggregates. On the other hand, uncontrolled plasminogen activation contributes to many pathological processes (e.g. tumor cells' invasion in cancer progression). Moreover, some virulent bacterial species (e.g. Streptococci or Borrelia) bind human plasminogen and hijack the host's plasminogen system to penetrate tissue barriers. Thus, the conversion of plasminogen to the active serine protease plasmin must be tightly regulated. Here, we show that human lactoferrin, an iron-binding milk glycoprotein, blocks plasminogen activation on the cell surface by direct binding to human plasminogen. We mapped the mutual binding sites to the N-terminal region of lactoferrin, encompassed also in the bioactive peptide lactoferricin, and kringle 5 of plasminogen. Finally, lactoferrin blocked tumor cell invasion in vitro and also plasminogen activation driven by Borrelia Our results explain many diverse biological properties of lactoferrin and also suggest that lactoferrin may be useful as a potential tool for therapeutic interventions to prevent both invasive malignant cells and virulent bacteria from penetrating host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reiter
- From the Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology and
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- the Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, and
| | | | - Otto Majdic
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Marianna Gutekova
- the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 814 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Ondrej Cehlar
- the Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, and
| | - Eva Petrovčíková
- the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 814 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Kutejova
- the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 814 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Gerold Stanek
- From the Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology and
| | | | - Vladimir Leksa
- From the Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology and .,the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 814 38, Slovak Republic
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10
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Biotin-Chasing Assay to Evaluate uPAR Stability and Cleavage on the Surface of Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29318541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7595-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system, i.e., the fibrinolytic system, is one of the major plasma proteolytic pathways. The proteolytic conversion of the zymogen plasminogen to the active serine protease plasmin is on the cell surface catalyzed by the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA). Upon binding to the urokinase receptor (uPAR, CD87), single-chain pro-uPA is processed to double-chain uPA which in turn specifically converts cell-bound plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin is harnessed in many physiological processes, e.g., blood clots' resolution, or proteolytic activation of growth factors. Plasmin is essential also for migratory cells, for instance, activated immune cells; however, malignant cells hijack plasmin for invasion as well. The activation of plasminogen to plasmin is thus at the physiological level tightly controlled. One of the negative regulators of plasminogen activation has been identified in the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CIMPR, CD222). M6P/IGF2R is a multifunctional receptor involved in protein sorting, internalization, and degradation, being considered a tumor suppressor. M6P/IGF2R binds both plasminogen and uPAR and facilitates in this way the proteolytic cleavage of uPAR resulting in the loss of the uPA binding on the cell surface. Hence, this molecular device contributes to the negative feedback loop in regulation of pericellular plasminogen activation and cell invasion.In this chapter, we describe the experimental approach, i.e., biotin-chasing assay, to evaluate uPAR stability and cleavage on the surface of cells.
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11
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Jeon JS, Kim J, Park S, Ryou C, Kim CY. Preparative purification of plasmin activity stimulating phenolic derivatives from Gastrodia elata using centrifugal partition chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:976-82. [PMID: 26517716 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodia rhizome, a dried and steamed tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae), has been traditionally used in Korea, China and Japan for the treatment of neurological and nervous disorders such as headaches, dizziness, vertigo and convulsive illnesses. The ethyl acetate and water extracts of G. elata stimulated plasmin activity. The active ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) with a two-phase solvent system, composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (3:7:4:6, v/v) followed by semi-preparative HPLC purification to separate active compounds and the water fraction was purified by Diaion HP-20 resin and semi-preparative HPLC. In ethyl acetate extract, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), 4-ethoxymethylphenol (4), 4,4'-oxybis(methylene)diphenol (5) and 4,4'-methylenediphenol (6) were obtained with high purities. Parishin (7) and parishin B (8) were isolated from water extract. Among isolated compounds, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3) and 4-ethoxymethylphenol (4) significantly stimulated plasmin activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seung Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongsuk Ryou
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
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Tananuvat N, Charoenkwan P, Ohazama A, Ketuda Cairns JR, Kaewgahya M, Kantaputra PN. Root dentin anomaly and a PLG mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:630-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Park SM, Kim KS. Proteolytic clearance of extracellular α-synuclein as a new therapeutic approach against Parkinson disease. Prion 2012; 7:121-6. [PMID: 23154633 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease show similar characteristics. They typically show deposits of protein aggregates, the formation of which is considered important in their pathogenesis. Recently, aggregation-prone proteins have been shown to spread between cells and so may contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases like prion disease. Such a pathogenesis pathway is possibly common to many neurodegenerative diseases. If confirmed, it could allow the development of therapeutic interventions against many such diseases. In Parkinson disease, α-synuclein, a major component of cytosolic protein inclusions named Lewy body, has been shown to be released and taken up by cells, which may facilitate its progressive pathological spreading between cells. Accordingly, inhibition of spreading by targeting extracellular α-synuclein may represent a new therapy against Parkinson disease. Research into the intercellular spreading of extracellular protein aggregations of α-synuclein and its clearance pathway are reviewed here with a focus on the proteolytic clearance pathway as a therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Considering the similar characteristics of aggregation-prone proteins, these clearance systems might allow treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases beyond Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Kim KS, Choi