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Zakharova L, Sharova V, Izvolskaia M. Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010114. [PMID: 33374337 PMCID: PMC7795970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different aspects of the reciprocal regulatory influence on the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing- and immune systems in the perinatal ontogenesis and their functioning in adults in normal and pathological conditions are discussed. The influence of GnRH on the development of the immune system, on the one hand, and the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, on the other hand, and their functioning in adult offspring are analyzed. We have focused on the effects of GnRH on the formation and functional activity of the thymus, as the central organ of the immune system, in the perinatal period. The main mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of these systems are discussed. The reproductive health of an individual is programmed by the establishment and development of physiological systems during critical periods. Regulatory epigenetic mechanisms of development are not strictly genetically controlled. These processes are characterized by a high sensitivity to various regulatory factors, which provides possible corrections for disorders.
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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Regulation of Thymic Development in Rats: Profile of Thymic Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164033. [PMID: 31430847 PMCID: PMC6720952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of recent experimental data confirms the impact of neurohormones on fetal development and function of different body systems. The synthesis of many neurohormones starts in fetal tissues before the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal systems are formed, and their high levels are detected in the bloodstream. Here, we studied the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in rat thymus development and tried to reveal possible mechanisms underlying the GnRH effects in early development. Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction allowed us to identify receptor for GnRH in the fetal thymus with peak expression on embryonic days 17–18 (ED17–18). Blocking the receptors in utero on ED17 by a GnRH antagonist suppressed the concanavalin A-induced proliferative response of T cells in adults. GnRH (10−7 M) increased mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-1β, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the thymus of 18-day fetuses after an ex vivo culture for 24 h. The increased mRNA levels of the cytokines in the thymus were accompanied by increased numbers of CD4+ T helpers. Overall, the data obtained confirm the regulatory or morphogenetic effect of GnRH on fetal thymus development mediated by synthesis of thymic cytokines.
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Xing R, Liu F, Yang Y, Cui X, Wang T, Xie L, Zhao Y, Fang L, Yi T, Zheng B, Liu M, Chen H. GPR54 deficiency reduces the Treg population and aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:675-687. [PMID: 29931449 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR54 is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in pubertal development. However, GRP54 is also expressed in the immune system, implying possible immunoregulatory functions. Here we investigated the role of GPR54 in T cell and immune tolerance. GPR54 deficiency led to an enlarged thymus, an increased number of thymocytes, and altered thymic micro-architecture starting around puberty, indicating GPR54 function in T-cell development through its regulatory effect on the gonadal system. However, flow cytometry revealed a significant reduction in the peripheral regulatory T cell population and a moderate decrease in CD4 single-positive thymocytes in prepubertal Gpr54-/- mice. These phenotypes were confirmed in chimeric mice with GPR54 deficient bone marrow-derived cells. In addition, we found elevated T cell activation in peripheral and thymic T cells in Gpr54-/- mice. When intact mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) developed in the Gpr54-/- mice. Interestingly, aggravated EAE disease was also manifested in castrated and bone marrow chimeric Gpr54-/- mice compared to the respective wild-type control, suggesting a defect in self-tolerance resulting from GPR54 deletion through a mechanism that bypassed sex hormones. These findings demonstrate a novel role for GPR54 in regulating self-tolerant immunity in a sex hormone independent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumei Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xueqin Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Third Venture Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Tingfang Yi
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Biao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccination on T lymphocyte changes in male rats. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 120:1-7. [PMID: 28196761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the effect of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on cell-meditated immunity. Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=32) were randomly and equally assigned to two groups: 1) GnRH-tandem-ovalbumin immunized group; and 2) the control group (injected with an equivalent Al(OH)3 adjuvant). Blood samples were collected at two-week intervals to assess the level of GnRH-specific antibodies and testosterone. Moreover, blood and thymus samples were also collected to analyze the T lymphocyte subpopulations one and two months after the last booster immunization. T lymphocyte immunity against GnRH was activated during the first month post-immunization as exhibited by increased numbers of CD3+ (P<0.05) and CD4+ (P<0.05)T lymphocytes following testosterone suppression (P<0.01), which was then restored and maintained at appropriate levels in the second month. In contrast, the differentiation of T lymphocytes in the thymus was reduced during the first month after immunization as exhibited by the significant decreased number of CD3+ (P<0.05) cells, followed by the restoration and heightened numbers at later time points for both the number of CD3+ (P<0.05) and CD4+ (P<0.01)T lymphocytes. These results suggest that immunization against GnRH interferes with the number of lymphocytes during the early time points following immunization. The number of T lymphocytes initially decreased in the peripheral blood following immunization, but was replenished by newly exported cells from the thymus which eventually restored the T lymphocytes to normal levels.
