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Association between P16INK4a Promoter Methylation and Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Published Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163257. [PMID: 27648827 PMCID: PMC5029926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the primary cause of death in women diagnosed with gynecological malignancies worldwide. Absence of early symptoms prevents prompt diagnosis or successful therapeutic intervention. P16INK4a is a well-known tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Aberrant methylation of TSG promoter is an important epigenetic silencing mechanism leading to ovarian cancer progression. Studies have reported differences in methylation frequencies of the p16INK4a promoter between ovarian cancer and the corresponding control group. However, the association between p16INK4a promoter methylation and ovarian cancer remains unclear and controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the relationship between p16INK4a promoter methylation and ovarian cancer. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and CNKI were searched to identify eligible studies for the evaluation of the association between p16INK4a promoter methylation and ovarian cancer. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated to determine the strength of association between p16INK4a promoter methylation and ovarian cancer. Results A total of 612 ovarian cancer patients and 289 controls from 12 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, a significant association was observed between p16INK4a methylation status and ovarian cancer risk using a fixed-effects model (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.39–2.94). Conclusion The results of our meta-analysis show that aberrant methylation of p16INK4a promoter was significantly associated with ovarian cancer. It may represent a promising molecular marker to monitor the disease and provides new insights into the treatment of human ovarian cancer.
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Chen TJ, Lee SW, Lin LC, Lin CY, Chang KY, Li CF. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 overexpression is mostly independent of gene amplification and constitutes an independent prognosticator for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7209-16. [PMID: 24771220 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data mining in the public domain demonstrates that cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC). Associated with cyclin-D, CDK4 phosphorylates and inactivates retinoblastoma (Rb) protein family members and mediates progression through the G1- to the S-phase of the cell cycle. Amplification and overexpression of CDK4 has been identified in various human malignancies. However, its expression and amplification has never been systemically evaluated in NPC. This study aimed to evaluate the amplification and expression status, correlation with clinicopathological features, and prognostic implications of CDK4 based on public domain dataset and in our well-defined cohort of NPC patients. The association between CDK4 transcript level and gene dosage was explored by analysis of an independent public domain dataset. We retrospectively assessed CDK4 immunoexpression in biopsies of 124 consecutive NPC patients devoid of initial distant metastasis and treated according to consistent guidelines. The results were correlated with clinicopathological features, local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMeFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). High levels of CDK4 protein were positively correlated with the T 3, 4 status (p = 0.024); N 2, 3 status (p < 0.001); and the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 3, 4 (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis suggested high CDK4 expression was an independent prognostic indicator of worse DMeFS (p = 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.226) and DSS (p = 0.037, HR = 1.838). Although CDK4 is frequently upregulated, its gene locus is very uncommonly amplified in NPC. CDK4 overexpression is mostly independent with gene amplification and represents a potential prognostic biomarker in NPC and may indicate tumor aggressiveness through cell cycle dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Jiang Q, Mai C, Yang H, Wu Q, Hua S, Yan C, Long Y, Zhang Y, Long X, Fang W, Liu Z. Nuclear expression of CDK4 correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Histopathology 2013; 64:722-30. [PMID: 24168228 DOI: 10.1111/his.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between nuclear expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and clinicopathological data in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), including patient survival. METHODS AND RESULTS Using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, the expression of CDK4 was examined in NPC and nasopharyngeal (NP) tissues. We observed that mRNA expression of CDK4 was elevated significantly in NPC tissues compared to NP tissues. Further, we found that CDK4 protein was expressed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nuclear expression of CDK4 was correlated positively with clinical stage (P = 0.048), but not associated with other clinical features. Patients with tumours showing nuclear expression of CDK4 had poorer overall survival rates than those without nuclear tumour expression of CDK4. Nuclear expression of CDK4 was associated inversely with survival time for NPC patients in stages T1-2, stages N2-3 and clinical stages III-IV, and after treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Nuclear expression of CDK4 was an independent and unfavourable prognostic factor for patients with NPC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that nuclear expression of CDK4 is a potential marker for the progression and poor prognosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in korea: Use of G1 cycle markers as new prognosticators. Head Neck 2011; 34:1408-17. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Tong J, Sun X, Cheng H, Zhao D, Ma J, Zhen Q, Cao Y, Zhu H, Bai J. Expression of p16 in non-small cell lung cancer and its prognostic significance: A meta-analysis of published literatures. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wu A, Wu B, Guo J, Luo W, Wu D, Yang H, Zhen Y, Yu X, Wang H, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Fang W, Yang Z. Elevated expression of CDK4 in lung cancer. J Transl Med 2011; 9:38. [PMID: 21477379 PMCID: PMC3094221 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aibing Wu