YR, Park JY, Lee JH, Kim DK, Lee SJ, Paik SR, Jou I, Park SM. Proteolytic cleavage of extracellular α-synuclein by plasmin: implications for Parkinson disease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24862-72. [PMID: 22619171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss in association with Lewy body inclusions. Gathering evidence indicates that α-synuclein (α-syn), a major component of the Lewy body, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Although α-syn is considered to be a cytoplasmic protein, it has been detected in extracellular biological fluids, including human cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma of healthy and diseased individuals. In addition, a prion-like spread of α-syn aggregates has been recently proposed to contribute to the propagation of Lewy bodies throughout the nervous system during progression of PD, suggesting that the metabolism of extracellular α-syn might play a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. In the present study, we found that plasmin cleaved and degraded extracellular α-syn specifically in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Aggregated forms of α-syn as well as monomeric α-syn were also cleaved by plasmin. Plasmin cleaved mainly the N-terminal region of α-syn and also inhibited the translocation of extracellular α-syn into the neighboring cells in addition to the activation of microglia and astrocytes by extracellular α-syn. Further, extracellular α-syn regulated the plasmin system through up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression. These findings help to understand the molecular mechanism of PD and develop new therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, Korea
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Butterfield DA, Lange MLB. Multifunctional roles of enolase in Alzheimer's disease brain: beyond altered glucose metabolism. J Neurochem 2009; 111:915-33. [PMID: 19780894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enolase enzymes are abundantly expressed, cytosolic carbon-oxygen lyases known for their role in glucose metabolism. Recently, enolase has been shown to possess a variety of different regulatory functions, beyond glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, associated with hypoxia, ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by elevated oxidative stress and subsequent damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, appearance of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, and loss of synapse and neuronal cells. It is unclear if development of a hypometabolic environment is a consequence of or contributes to AD pathology, as there is not only a significant decline in brain glucose levels in AD, but also there is an increase in proteomics identified oxidatively modified glycolytic enzymes that are rendered inactive, including enolase. Previously, our laboratory identified alpha-enolase as one the most frequently up-regulated and oxidatively modified proteins in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early-onset AD, and AD. However, the glycolytic conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate catalyzed by enolase does not directly produce ATP or NADH; therefore it is surprising that, among all glycolytic enzymes, alpha-enolase was one of only two glycolytic enzymes consistently up-regulated from MCI to AD. These findings suggest enolase is involved with more than glucose metabolism in AD brain, but may possess other functions, normally necessary to preserve brain function. This review examines potential altered function(s) of brain enolase in MCI, early-onset AD, and AD, alterations that may contribute to the biochemical, pathological, clinical characteristics, and progression of this dementing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA.
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Antonyan AA, Sharoyan SG, Harutyunyan AA, Mardanyan SS. Influence of aluminum toxicosis on the activity of adenosine deaminase and dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971240902007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Enhanced clearance of Abeta in brain by sustaining the plasmin proteolysis cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8754-9. [PMID: 18559859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710823105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis states that a variety of neurotoxic beta-amyloid (Abeta) species contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, a key determinant of disease onset and progression is the appropriate balance between Abeta production and clearance. Enzymes responsible for the degradation of Abeta are not well understood, and, thus far, it has not been possible to enhance Abeta catabolism by pharmacological manipulation. We provide evidence that Abeta catabolism is increased after inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and may constitute a viable therapeutic approach for lowering brain Abeta levels. PAI-1 inhibits the activity of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an enzyme that cleaves plasminogen to generate plasmin, a protease that degrades Abeta oligomers and monomers. Because tPA, plasminogen and PAI-1 are expressed in the brain, we tested the hypothesis that inhibitors of PAI-1 will enhance the proteolytic clearance of brain Abeta. Our data demonstrate that PAI-1 inhibitors augment the activity of tPA and plasmin in hippocampus, significantly lower plasma and brain Abeta levels, restore long-term potentiation deficits in hippocampal slices from transgenic Abeta-producing mice, and reverse cognitive deficits in these mice.
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Proteinases and signalling: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications via PARs and more. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S263-82. [PMID: 18059329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and tissue kallikreins are now known to regulate cell signaling by cleaving and activating a novel family of G-protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PARs 1-4) via exposure of a tethered receptor-triggering ligand. On their own, short synthetic PAR-selective PAR-activating peptides (PAR-APs) mimicking the tethered ligand sequences can activate PARs 1, 2 and 4 and cause physiological responses both in vitro and in vivo. Using the PAR-APs as sentinel probes in vivo, it has been found that PAR activation can affect the vascular, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems (both central and peripheral nervous system) and can promote cancer metastasis and invasion. In general, responses triggered by PARs 1, 2 and 4 are in keeping with an innate immune inflammatory response, ranging from vasodilatation to intestinal inflammation, increased cytokine production and increased or decreased nociception. Further, PARs have been implicated in a number of disease states, including cancer and inflammation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and nervous systems. In addition to activating PARs, proteinases can cause hormone-like effects by other signalling mechanisms, like growth factor receptor activation, that may be as important as the activation of PARs. We, therefore, propose that the PARs themselves, their activating serine proteinases and their associated signalling pathways can be considered as attractive targets for therapeutic drug development. Thus, proteinases in general must now be considered as 'hormone-like' messengers that can signal either via PARs or other mechanisms.
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