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Melnikova VI, Lifantseva NV, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA. Long-lasting effects of the prenatal blockade of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the rat thymus. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2015; 462:193-5. [PMID: 26163218 DOI: 10.1134/s160767291503014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V I Melnikova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia,
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Zakharova LA. Plasticity of neuroendocrine and immune systems in early development. BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sharova VS, Izvol'skaya MS, Zakharova LA. Effect of prenatal infection of mice with bacterial endotoxin on the migration of neurons producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2013; 452:273-6. [PMID: 24150645 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661305013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V S Sharova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 117808, Russia
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Su S, Fang F, Liu Y, Li Y, Ren C, Zhang Y, Zhang X. The compensatory expression of reproductive hormone receptors in the thymus of the male rat following active immunization against GnRH. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 185:57-66. [PMID: 23395683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether hormone-receptor signaling pathways in the thymus are altered by active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone I (GnRH), 3-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats received GnRH-tandem-OVA peptides (200 μg/ml), and the effects were compared to a control group. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations were markedly reduced, with severe testicular atrophy, compared to controls, demonstrating effective blockade of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The reduction in LH and FSH concentrations in the thymus of immunized animals was lower than that observed in the serum, where a significant difference (P<0.001) in concentration was observed between both groups. Concentrations of GnRH were increased in the thymus of immunized rats. In thymic tissue, GnRHR, FSHR and LHR demonstrated stronger immunostaining, and AR weaker staining, in the immunized group compared to controls. Reproductive hormone receptor mRNA expression was consistent with protein variations in the immunized thymus. Compared to controls, GnRHR gene levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), however, AR mRNA expression were greatly decreased with immune week-age (P<0.05). Both FSHR and LHR mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the treated group than in controls in the first three samples (P<0.05). When GnRHR was blocked by an antagonist in thymocytes, all reproductive hormone receptor gene expressions were significantly increased (P<0.001). In summary, these findings suggest that active immunization against GnRH can up-regulate GnRH receptor and gonadotropin receptor signaling, by stimulating thymic autocrine and paracrine function, whereas the androgen receptor is down-regulated due to a lack of testosterone secretion in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 of Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
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Mel’nikova VI, Isvol’skaya MS, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA. The role of serotonin in the immune system development and functioning during ontogenesis. BIOL BULL+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359012030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Melnikova VI, Afanasyeva MA, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA. The effect of catecholamine deficit on the development of the immune system in rats. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2012; 443:68-70. [PMID: 22562670 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661202007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V I Melnikova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Sharova VS, Izvol’skaya MS, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA. Effect of bacterial endotoxin on migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons in rat embryogenesis. Russ J Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041106004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Izvol’skaya MS, Sharova VS, Zakharova LA. Mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary and immune system regulation: The role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and immune mediators. BIOL BULL+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359010040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Afanas'eva MA, Izvol'skaya MS, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA, Melnikova VI. Effect of serotonin deficiency on the immune system development in the rat. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2009; 427:319-321. [PMID: 19760871 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496609040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Afanas'eva
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Abstract
Preterm birth remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, largely as a result of a poor understanding of the precise mechanisms controlling labour onset in humans. Inflammation has long been recognised as a key feature of both preterm and term labour, with an influx of inflammatory cells into the uterus and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed during parturition. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor family classically associated with inflammation. Accumulating evidence points to a role for NF-κB in the physiology and pathophysiology of labour. NF-κB activity increases with labour onset and is central to multiple prolabour pathways. Premature or aberrant activation of NF-κB may thus contribute to preterm labour. The current understanding of NF-κB in the context of human labour is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin M Lindström
- Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, 3rd Floor IRDB, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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