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, PR China
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Italiano A, Bianchini L, Gjernes E, Keslair F, Ranchere-Vince D, Dumollard JM, Haudebourg J, Leroux A, Mainguené C, Terrier P, Chibon F, Coindre JM, Pedeutour F. Clinical and Biological Significance of CDK4 Amplification in Well-Differentiated and Dedifferentiated Liposarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5696-703. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garfield DH, Cadranel J, West HL. Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma: The Case for Two Diseases. Clin Lung Cancer 2008; 9:24-29. [DOI: 10.3816/clc.2008.n.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Zhang K, Zhang R, Li X, Yin G, Niu X, Hou R. The mRNA expression and promoter methylation status of the p16 gene in colony-forming cells with high proliferative potential in patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007; 32:702-8. [PMID: 17509057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disease of the skin associated with various immune abnormalities. It is tempting to speculate that the dysfunctional immunity may influence the haematopoietic microenvironment or haematopoiesis in psoriasis. However, direct evidence of involvement of bone-marrow haematopoietic cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is lacking. AIM To investigate the proliferative activity of haematopoietic cells of patients with psoriasis and a link between the promoter methylation status and transcriptional activity of the p16 gene and the colony-forming ability of high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFCs). METHODS Marrow mononuclear cells were isolated from the bone marrow of patients with psoriasis and normal controls by density gradient centrifugation. A comparison of HPP-CFC colony formation counts between patients with psoriasis and normal controls was carried out by colony-forming assays of HPP-CFCs in methylcellulose semisolid culture medium in vitro. Subsequently, genomic DNA and RNA in HPP-CFCs were isolated, and mRNA expression and p16 promoter methylation status were studied by reverse transcriptase PCR and methylation-specific PCR (MSP), respectively. RESULTS In comparison with normal controls, patients with psoriasis showed less HPP-CFC colony formation in the methycellulose semisolid culture system, and showed upregulated mRNA transcriptional level and downregulated promoter methylation of p16. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate for the first time the abnormal proliferative activity of haematopoietic cells in patients with psoriasis and a profound link between the promoter methylation status and transcriptional activity of p16 and the colony-forming ability of HPP-CFCs, suggesting that haematopoietic cells are involved in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
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Lantuejoul S, Nicholson AG, Sartori G, Piolat C, Danel C, Brabencova E, Goldstraw P, Brambilla E, Rossi G. Mucinous Cells in Type 1 Pulmonary Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation as Mucinous Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma Precursors. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:961-9. [PMID: 17527088 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000249444.90594.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), the most frequent malformation of the lung, is the only type to present intracystic mucinous cell clusters, which may form beyond the cysts extracystic mucinous proliferation resembling mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BACs). As mucinous BACs are increasingly described in the literature in young patients with CCAM, we hypothesized that type 1 CCAM mucinous cells could represent BAC precursors. We reviewed 7 cases of type 1 CCAM including 6 with intracystic mucinous cell clusters, 3 with extracystic mucinous proliferations, and 4 with mucinous BAC or mixed adenocarcinoma with predominant BAC. K-ras mutations at codon 12 were detected in 3/3 intracystic mucinous cell clusters, in 2/3 extracystic mucinous proliferations, and in 3/4 BAC. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at p16(INK4) locus, with microsatellite alterations in 3 cases, was observed in 2/3 intracystic mucinous cell clusters, in 2/3 extracystic mucinous proliferations, and in all BAC. Two extracystic mucinous proliferations showed LOH at FHIT and Rb loci, respectively. P16(INK4) expression was lost in 2 intracystic mucinous cell clusters, 1 extracystic mucinous proliferation, and 1 BAC. Neither epidermal growth factor receptor mutation on exons 18, 19, and 21 nor P53 accumulation was observed. All lesions expressed MUC5AC, but were negative for MUC2, CDX2, and TTF-1. In conclusion, type 1 CCAM mucinous cells share the same differentiation profile with corresponding mucinous BAC, consistent with a common bronchial origin. Moreover, the high frequency of K-ras mutation and LOH and/or microsatellite alterations at p16(INK4) locus presented by these mucinous cells justifies their consideration as BAC precursors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital/complications
- Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital/genetics
- Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precancerous Conditions/complications
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lantuejoul
- Department of Pathology and Lung Cancer Research Group, INSERM U578, CHU A Michallon, Grenoble, France.
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Ishiyama T, Kano J, Anami Y, Onuki T, Iijima T, Morisita Y, Yokota J, Noguchi M. OCIA domain containing 2 is highly expressed in adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component and is associated with better prognosis. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:50-7. [PMID: 17054434 PMCID: PMC11159819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although lung adenocarcinoma is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, details of its molecular carcinogenesis and stepwise progression are still unclear. To characterize the sequential progression from bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma of the lung (BAC, in situ carcinoma) to adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component polymerase chain reaction-based cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was carried out using two representative cases of BAC (non-invasive tumors) and adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC (invasive tumors). Through differential screening, virtual reverse northern hybridization and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) we selected five genes (TncRNA, OCIAD2, ANXA2, TMED4 and LGALS4) that were expressed at significantly higher levels in invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC. After in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR analyses, we confirmed that only the OCIAD2 gene showed significantly higher expression in the tumor cells of invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC (P = 0.026). We then carried out in situ hybridization of OCIAD2 in 56 adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component and assessed the correlation between OCIAD2 expression and clinicopathological features. In contrast to our expectation, the patients with OCIAD2 expression showed a better clinical outcome than those without OCIAD2 expression, and OCIAD2 expression showed an inverse correlation with lymphatic invasion, blood vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis. These results suggest that OCIAD2 begins to express at the progression from in situ to invasive carcinoma, and is associated with the favorable prognosis of adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ishiyama
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Ibaraki-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ghazizadeh M, Tosa M, Shimizu H, Hyakusoku H, Kawanami O. Functional implications of the IL-6 signaling pathway in keloid pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:98-105. [PMID: 17024100 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism(s) behind keloid pathogenesis remains unclear. Previously by global gene expression analysis of keloid fibroblasts (KFs), we implicated the IL-6 signaling pathway in keloid pathogenesis. Here, we determine a functional role of IL-6 signaling in keloid scars. Primary cultures of KFs and surrounding nonlesional fibroblasts (NFs) were subjected to induction or inhibition of IL-6 or its specific receptor IL-6 receptor alpha (IL-6R alpha) and detection of their effects on extracellular matrix gene expression. The levels of gp130 and several downstream targets in IL-6 signaling were also examined. IL-6 secretion was significantly higher in KFs than NFs. Addition of IL-6 peptide to NFs culture or inhibition of IL-6 or its receptor IL-6R alpha by their corresponding antibodies in KFs culture revealed a dose-dependent increase or decrease in collagen type I alpha 2 and fibronectin 1 mRNAs, respectively. Induction of IL-6 by IL-1beta peptide and stimulation by IL-6 peptide in NFs, or inhibition of IL-6 or IL-6R alpha in KFs cultures demonstrated a dose-dependent increase or decrease in procollagen I synthesis, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of gp130 and several downstream targets in IL-6 signaling (JAK1, STAT3, RAF1, and ELK1) were upregulated in KFs versus NFs. Our results indicate that IL-6 signaling may play an integral role in keloid pathogenesis and provide clues for development of IL-6 receptor blocking strategies for therapy or prophylaxis of keloid scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghazizadeh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan.
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Wikman H, Kettunen E. Regulation of the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and alterations in the RB pathway in human lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:515-30. [PMID: 16613540 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB)-Cyclin (CCN)D1-p16 cell cycle pathway has a crucial role in lung tumorigenesis. Impairment of the RB pathway has been shown to occur in almost all lung tumors. A deregulation at any level of this core RB pathway seems to make cells insensitive to the mitogenic signaling that is required for cell cycle progression. To date, almost all participants in this pathway have been shown to be altered to a various degree in lung tumors. Some of the alterations are mutually exclusive, including RB and p16INK4A . In small cell lung cancer, the RB tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in almost 90% of the tumors, whereas in non-small cell lung cancer, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 inhibitor p16INK4A is inactivated in 40-60% of the tumors. Many mechanisms may be responsible for activating the RB-Cyclin D1 pathway, including activating (CDK4) and inactivating mutations (p16INK4A ), deletions (RB and p16INK4A ), amplifications (CCND1 and CDK4), silencing methylation (p16INK4A and RB), and hyper-phosphorylation (RB). As some of these alterations, such as p16INK4A methylation, can also be detected in bronchial lavage and serum, they could potentially serve as useful markers for the early detection of lung cancer. This review summarizes recent experiments describing the variable roles of key-player molecules of the RB pathway and different mechanisms by which the RB pathway can be altered in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Wikman
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Raz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-1724, USA
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Garfield DH, Cadranel JL, Wislez M, Franklin WA, Hirsch FR. The Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma and Peripheral Adenocarcinoma Spectrum of Diseases. J Thorac Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(15)31593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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